Inledning: Den optimala intensiteten för styrkeökning vid styrketräning anses vara 60–70% av 1RM (repetitions maximum). Ocklusionsträning innebär träning i samband med delvis strypning av det arteriella blodflödet via ett yttre tryck proximalt på extremiteten. Vid ocklusionsträning används oftast en yttre belastning som endast motsvarar 20–40% av 1RM. Syftet med den här litteraturöversikten var att undersöka effekten av lågintensiv ocklusionsträning i övre extremitet avseende styrka och hypertrofi i muskler proximalt och distalt om ocklusionen jämfört med hög- och/eller lågintensiv styrketräning. Metod: En systematisk litteratursökning genomfördes 2023-03-01. Databaserna som söktes var PubMed, SPORTDiscus och CINAHL. Sökningen kompletterades genom granskning av inkluderade studiers referenslistor. En kvalitetsgranskning av det sammanvägda resultatet utfördes enligt the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).Resultat: Sökningen genererade 151 enskilda artiklar varav 15 artiklar inkluderades i studien. Kvalitetsgranskningen av underlaget visade på låg (⨁⨁◯◯) evidensgrad enligt GRADE. Två studier visade något större styrkeökning för ocklusionsträning jämfört med lågintensiv styrketräning på distal muskulatur, en visade ingen skillnad. Två studier visade större hypertrofi i ocklusionsgruppen jämfört med lågintensiv styrketräning på distal muskulatur, en visade ingen skillnad. Jämfört med högintensiv styrketräning på distal muskulatur var resultaten motsägelsefulla gällande styrka och hypertrofi. För proximal muskulatur gav ocklusionsträning större styrkeökningoch hypertrofi jämfört med lågintensiv styrketräning enligt majoriteten av studierna men verkade ge lägre styrkeökning och hypertrofi än högintensiv styrketräning. Konklusion: Ocklusionsträning i övre extremitet hos friska vuxna ger med låg säkerhet större styrkeökning och hypertrofi i muskulatur distalt och proximalt om ocklusionen jämfört med lågintensiv styrketräning. Jämfört med högintensiv styrketräning verkar ocklusionsträning ge relativt likvärdiga resultat för muskulatur distalt om ocklusionen men lägre styrkeökning och hypertrofi för proximal muskulatur. Dock bör dessa resultat tolkas med försiktighet på grund av de stora diskrepanserna mellan studierna när det kommer till träningsprotokoll, ocklusionsprotokoll och utvärderingsmetoder. / Introduction: The optimal intensity for strength gain during resistance training is thought to be 60-70% of 1RM (repetition maximum). Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is when the arterial blood flow is partially occluded by a cuff placed proximally on the extremity during training. Usually during BFRT an external load equal to only 20-40% of 1RM is used. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of low intensity BFRT in the upper extremity regarding strength and hypertrophy in muscles proximally and distally to the occlusion site compared to high intensity resistance training (HI-RT) and/or low intensity resistance training (LI-RT). Method: A systematic search was conducted 2023-03-01. The databases that were searched wasPubMed, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL. The original search was supplemented by exploring the reference lists from the included studies. A quality assessment of the overall result was conducted according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).Results: Of 151 identified articles, 15 were included in the study. The quality assessment showed low (⨁⨁◯◯) quality evidence according to GRADE. Two studies showed slightly higher strength gain after BFRT compared to LI-RT in distal muscles, one study showed no difference between groups. Two studies showed higher hypertrophy after BFRT compared to LI-RT in distal muscles, one study showed no difference between groups. Compared to HI-RT on distal muscles the results were contradictory regarding strength and hypertrophy. BFRT on proximal muscles produced higherstrength gain and hypertrophy than LI-RT according to most studies but seemed to provide lower strength gain and hypertrophy than HI-RT. Conclusion: BFRT in the upper extremity generates, with low certainty, higher strength andhypertrophy in muscles distally and proximally to the occlusion site compared to LI-RT. Compared to HI-RT, BFRT produces equivalent results in distal muscles but lower strength gain and hypertrophy in muscles proximally to the occlusion site. These results should be interpreted with caution due to the large discrepancy between the included studies regarding training protocols, occlusion protocols and assessment methods.

