In this dissertation, I investigate the role of oil resources and economic and political institutional quality on the economic performance of Iran. To this end, I examine four related themes. First and foremost, I provide a detailed picture of the economic structure of Iran and compare its performance with other oil and non-oil economies of the Middle East and the Middle Easterb region. As we get a clear picture of the relative economic position of Iran in the MENA region, I go further into macroeconomic analyses of oil wealth effects on the Iranian economy. The second theme investigated in this dissertation is the interaction of political power structure with oil rents and their effects on Iranian economic growth. This study is the first examination which takes into consideration political factionalism interaction with oil rents in the case of Iran. The results show that oil resources have a direct positive effect on economic growth in Iran. However, the interaction effect of factionalism (as a proxy for political asymmetry degree) with oil rents is negative and significant. The third theme which is examined in this study is illegal trade in Iran. This topic is also related to natural resource management in Iran. A large number of fuel products smuggled from Iran are due to heavy subsidies within the country. In this study, I measure the amount of illegal trade in Iran, identifying the major causes and indicators of smuggling. The average of illegal trade in Iran’s total trade is 13%. The value of annual illegal trade, on average, is within the range of $ 2.5 - 3 billion. The fourth topic which is examined in this dissertation is macroeconomic populism in Iran. The main source of financing populism spending in Iran is the oil revenues. Therefore, it is connected to the management of natural resources.

No description available.

No description available.

Zugl.: München, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

Informationen des Universitätsrechenzentrums

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is revolutionizing the architecture and operation of computer networks and promises a more agile and cost-efficient network management. SDN centralizes the network control logic and separates the control plane from the data plane, thus enabling flexible management of networks. A network based on SDN consists of a data plane and a control plane. To assist management of devices and data flows, a network also has an independent monitoring plane. These coexisting network planes have various types of resources, such as bandwidth utilized to transmit monitoring data, energy spent to power data forwarding devices and computational resources to control a network. Unwise management, even abusive utilization of these resources lead to the degradation of the network performance and increase the Operating Expenditure (Opex) of the network owner. Conserving and protecting limited network resources is thus among the key requirements for efficient networking. However, the heterogeneity of the network hardware and network traffic workloads expands the configuration space of SDN, making it a challenging task to operate a network efficiently. Furthermore, the existing approaches usually lack the capability to automatically adapt network configurations to handle network dynamics and diverse optimization requirements. Addtionally, a centralized SDN controller has to run in a protected environment against certain attacks. This thesis builds upon the centralized management capability of SDN, and uses cross-layer network optimizations to perform joint traffic engineering, e.g., routing, hardware and software configurations. The overall goal is to overcome the management complexities in conserving and protecting resources in multiple functional planes in SDN when facing network heterogeneities and system dynamics. This thesis presents four contributions: (1) resource-efficient network monitoring, (2) resource-efficient data forwarding, (3) using self-adaptive algorithms to improve network resource efficiency, and (4) mitigating abusive usage of resources for network controlling. The first contribution of this thesis is a resource-efficient network monitoring solution. In this thesis, we consider one specific type of virtual network management function: flow packet inspection. This type of the network monitoring application requires to duplicate packets of target flows and send them to packet monitors for in-depth analysis. To avoid the competition for resources between the original data and duplicated data, the network operators can transmit the data flows through physically (e.g., different communication mediums) or virtually (e.g., distinguished network slices) separated channels having different resource consumption properties. We propose the REMO solution, namely Resource Efficient distributed Monitoring, to reduce the overall network resource consumption incurred by both types of data, via jointly considering the locations of the packet monitors, the selection of devices forking the data packets, and flow path scheduling strategies. In the second contribution of this thesis, we investigate the resource efficiency problem in hybrid, server-centric data center networks equipped with both traditional wired connections (e.g., InfiniBand or Ethernet) and advanced high-data-rate wireless links (e.g., directional 60GHz wireless technology). The configuration space of hybrid SDN equipped with both wired and wireless communication technologies is massively large due to the complexity brought by the device heterogeneity. To tackle this problem, we present the ECAS framework to reduce the power consumption and maintain the network performance. The approaches based on the optimization models and heuristic algorithms are considered as the traditional way to reduce the operation and facility resource consumption in SDN. These approaches are either difficult to directly solve or specific for a particular problem space. As the third contribution of this thesis, we investigates the approach of using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to improve the adaptivity of the management modules for network resource and data flow scheduling. The goal of the DRL agent in the SDN network is to reduce the power consumption of SDN networks without severely degrading the network performance. The fourth contribution of this thesis is a protection mechanism based upon flow rate limiting to mitigate abusive usage of the SDN control plane resource. Due to the centralized architecture of SDN and its handling mechanism for new data flows, the network controller can be the failure point due to the crafted cyber-attacks, especially the Control-Plane- Saturation (CPS) attack. We proposes an In-Network Flow mAnagement Scheme (INFAS) to effectively reduce the generation of malicious control packets depending on the parameters configured for the proposed mitigation algorithm. In summary, the contributions of this thesis address various unique challenges to construct resource-efficient and secure SDN. This is achieved by designing and implementing novel and intelligent models and algorithms to configure networks and perform network traffic engineering, in the protected centralized network controller.

