Le cycle hydrologique est une composante clef du climat de la Terre et sa compréhension repose à la fois sur les observations et sur les simulations de ses différents aspects, tels le transport, les changements de phase ou encore ses interactions avec le rayonnement. Les satellites géostationnaires METEOSAT ont, à leur bord, des radiomètres qui observent, dans l'infrarouge, la vapeur d'eau d'une large couche de la troposphère des régions tropicales et subtropicales de la région Afrique / Océan Atlantique. Disponibles depuis les années 80, ces observations dites "Vapeur d'Eau" donnent ainsi la possibilité d'étudier la distribution de la vapeur d'eau de la troposphère libre tropicale et sa variabilité depuis des échelles de temps journalières jusqu'à des échelles décennales. Dans cette thèse, une archive d'humidité de la troposphère libre (Free Tropospheric Humidity -FTH-), de haute résolution spatiale (0,625°x0,625°) et temporelle (3h), est élaborée à partir des observations IR de la succession des satellites METEOSAT (MET-2 à MET-5), dont l'étalonnage est ajusté sur celui du canal 12 du sondeur HIRS (NOAA-12) pris comme référence. En ciel clair, nous montrons que les mesures "VE" des régions tropicales et subtropicales s'interprètent en terme d'humidité relative moyenne d'une couche variable de l'atmosphère, définie de façon précise par le jacobien d'humidité relative, décrivant la sensibilité de la mesure à des perturbations locales relatives du profil d'humidité relative. Les nuages de basse altitude affectant la mesure "VE" de façon négligeable, ceux-ci sont échantillonnés, en plus du ciel clair, à partir des informations sur la nébulosité issues de l'analyse multi-spectrale ISCCP. Cette sélection des nuages bas amène une meilleure représentation des régions subtropicales et du proche environnement convectif. Des analyses de la distribution de la vapeur d'eau troposphérique sont menées et révèlent l'importance de la variabilité relative de la FTH des zones sèches subtropicales, notamment pour la région de l'Est de la Méditerranée. A l'échelle intrasaisonnière, l'utilisation d'un modèle de transport lagrangien permet de montrer que l'humidité relative à 500hPa de cette région de subsidence est caractérisée par un mélange de masses d'air tropicales et extra-tropicales, provenant de zones plus ou moins froides de la troposphère. La base de données est également utilisée dans le but d'évaluer les simulations de modèles de climat, dans le cadre d'un exercice international d'intercomparaison, montrant la difficulté des modèles à reproduire la variabilité interannuelle de la FTH des régions sèches subtropicales.

Irradiation of a tryptamine linked through its side-chain nitrogen to an alkylidene malonate residue results in an intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition to the indole 2,3-double bond. The resultant cyclobutane undergoes spontaneous retro-Mannich fission to produce a spiro[indoline-3,3-pyrrolenine] with relative configuration defined by the orientation of substituents in the transient cyclobutane. The novel tandem intramolecular photocycloaddition- retro-Mannich (TIPCARM) sequence leads to a spiropyrrolidine which is poised to undergo a second retro-Mannich fragmentation [TIPCA(RM)₂] that expels the malonate unit present in the photo substrate and generates transiently an indolenine. The indolenine undergoes rearrangement to a β-carboline which can undergo further rearrangement under oxidizing conditions to an oxindole. Three oxindole natural products, coerulescine, horsfiline and elacomine, were synthesized using this strategy. The TIPCARM strategy was extended to an approach that would encompass the Vinca alkaloids vindorosine and minovine. In this case, the TIPCARM sequence was followed by an intramolecular cyclization that provided tetracyclic ketone 5.86 containing rings A, B, C and D of vindorosine. A tetracyclic intermediate was synthesized which could also provided access to the Vinca alkaloid minovine. / Graduation date: 2012

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to learn how brand heritage and retro brands can help HQM strengthen their brand identity. Background: Companies with a long history have a strategic choice to make re-garding the use of their heritage in marketing communications. Such companies also enjoy a history of interesting products, for which some may exist the possibility for a retro relaunch. Husqvarna is such a company, which made it interesting to find out how these two strategic tools can or cannot strengthen the studied company‘s brand identity. Method: Through an inductive and exploratory case study with interviews of the personnel at Husqvarna Motorcycles, Italy, three theoretical areas emerged to be researched, brand identity, brand heritage and retro brands. The latter two required the help of real life examples for better understanding. The analysis had a deductive approach where the studied theory was applied to the companies, and conclu-sions were drawn from the accumulated knowledge to help streng-then the brand identity of Husqvarna Motorcycles. Conclusions: HQM is a brand with heritage in the process of taking a strategic de-cision to use its heritage as a tool to strengthen the brand identity, hence on the way to become a heritage brand in the true meaning of the definition. As the oldest brand on the market, HQM can use its heritage to differentiate itself from the competition, creating uni-queness impossible to copy. A retro product can be a useful vehicle to carry the newly uncovered heritage to surface. With the help of theory and a real life example, a contender within the historical company product portfolio was recognized. Finally, the band identi-ty as stated by HQM was redefined according to the findings.