Resistance training can alter a number of health-related and performance variables. These alterations include beneficial effects on body composition, blood pressure, and blood lipids and enhanced maximum strength, rate of force development, and power. These enhancements may translate into a better quality of life. As a result, resistance training can be used as a valuable tool in ameliorating the effects of a sedentary lifestyle, including those associated with metabolic syndrome. Nineteen subjects (10 metabolic syndrome, 9 previously sedentary nonmetabolic syndrome) underwent 8 weeks of supervised resistance training. After training, strength and V̇O2 peak increased by approximately 10% in the metabolic and nonmetabolic syndrome groups and the male and female groups. Percent body fat decreased in subjects with the metabolic syndrome and in females. Additionally, lean body mass increased in all groups (p<0.05). Eight weeks of resistance training improves several cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic syndrome.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term lower body unilateral resistance training on hormonal, muscle morphological, and performance measures in young men. METHODS: Seventeen healthy, untrained young men (Age: 22.8 ± 3.7 y; BMI: 26.5 ± 4.9 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of two groups (UT: 22.9 ± 4.6 y, 25.3 ± 4.2 kg/m2; CON: 24.0 ± 4.6 y, 27.7 ± 5.1 kg/m2). Resistance training consisted of 4 weeks of unilateral lower body and bilateral upper body exercises on 3 days per week. Each training session entailed unilateral countermovement jumps (3 × 8), unilateral leg press (LP), bilateral chest press (CP), unilateral leg extension (LE), and bilateral low row (LR). Strength exercises were performed for 3 sets of 8-10 repetitions; lower body exercises were performed with the dominant leg only. Muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), cross-sectional area (CSA), and echo-intensity (EI) of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles of both legs was assessed via ultrasound. Fascicle length (FL) was calculated as [MT / sin(PA)]. Maximal dynamic unilateral LP and LE strength was assessed during one-repetition maximum (1RM) testing; CP and LR 1RM strength was estimated as [repetition weight/(1.0278-0.0278)(reps)]. Maximal isometric knee extensor strength was isolaterally assessed via maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) testing. Mean and peak power output (Watts) was quantified during unilateral countermovement jumps via accelerometry. Fasting concentrations of total testosterone and growth hormone were obtained at baseline (PRE), immediately post (IP), 30-minutes post (30P), and 60-minutes post (60P) during both testing exercise sessions (Pre and Post). Following the 4-week intervention, all participants’ maximal dynamic and isometric strength, mean and peak power output, muscle morphology, and hormonal responses were reassessed. Performance, ultrasound, and area under the curve data were analyzed using ANCOVA to observe between-group comparisons while controlling for baseline (PRE) values. Endocrine data were analyzed using a two-way, mixedfactorial repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Participants in the UT group experienced significant strength improvements of the trained (28 to 150%) and untrained legs (12 to 160%). Training did not elicit significant improvements in maximal isometric strength or power output of the trained or untrained leg. The trained RF experienced significant increases in CSA and MT. The trained VL experienced a significant increase in CSA. Muscle size of the untrained leg was not significantly augmented. Training did not elicit changes in the acute hormonal response to exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Four weeks of unilateral lower body resistance training using the dominant leg appears sufficient to evoke strength gains of both the ipsilateral and contralateral legs. However, meaningful morphological changes were observed in the trained leg only. Differences in acute hormonal responses to resistance exercise did not appear to explain the observed differences. In addition, unilateral lower body resistance training did not appear to augment the acute endocrine response to an acute bout of resistance exercise. Current findings suggest that the cross-educational strength transfer during the early stage of training is attributable to factors other than changes in muscle morphology and circulating hormones.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of agreement in measuring back squat kinematics between an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a 3D motion capture system (3DMOCAP). Kinematic variables included concentric peak velocity (CPV), concentric mean velocity (CMV), eccentric peak velocity (EPV), eccentric mean velocity (EMV), mean propulsive velocity (MPV), and POP-100: a proprietary variable. Sixteen resistance-trained males performed an incrementally loaded one repetition maximum (1RM) squat protocol. A series of Pearson correlations, 2 × 4 RM ANOVA, Cohen's effect size differences, coefficient of variation (CV), and standard error of the estimate (SEE) were calculated. A large relationship existed for all variables between devices ( 0.78-0.95). Between-device agreement for CPV worsened beyond 60% 1RM. The remaining variables were in agreement between devices with trivial effect size differences and similar CV magnitudes. These results support the use of the IMU, regardless of relative intensity, when measuring EMV, EPV, MPV, and POP-100. However, practitioners should carefully select kinematic variables of interest when using the present IMU device for velocity-based training (VBT), as certain measurements (e.g., CMV, CPV) do not possess practically acceptable reliability or accuracy. Finally, the IMU device exhibited considerable practical data collection concerns, as one participant was completely excluded and 13% of the remaining attempts displayed obvious internal error.