In Bezug zu den Forderungen der UN-BRK nach einer inklusiven Schule wurden in dieser Studie inklusive Einstellungen, Unterrichtspraktiken und Ressourcen integrativ arbeitender Lehrkräfte in Sachsen und Schleswig-Holstein identifiziert. Mithilfe eines Fragebogens erfolgte eine quantitative Querschnittsstudie mit einer Stichprobe von 363 Lehrkräften. In Anlehnung an den „Index für Inklusion“ wurden dabei Indikatoren zu integrativen bzw. inklusiven Menschenbildern, Schulkultur und Schulorganisation, pädagogischen Unterrichtspraktiken sowie Fortbildungen und Ressourcen abgeleitet. Den Items liegt eine vierstufige Likert-Skala zugrunde. Im Rahmen der Auswertung wurden relevante Indikatoren identifiziert und schulartbezogen sowie länderbezogen verglichen (einfaktorielle Anova). Offene Fragen wurden kategorisiert und ausgewertet. Im Ergebnis werden die Befürwortung von Heterogenität und Individualisierung, passende Rahmenbedingungen für den inklusiven Kontext und der Entwicklungsvorsprung aufgrund längerer Traditionen der sächsischen Grundschulen und der Integration in Schleswig-Holstein deutlich.:Danksagung II Eidesstattliche Erklärung IV Inhaltsverzeichnis V Abbildungsverzeichnis VIII Tabellenverzeichnis X Zusammenfassung XIII 1 EINLEITUNG 1 1.1 Thematische Einführung 1 1.2 Ziel- und Fragestellung der Arbeit 4 1.3 Einführung in die Gliederung der Arbeit 6 2 THEORETISCHE EINORDNUNG DES FORSCHUNGSGEGENSTANDES 7 2.1 Historische Entwicklungslinien inklusiver Konzepte 7 2.1.1 Die Aufklärung (18. Jahrhundert) 9 2.1.2 Der Neuhumanismus (Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts) 13 2.1.3 Das Wilhelminische Kaiserreich (Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts) 18 2.1.4 Die Weimarer Republik (1918 bis 1933) 24 2.1.5 Der Nationalsozialismus (1933 bis 1945) 29 2.1.6 Der demokratischer Neuanfang (ab 1945) 36 2.1.7 Die deutsche Wiedervereinigung (ab 1989) 48 2.1.8 Zusammenfassung 52 2.2 Begriffliche Ambivalenz von Integration und Inklusion 55 2.3 Definitionsansätze zum Begriff „Inklusion“ 66 2.4 Forschungsstand zum Thema 85 2.5 Qualitätsmerkmale heutiger inklusiver Systeme 98 2.5.1 Theoriemodell 99 2.5.2 Ideelle Merkmale als grundlegende Orientierung 102 2.5.3 Strukturelle Merkmale in Bezug auf Schul- und Unterrichtsentwicklung 120 2.5.4 Ressourcenorientierte Merkmale in der Ambivalenz von Zuschreibung und Prävention 147 2.6 Schlussfolgerungen für den Forschungsgegenstand 165 3 INKLUSIVE ENTWICKLUNG IM SÄCHSISCHEN BILDUNGSSYSTEM 167 3.1 Rechtliche Grundlagen 167 3.2 Qualitätsmodell schulischer Entwicklung in Sachsen 170 3.3 Schulstruktur, Schulartenvergleich und Unterstützungssystem 186 3.3.1 Grundschule 187 3.3.2 Mittelschule/Oberschule 191 3.3.3 Gymnasium 195 3.3.4 Berufsbildende Schule 200 3.3.5 Unterstützungssystem 202 3.4 Vergleich zur inklusiven Entwicklung in Schleswig-Holstein 204 3.5 Zusammenfassung und Präzisierung der Forschungsfragen 211 4 METHODISCHES VORGEHEN 214 4.1 Durchführung der Untersuchung 214 4.2 Auswahl und Begründung der Stichprobe in der Hauptuntersuchung 216 4.3 Konstruktion des Forschungsinstrumentes 216 4.3.1 Voruntersuchung 221 4.3.2 Pilotstudie 221 4.4 Quantitative Analyse 226 4.5 Qualitative Analyse 227 4.6 Rücklaufquote und Stichprobenmerkmale 228 4.6.1 Rücklaufquote der Gesamtstichprobe 228 4.6.2 Verteilung der Stichprobe nach soziometrischen Kriterien 228 4.6.3 Spezifische Kenndaten der sächsischen Stichprobe 231 4.7 Zusammenfassung 234 5 ERGEBNISSE 234 5.1 Ideelle Qualitätsmerkmale 235 5.2 Strukturelle Qualitätsmerkmale 241 5.3 Ressourcenorientierte Qualitätsmerkmale 262 5.4 Offene Fragen 271 5.5 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 285 5.6 Bestätigung bzw. Ablehnung der Hypothesen 287 5.7 Methodenkritik 301 5.8 Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen 305 5.8.1 Ideelle Merkmale 305 5.8.2 Strukturelle Merkmale 306 5.8.3 Ressourcenbezogene Merkmale 308 5.8.4 Offene Fragen 309 6 FAZIT 312 7 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 319 8. ANLAGEN 351