The following report describes the pre-production, production, and post-production of the short film, 8.BIT.BROS, designed from its inception to fully exploit the years-developed, cumulative and varied skills of its director. The fantastical narrative focuses on the strained emotional dynamic between two adult brothers that have yet to come to terms with having witnessed their father’s death as children. Their trauma is dramatized and encapsulated in the videogame-themed psychotic hallucinations of the film’s protagonist. The director’s specialized skill-set was put to practical use in both the creation of animatronic creature effect, “Commander Gorgo,” and during the post-production phase of the film, wherein green screen compositing, animation, and motion graphics were used at length to bring the narrative life. / text

當代與飲食相關的媒介文本十分豐富，「古早味」更可說是其中討論不絕之重要主題，然而專論飲食懷舊現象的傳播研究卻不多，相關研究亦常將「懷舊」現象簡化為失真的歷史想像。 　　本研究聚焦於古早味書寫文本，認為對過往飲食經驗的懷舊反思具有正面意義，其乃「當代認同建構的過程」，且該建構論觀點也與敘事理論相互呼應。本文因此認為：觀察近年來盛行的古早味媒介文本，應可描繪當代社會的認同形貌。 　　研究發現，古早味敘事乃透過回憶場景、童年節日時光、直系長輩親人等來營造幸福質樸的懷舊氛圍。而個人身世背景、離散經驗與高度現代化社會下的焦慮皆成為結構性壓力，敘事者得以「親情聯繫」、「飲食意義」為刺點並以繼承尋根方式統合建構認同。 / The media texts of “Taiwanese retro food” increase gradually recently. However, there are few communication researches focus on this important phenomenon. Moreover, those researches also simplify nostalgia as “distortive imagination of history” constantly. 　Therefore, this paper aims to argue that the introspection of the past is the progress of identity construction and is also related to narrative theory. Through analysing contemporary media texts of retro food, we probably may depict the appearance of social identity of the time. 　Accordingly, the research found that nostalgic aura was cultivated by the narrative of the important scenes, good old times, and close family members. And the narrators tended to construct personal identity through pursuing family love and holding value of retro food.

Our earlier work has shown that pre-B cells can be converted into macrophages by the transcription factor C/EBPα at very high frequencies and also that a clonal pre-B cell line with an inducible form of C/EBPα can be converted into macrophage-like cells. Using these systems we have performed a systematic analysis of the questions whether during transdifferentiation the cells retrodifferentiate to a precursor cell state and whether cell cycle is required for reprogramming. As for the first question, a transcriptome analysis of transdifferentiating cells showed that most genes are continuously up or downregulated, acquiring a macrophage phenotype within 5 days. In addition, we observed the transient reactivation of a subset of immature myeloid markers, as well as low levels of the progenitor markers Kit and Flt3 and a few lineage inappropriate genes. Importantly, we were unable to observe the re-expression of cell surface marker combinations that characterize hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), including c-Kit and Flt3. This was the case even when C/EBPα was activated in pre-B cells under culture conditions that favor HSPC growth or when the transcription factor was activated in a time limited fashion. As for the second question, using the C11-inducible pre-B cell line, time-lapse experiments showed that a subpopulation of about 8% of the pre-B cells did not divide before acquiring macrophage properties, with the majority of cells dividing once and a few percent dividing twice. In agreement with these results we found that 8% of the induced cells did not incorporate BrdU during reprogramming. Importantly, the non-dividing cell subset expressed the highest levels of C/EBPα and was the fastest in acquiring a macrophage phenotype. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by aphidicolin led to an impairment of transdifferentiation in >70% of the cells, suggesting a requirement for traversing the cell cycle. However, sorting pre-B cells into G0/G1 and G2/M fractions followed by induction showed no significant differences in the reprogramming kinetics. Finally, we showed that knocking down p53 in the inducible pre-B cells does not alter their conversion into macrophages, suggesting that an acceleration of the cell cycle has no effect. Together, our findings show that the conversion of pre-B cells to macrophages does not involve overt retrodifferentiation and that high concentrations of C/EBPα bypass the cell cycle-dependency of immune cell transdifferentiation / Recientemente, nuestro grupo ha demostrado que las células pre-B se pueden reprogramar a macrófagos mediante la sobreexpresión del factor de transcripción C/EBP, con una eficiencia elevada. Así mismo, mediante la expresión de la forma inducible de C/EBP en una línea de células pre-B (C11), éstas también se puede convertir en células similares a macrófagos. Usando este sistema hemos estudiado si durante el proceso de trans-diferenciacion las células requieren volver a un estadio de célula precursora, y si el ciclo celular es necesario para este proceso. En cuanto a la primera cuestión, el análisis del transcriptoma de células trans-diferenciadas mostró que la expresión de la mayoría de los genes están regulados durante todo el proceso bien aumentando o disminuyendo, y que adquieren el fenotipo de macrófago a los 5 días después de iniciar el proceso. Así mismo, se observó la reactivación transitoria de un grupo de genes que codifican para marcadores de células mieloides inmaduras; también cabe destacar que observamos una disminución en la expresión de los genes expresados en células progenitoras Kit y Flt3, así como de genes de linajes impropios. Es importante destacar que nunca hemos llegado a observar la expresión de combinaciones de marcadores de superficie característicos de las células madre hematopoyéticas y las células progenitoras (HSPCs), incluyendo c-Kit y Flt3, mediante el análisis por citometría de flujo. Estos resultados se reprodujeron incluso cuando C/EBP se sobreexpresó en células pre-B que fueron cultivadas en condiciones que favorecen el crecimiento de las HSPC o cuando el factor de transcripción se activó de forma limitada en el tiempo. En cuanto a la segunda pregunta, usando la línea de células inducibles pre-B C11, el análisis mediante microscopia a diferentes tiempos después de la inducción de la reprogramación mostraron que una subpoblación de aproximadamente el 8% de las células pre-B no se dividen antes de adquirir las propiedades de macrófago, mientras que la mayoría de las células se dividen sólo una vez y un pequeño porcentaje dos veces antes de que se reprogramen totalmente a macrófagos. De acuerdo con estos resultados se encontró que un 8% de las células inducidas no incorporan BrdU durante la reprogramación. Es importante destacar que el subconjunto de células que no se dividen expresan los niveles más altos de C/EBP, con lo que cabe pensar que la adquisición del fenotipo de macrófago es más rápida en estas células. La inhibición de la síntesis de ADN por afidicolina bloqueó la transdiferenciación en mas de un 70% de las células, lo que sugiere que la correcta progresión del ciclo celular es un requisito para la transdiferenciación. Sin embargo, al separar la linea de células pre-B C11 en fracciones G0/G1 y G2/M seguido de la inducción, la cinética de la reprogramación no mostró diferencias significativas. Por último, también demostramos que la reducción en la expresión de p53 en las células pre-B inducibles no altera el proceso de conversión a macrófago, lo que sugiere que la aceleración del ciclo celular no tiene ningún efecto. En conjunto, nuestros resultados muestran que la conversión de células pre-B a macrófagos no requiere retro-diferenciación y que las células con una expresión mayor de C/EBP pueden llegar a prescindir de la dependencia del ciclo celular para la trans-diferenciación de las células inmunitarias.