Bakgrund: Idag är depression en av de vanligaste psykiatriska diagnoserna i Sverige och enligt Folkhälsomyndigheten klassas depression som en folksjukdom. Depression kan vara av olika grad. Idag behandlas depression främst med olika former av psykoterapi och psykofarmaka. Inom forskning finns studier som påvisar evidens för fysisk aktivitet som behandlingsmetod för depression, ett sätt för individen att utföra en form av egenvård och därmed ta ansvar för sin egen hälsa och välbefinnande. Det är mer olkart vilken typ av fysisk aktivitet som är effektiv samt hur det fungerar som behandling vid svår depression. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka olika typer av fysisk aktivitet och dess effekt på depression och depressiva symtom hos vuxna individer.  Metod: Denna studie är en allmän litteraturöversikt. Litteratursökningen resulterade i tio artiklar som söktes fram i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed.  Resultat: Fysisk aktivitet minskar depressiva symtom hos individer med och utan mild till medelsvår depression. Däremot vid svår depression fungerar fysisk aktivitet enbart som en tilläggsbehandling för individer som är inneliggande på sjukhus och kan få tillräckligt med stöd. Fysisk aktivitet är även en bra långsiktig behandling mot depression, med en effekt som håller i sig under lång tid. Alla träningsformer har en positiv effekt på depressiva symtom, men de skiljer sig i vilka symtom de är mest effektiva mot.  Slutsats: Fysisk aktivitet oberoende av träningsform är en effektiv behandling mot depressiva symtom hos individer med och utan depression, med en positiv effekt som håller i sig en längre tid. Vid svår depression finns det evidens för att fysisk aktivitet är en bra tillägsbehandling. / Backround: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses in Sweden and according to the Swedish Public Health Agency, depression is classified as a widespread disease. Depression can be of varying degrees and it’s mainly treated with various forms of psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs. In research, there are studies that show evidence of physical activity as a valid treatment method for depression. It’s a way for the individual to perform a form of self-care and thus take responsibility for their own health and well-being. There is more ambiguity as to whether physical activity is effective as a treatment for severe depression. Aim: The purpose of this literature study was to investigate different types of physical activity and its effect on depression and depressive symptoms in adult individuals. Methods: This study is a general literature review. The literature search resulted in ten articles that were found using the CINAHL and PubMed databases. Results: Physical activity reduces depressive symptoms in individuals with and without mild to moderate depression. On the other hand, in severe depression, physical activity only functions as a supplementary treatment for individuals who are hospitalized and can receive sufficient support. Physical activity is also a good long-term treatment for depression, with an effect that lasts for a long time. All forms of exercise have a positive effect on depressive symptoms, but they differ in which symptoms they are most effective against. Conclusion: Physical activity, regardless of exercise form, is an effective treatment for depressive symptoms in individuals with and without depression, with a positive effect that lasts for a long period of time. In severe depression, there is evidence that physical activity is a good adjunctive treatment.

THE PROPER APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SPECIFICITY IS ESSENTIAL TO ANY STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROGRAM. HOWEVER, THE TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE TRAINING TO SPORT IS HIGHLY COMPLEX, DIFFICULT TO PREDICT, AND CHALLENGING TO ASSESS. THIS BRIEF REVIEW EXAMINES THE PRINCIPLE OF DYNAMIC CORRESPONDENCE AS AN AID TOWARD BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND PREDICTING AN EXERCISE OR TRAINING METHOD'S POTENTIAL TRANSFER TO SPORT. PRACTICAL TRAINING RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN BASED ON THE RESEARCH REVIEWED.