Purpose – This article seeks to advance a novel service network perspective, based on the service-dominant logic, designated as service-dominant networks (SDN). Design/methodology/approach – Service-dominant logic components serve to build and describe SDN. Specifically, resources and actors are key components, combined with activities and the process by which they become resources. A case study details the features of SDNs. Findings – Service-dominant networks exhibit unique, previously unaddressed features. According to the service-dominant logic, components only become resources when they are integrated; thus, they disappear as resources after their integration, which means SDNs are fugacious: they (be-)come and go. In addition, SDNs comprise one or more main intended activities that explain their existence, though these intended activities do not necessarily initiate any particular SDN. Rather, other critical incidents can initiate SDNs. Research limitations/implications – The features of SDNs proposed in this article have not been a focus of prior research. In particular, the dynamics and fugaciousness of SDNs are challenges for research and management. Originality/value – This article offers the first proposal of a novel, service-dominant network perspective. In a very general and abstract form, it identifies the features of SDNs.

Emerging from the rapid growth of information technology (IT) in a digital world is the explosion and rapid ascent of IT-related service innovation occurring around the globe. All successful service innovation in a digital world consists of two main abstract domains: signs (because only signs can be digitized) and practices. Signs are perceivable, but practices are not. Signs are commonly understood as resources in the digital world, whereas practices are understood as providing context, not as resources. This article proposes a change in this perspective: according to service-dominant logic, both signs and practices can become resources for service and value cocreation. They become resources if they are integrated in a service offering. We illustrate how recent digital service innovations can be explained with this perspective and how it can be used to distinguish incremental from radical innovation. The article also suggests, using this perspective, that IT and innovation specialists can productively develop ideas and concepts for future service innovation. From the practices framework presented, directions for further research are discussed.

Starting the own business is sometimes a dream sometimes a nightmare but undoubtedly from a macro-economic perspective it is considered to be a promising concept to secure long-term economic growth and society’s welfare, at least in Germany. Strong efforts were made to support start ups and potential entrepreneurs to run their own business. A plethora of programs were launched which were supposed to facilitate the start up process – but reality is disenchanting: The published data in the 2004 GEM indicate that the idea of an entrepreneurial society in Germany is still far beyond its realization. Germany ranks 17th out of 31 GEM states in terms of “nascent entrepreneurs” and only 22nd regarding the “young entrepreneurs”. Compared to other GEM countries the German adults are considered to be more pessimistic in terms of entrepreneurial issues: The chances of establishing a successful business are evaluated lower than the years before. On the other hand the context factors which are considered to influence the start up opportunities especially in terms of governmental support and physical infrastructure were evaluated to be one of the best. Especially concerning the latter aspect strong efforts have been made to support entrepreneurs. In this context, and maybe because of - A “… post-1970s fascination with ‘high-tech’ regions worldwide” (Cooke/Leydesdorff 2006: 9), - A continuous liberalization of the world market and its impact on national production systems (which is well discussed in the context of the conversion of cooperatives), or - The dawn of the concept of national innovations systems (e.g. Lundvall 1988; Cozzens et al. 1990), For more than two decades, one promising concept of sustaining entrepreneurs was seen in the idea of incubators1 which mainly offer support in terms of infrastructure and funding opportunities. Meantime, we observe that questions emerge of how effective and efficient incubators work as one major instrument of macroentrepreneurial (Van de Veen 1995, Chiles/Meyer 2001) activities in order to facilitate start ups and to support the first steps of a new business from its start to its growth. The value of the incubator model as an effective means of technology and knowledge transfer especially from universities is continually discussed and questioned (Cunningham 1999). For example, a study run by Allen and Kahman (1985) concluded that incubators are tools for developing enterprises which create a positive environment for small businesses to succeed. Indeed, lots of studies brought up that incubators are an efficient and effective way to sustain spin-out processes and to contribute to regional development and prosperity. However, on the other hand some shortcomings are obvious: Finer and Holberton (2000) take into question the incubator model because it takes the initiative away from the start-up team. The paper refers to these observations. We assume by means of some international empirical studies that the functions of incubators are enhanced as a result of a (evolutional) learning process. On this basis we derive hypothesis about the dealing with the upcoming challenges and provide further research questions in an explorative way. Paragraph 2 introduces a three phased model of business incubators and classifies existing incubators. It will be obvious, that there is an increasing amount of functions that are allocated by incubators. Within paragraph 3 we examine recent developments from a macroeconomic perspective and contrast to this the evolution of incubators. Paragraph 4 presents two types of incubators that take these