A imagem mental e a memória visual têm sido consideradas como componentes distintos na codificação da informação, e associados a processos diferentes da memória de trabalho. Evidências experimentais mostram, por exemplo, que o desempenho em tarefas de memória baseadas na geração de imagem mentais (imaginação visual) sofre a interferência do ruído visual dinâmico (RVD), mas não se observa o mesmo efeito em tarefas de memória visual baseadas na percepção visual (memória visual). Embora várias evidências mostrem que tarefas de imaginação e de memória visual sejam baseadas em processos cognitivos diferentes, isso não descarta a possibilidade de utilizarem também processos em comum e que alguns resultados experimentais que apontam diferenças entre as duas tarefas resultem de diferenças metodológicas entre os paradigmas utilizados para estuda-las. Nosso objetivo foi equiparar as tarefas de imagem mental visual e memória visual por meio de tarefas de reconhecimento, com o paradigma de dicas retroativas espaciais. Sequências de letras romanas na forma visual (tarefa de memória visual) e acústicas (tarefa de imagem mental visual) foram apresentadas em quatro localizações espaciais diferentes. No primeiro e segundo experimento analisou-se o tempo do curso de recuperação tanto para o processo de imagem quanto para o processo de memória. No terceiro experimento, comparou-se a estrutura das representações dos dois componentes, por meio da apresentação do RVD durante a etapa de geração e recuperação. Nossos resultados mostram que não há diferenças no armazenamento da informação visual durante o período proposto, porém o RVD afeta a eficiência do processo de recuperação, isto é o tempo de resposta, sendo a representação da imagem mental visual mais suscetível ao ruído. No entanto, o processo temporal da recuperação é diferente para os dois componentes, principalmente para imaginação que requer mais tempo para recuperar a informação do que a memória. Os dados corroboram a relevância do paradigma de dicas retroativas que indica que a atenção espacial é requisitada em representações de organização espacial, independente se são visualizadas ou imaginadas. / The mental image and visual memory have been considered as different components in the coding of information, and associate to different processes of working memory. Experimental evidence demonstrate, that Dynamic Visual Noise (DVN) impairs the performance of memory tasks based on mental image generation (visual imagination), but have no effect on memory tasks based on visual perception (visual memory). Although several evidences demonstrate that imagination and visual memory tasks have cognitive distinct processes, it doesnt rule out the possibility that they share common processes and that some experimental results that indicate differences between the cognitive processes are resulted from different methodological paradigms used to studied them. Our objective was to equate tasks of visual mental imagery and visual memory, using a recognition task and spatial retro-cue paradigm. Sequences of roman letters were presented in visual (visual memory task) and acoustic (visual mental imagery task) forms, each letter presented in four different spatial locations. The first and second experiment analyzed the time of the retrieval course for imaging process and for the memory process. In the third experiment, we compared the structure of the representations of the two components, with the presentation of DVN during the stage of generating and retrieval. Our results demonstrated that there are no differences in the storage of visual information during the retrieval period and that the DVN only affect the retrieval process efficiency, principally the imagination process. However, the retrievals time course is different for both components, since imagination requires more time than memory to retrieval information. The retro-cue paradigm reveals that spatial attention is required in representation with spatial organization based on visual perception or imagination

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_patricia_luz.pdf: 1002579 bytes, checksum: 8360457fa7eca4f85271c26f11a07c14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Salmonelosis is a term to designate patologies caused by the Salmonella genus, which has an extensive dissemination in the poultry environment and a large interconnection with wild birds, which act as reservoirs. Salmonella sp. is representative of the Enterobacteria s family, being usually associated with infections on aviary, and human food poisoning. It can, mainly in wild birds, present as asymptomatic form, which give to these animals the status of carrier and diffuser in the environment. The present research had the purpose to detect wild bird carriers of the agent, also by inoculation of the found strain in vivo, realize the retro isolation, so researching the effects caused on poultry production and evaluating its impact over the aviculture. The biological material that had been collected of the wild birds was derived of cloacal swabs, totalizing 121 samples of eleven different groups, which were processed by isolation. Only one from the 121 samples was positive, isolated in a Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus), then was inoculated in chicks (Gallus gallus) with one day of age, which were challenged and watched for 12 days. In total 21 chicks were used as biological model, distributed in 3 groups, one positive control (inoculated with a known sample of Salmonella), one negative control (inoculated with saline solution), and one challenged with the strain field found and identified as Salmonella sp. After the observation period, was executed the sacrifice of the birds by full bleed, when were collected blood samples for serology, and the necropsy with collect of biological material of liver, duodenum, jejunum and cecum for bacteriological diagnosis, also histopathological. In the bacteriological diagnosis were found biochemical profiles compatibles with the bacteria in question both in the positive control group and in the group which was challenged with the strain field. After, the retro