Introduction: Resistance training improves muscle strength and induces myofiber hypertrophy in young males and females with blunted responses occurring in older adults. These adaptations are partially due to the function of muscle stem cells (MuSCs) and fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). It remains unknown whether middle-aged males and females respond similarly to resistance training with protein supplementation, specifically at the cellular level. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential sex-specific responses of middle-aged males and females to whole-body resistance training. Methods: Middle-aged adults (N=28), 40-64 years, participated in a 10-week progressive, whole-body resistance training intervention coupled with protein supplementation. Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis and stained for fibre morphology, MuSCs, and FAPs. Results: Both sexes increased type II fibre cross-sectional area with training. Myonuclear content, myonuclear domain size, and MuSC content were not altered with training in either sex. Both males and females altered FAP content with training. Interestingly, the change in MuSCs and both FAPs were correlated in males but not females (both P<0.05). It was concluded that there were no sex-specific responses to resistance training in middle-aged males and females; however, MuSCs and FAPs appear to be correlated in males but not females.

Bakgrund: Hälsorelaterad livskvalitet är av stor betydelse för välbefinnandet hos den åldrande befolkningen, och styrketräning kan vara en potentiell metod att förbättra den hälsorelaterade livskvaliteten hos äldre individer. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt är att sammanställa effekterna av regelbunden styrketräning på hälsorelaterad livskvalitet hos personer över 60 år. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt genomfördes i den medicinska databasen PubMed, innehållande randomiserade kontrollerade studier publicerade på engelska under de senaste 10 åren. Studierna inkluderade äldre individer (minst 60 år) och jämförde styrketräning med en kontrollgrupp utan intervention. Studiernas enskilda kvalitet granskades med TESTEX och studiernas sammanlagda evidens bedömdes med GRADEstud. Resultat: Åtta studier med ett totalt deltagarantal på 542 inkluderades. Kvaliteten på studierna varierade från 7-14 av 15 poäng på TESTEX-skalan varav 12 poäng ansågs visa på hög tillförlitlighet. Endast 4 av studierna ansågs vara av hög tillförlitlighet och inkluderades i det sammanlagda resultatet. Evidensstyrkan av de sammanlagda studierna blev i sin tur låg ++, då det förekom bristande samstämmighet och precision i studierna. Tre av 4 studier som inkluderades i det sammanlagda resultatet visade på en positiv effekt av styrketräning på hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, den fjärde studien visade inte några statistiskt signifikanta mellangruppsskillnader. Slutsats: Regelbunden styrketräning kan ha en positiv effekt på hälsorelaterad livskvalitet hos äldre individer, men mer forskning krävs för att dra definitiva slutsatser. Ytterligare högkvalitativa randomiserade studier behövs för att stärka evidensen och fastställa rekommendationer för styrketräning hos äldre. / Background: Health-related quality of life is essential for the well-being of the agingpopulation, and resistance training is a potential approach to enhance the health-relatedquality of life in older individuals. Aim: This literature review aims to summarize the effects of resistance training onhealth-related quality of life in individuals aged 60 and above. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted in the medical database PubMed,including randomized controlled trials published in English within the past 10 years. Theincluded studies involved older individuals (at least 60 years) and compared resistancetraining to a non intervention control group. The quality of the individual studies wereexamined using TESTEX and the evidence of the combined studies results was determinedusing GRADEstud. Results: Eight studies were included with a total of 542 participants. The quality of theindividual studies varied from 7-14 out of 15 points on the TESTEX-scale wherein 12 pointswas considered to show high reliability.Only four of them were considered to be of high quality and were included in the summarizedresult. The combined evidence was deemed as low ++, due to the studies lack of consensusand precision. Three out of four studies included in the summarization found a positive effectof resistance training on health-related quality of life, while the fourth one did not show anystatistically significant differences. Conclusion: Consistent resistance training may have a positive effect on health-relatedquality of life in older individuals, but more research is needed to draw definitiveconclusions. Additional high-quality randomized trials are needed to strengthen the evidenceand establish recommendations for resistance training in the elderly.

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