isolation was confirmed by the serological identification technique, in which there was an agglutination reaction of the standard serum with the retro isolated antigen from these two groups of birds. In the histopathology lesions caused by Salmonella sp. were observed in the studied organs, both in the positive control group and in the challenged group. Also it was possible to detect the presence of anti Salmonella sp. antibodies in the end of the experimental period in both groups of birds where was retro isolated the bacteria. So, even with the low isolation of the bacteria in the species of wild birds studied, there is the possibility of transmission of Salmonella sp. to poultry production, from strain of wild marine birds, and its potential to cause disease, and consequently, prejudice in the avian environment. / Salmonelose é um termo utilizado para designar doenças causadas por bactérias do gênero Salmonella sp., que tem ampla disseminação no meio avícola, e grande interligação com as aves silvestres, que atuam como reservatórios. A Salmonella sp. é representante da família das enterobactérias, sendo normalmente associada a infecções dentro de aviários e toxinfecções alimentares humanas. Pode, principalmente nas aves silvestres, se apresentar de forma assintomática, o que confere a estes animais o estado de portadores e disseminadores no ambiente. O presente trabalho teve como finalidade detectar aves silvestres portadoras do agente, além de, através de inoculação in vivo da cepa encontrada, realizar o retroisolamento, pesquisando assim os efeitos causados nas aves de produção e avaliando seu impacto sobre a avicultura. O material biológico coletado das aves silvestres foi oriundo de suabe cloacal, totalizando 121 amostras provenientes de onze diferentes ordens, as quais foram processadas mediante o isolamento. Das 121 amostras, somente uma foi positiva, isolada na espécie pinguim-de-Magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus), sendo então inoculada em pintos (Gallus gallus) com um dia de vida, os quais foram desafiados e observados por 12 dias. No total foram utilizados como modelo biológico 21 pintos, distribuidos em 3 grupos, sendo um controle positivo (inoculado com uma amostra conhecida de Salmonella), um controle negativo (inoculado com solução salina) e um desafiado com a cepa de campo isolada e identificada como Salmonella sp. Após o período de observação, foi realizado o sacrifício das aves com sangria total, quando foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas para sorologia, e na necropsia, foi coletado material biológico do fígado, duodeno, jejuno e ceco para diagnóstico bacteriológico, além de histopatológico. No diagnóstico bacteriológico foram encontrados perfis bioquímicos compatíveis com a bactéria em questão, tanto no grupo controle positivo quanto no grupo que foi desafiado com a cepa de campo. Após foi confirmado o retroisolamento através da técnica de Identificação Sorológica, na qual houve reação de aglutinação do soro padrão com o antígeno retroisolado proveniente destes dois grupos de aves. No exame histopatológico foram observadas lesões nos órgãos estudados causadas pela bactéria Samonella sp. tanto no grupo controle positivo quanto no grupo inoculado com a cepa isolada. Foi possível também detectar a presença de anticorpos anti Salmonella sp. ao final do período experimental nos dois grupos de aves onde a bactéria foi retroisolada. Dessa forma, mesmo com o baixo isolamento da bactéria nas espécies de aves silvestres estudadas existe a possibilidade de transmissão de Salmonella sp. para aves de produção, proveniente de cepas de aves selvagens marinhas, e seu potencial em causar enfermidade, e consequentemente prejuízos no ambiente avícola.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work describes our results on the use of indium(I) bromide in Organic Synthesis, namely the reaction mechanisms and stereochemical outcome. Indium enolates, generated from the reaction between indium(I) bromide and α,α-dichloroketones, react with carbonyl compounds. The primary coupling with aldehydes leads to the diastereoselective synthesis of (syn+anti)-2-chloro-3-hydroxypropan- 1-ones, which can be converted to the respective trans-epoxyketones, exclusively. The indium(III) alkoxides of the 2-chloro-3-hydroxy-propan-1-ones are transformed into their (E)-prop-2-en-1-ones derivatives upon reaction with InBr according to a sequenced reaction mechanism. The most relevant feature of these reactions is that although the primary coupling with aldehydes affords a mixture of the two diastereoisomers of the indium(III) alkoxides, both the trans-epoxyketones and the E-enones were produced with rigorous stereoselectivity. These results are understood in terms of the enolate geometry (E or Z) and the retro-aldol reaction (kinetic/thermodynamic control) relating both forms of the enolate. / Este trabalho descreve os resultados dos estudos realizados sobre aplicações de brometo de índio(I) em Síntese Orgânica. Especificamente os aspectos pertinentes aos mecanismos reacionais e estereoquímicos. A reação entre brometo de índio(I) e α,α-diclorocetonas produz, in situ, enolatos de índio que reagem com compostos carbonílicos. O acoplamento com aldeídos leva à formação diastereosseletiva de (syn+anti)-2-cloro-3-hidroxi-propan-1-onas, que podem ser convertidas às respectivas oxiranas, exclusivamente trans. O aldolato de índio dos compostos 2-cloro-3-hidroxi-propan-1-onas é transformado, pela ação de um equivalente extra de InBr, nos respectivos derivados (E)-prop-2-en-1-onas, segundo um mecanismo de reações seqüenciais. Embora o acoplamento primário com aldeídos leve a uma mistura diastereoisomérica dos aldolatos de índio, as transoxiranas e as E-enonas são produzidas com rigorosa estereosseletividade. Estas são as características mais relevantes e podem ser compreendidas em termos da geometria do enolato (E ou Z) e do equilíbrio retro-aldol (controle cinético ou termodinâmico) entre as duas formas do enolato.

- the market through the campaign RETRO Týden comparing fifteen "retro" packages that were sold during socialistic era fifteen "present" s'