We hypothesized that lymph node involvement in minor salivary gland cancers is associated with clinical and pathological factors commonly available to the clinician after a typical initial workup. Our aim was to identify these factors using a dataset that allowed us to compile the largest series of minor salivary gland cancers in the published literature. Using this dataset we also aimed to characterize the distribution of histological types by primary site, identify the predictors of the use of external beam radiation therapy and neck dissection, and examine the effect of lymph node involvement on survival. Using the SEER database, we identified 2667 minor salivary gland cancers with known lymph node status from 1988 to 2004. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the use of neck dissection, the use of external beam radiation therapy, and the presence of cervical lymph node metastases. Kaplan Meier survival curves were constructed to examine the effect of lymph node involvement on survival. 426 (16.0%) patients had neck nodal involvement. Factors associated with neck nodal involvement on univariate analysis included increasing age, male gender, increasing tumor size, high tumor grade, T3-T4 stage, adenocarcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and pharyngeal site of primary malignancy. On multivariate analysis, four statistically significant factors were identified, which included male gender, T3-T4 stage, pharyngeal site of primary malignancy, and high-grade adenocarcinoma or high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas. The proportions (and 95% confidence intervals) of patients with lymph node involvement for those with 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 of these prognostic factors were 0.02 (0.01-0.03), 0.09 (0.07-0.11), 0.17 (0.14-0.21), 0.41 (0.33-0.49), and 0.70 (0.54-0.85) respectively. Grade was a significant predictor of metastasis for adenocarcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma but not for adenoid cystic carcinoma. Overall survival was significantly worse at 5, 10, and 15 years for patients with lymph node involvement on presentation. A prognostic index using the four clinicopathological factors listed above can effectively differentiate patients into risk groups of nodal metastasis. The precision of this index is subject to the limitations of SEER data and it should be validated in further clinical studies.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-85).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-28 / A familia Enterobacteriaceae e uma importante causa de infeccao da corrente sanguinea (ICS). O aumento da resistencia microbiana e um fator complicador no tratamento dessas infeccoes, fazendo com que a concentracao inibitoria minima (CIM) tenha um papel importante na analise do antibiograma. No Hospital Sao Paulo - UNIFESP, ate agosto de 2007, os testes de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana (TSA) de hemoculturas para enterobacterias eram realizados atraves do metodo de discodifusao. A partir desta data, os TSA passaram a ser realizados atraves do sistema microbiologico automatizado Phoenix., que fornece uma CIM aproximada por microdiluicao. Embora a importancia da CIM seja bem documentada em estudos com Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-resistente (MRSA), nao ha estudo analisando o impacto que esses sistemas automatizados teriam sobre a evolucao clinica dessas infeccoes. Objetivos: comparar a evolucao clinica das ICS hospitalares por enterobacterias no periodo nao-automatizado versus periodo automatizado, determinar a prevalencia de enterobacterias causadoras de ICS no periodo de estudo e analisar os fatores associados a mortalidade em 14 dias das ICS hospitalares por enterobacterias. Metodo: trata-se de um estudo tipo coorte retrospectivo, onde foram avaliadas as ICS hospitalares por enterobacterias nos periodos nao-automatizado (agosto de 2006 a julho de 2007) e automatizado (agosto de 2008 a julho de 2009) do Hospital Sao Paulo - UNIFESP. Na segunda etapa do estudo, os pacientes foram realocados e divididos em obitos e sobreviventes ate 14 dias do diagnostico da infeccao para analisar os preditores de mortalidade dessas infeccoes. Resultados: foram avaliados 90 e 106 pacientes nos periodos nao-automatizado e automatizado, respectivamente. Houve a prevalencia do sexo masculino e a media de idade de 60 anos em ambos periodos. No periodo com automacao, os pacientes apresentaram maior escore APACHE II (p< 0,001), fizeram mais uso de imunossupressores (p < 0,001) e ocorreu maior incidencia de ICS associada a cateter venoso central (p = 0,002). As enterobacterias mais prevalentes foram a Klebsiella spp (36,6% e 43,3%) e Proteus spp (13,3% e 18,8%), respectivamente, no periodo nao-automatizado e automatizado. Nao houve diferenca significativa quanto a adequacao do tratamento (p = 0,45), resposta clinica (p= 0,75) e obito . 7 dias (p= 0,79), . 14 dias (p= 0,94) e . 28 dias (p= 0,12) entre periodos. Quando realocamos os pacientes que apresentaram obito ate 14 dias do diagnostico da infeccao (n= 46) em comparacao com sobreviventes em 14 dias (n= 150), os preditores que se associaram independentemente com a mortalidade foram: choque séptico (OR = 7,04; IC 95%= 2,92 – 17,01; p < 0,001) e uso de imunossupressores (OR= 2,23; IC 95%= 1,01 – 4,93; p= 0,01). Conclusão: A introdução do sistema microbiológico automatizado Phoenix™ não demonstrou impacto na evolução clínica das infecções de corrente sanguínea hospitalares por enterobactérias. Klebsiella spp e Proteus spp foram os agentes etiológicos mais prevalentes em ambos os períodos. Choque séptico e uso de imunossupressores foram os únicos fatores associados a mortalidade em 14 dias das ICS hospitalares por enterobactérias. / The family Enterobacteriaceae is an important cause of bloodstream infections (BSI). The increasing antimicrobial resistance is a complicating factor in treating these infections, thus the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) plays a key role in the analysis of susceptibility. Until August 2007, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of blood cultures for Enterobacteriaceae were performed by disk diffusion method at Hospital Sao Paulo - UNIFESP. As of this date, the AST began to be performed through the Phoenix. automated microbiology system, which provides an approximated MIC by microdilution. Although the importance of MIC is well documented in studies with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), there is no study analyzing the impact of automated systems on clinical outcomes of these infections. Objectives: To compare the clinical outcomes of nosocomial BSI caused by Enterobacteriaceae during the non-automated versus automated period; to determine the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae species causing BSI during the study period and analyze the factors associated with 14-day mortality. Method: This is a retrospective cohort study that evaluated nosocomial BSIs caused by Enterobacteriaceae in the periods non-automated (August 2006 to July 2007) and automated (August 2008 to July 2009) at Hospital Sao Paulo - UNIFESP. In the second part of the study, patients were realocated and divided into deaths and survivors within 14 days of diagnosis of infection to analyze the predictors of mortality. Results: We evaluated 90 and 106 patients in non-automated and automated periods, respectively. There was a male prevalence and the average age was 60 years in both periods. During the automated period, patients had higher APACHE II score (p <0.001), higher use of immunosuppressive drugs (p <0.001) and there was a greater incidence of central venous catheter-related BSI (p = 0.002). Klebsiella spp (36.6% and 43.3%) and Proteus spp (13.3% and 18.8%) respectively, during the non-automated and automated period were the most prevalent Enterobacteriaceae species. There was no significant difference regarding the adequacy of treatment (p = 0.45), clinical response (p = 0.75) and death . 7 days (p = 0.79), . 14 days (p = 0.94) and . 28 days (p = 0.12) between the periods. The predictors independently associated with mortality were septic shock (OR = 7.04; IC 95%= 2,92 . 17,01; p <0.001) and use of immunosuppressive therapy (OR = 2.23; IC 95%= 1,01 . 4,93; p = 0.01). Conclusion: The introduction of Phoenix. automated microbiology system showed no impact on clinical outcomes of bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae. Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp were the most prevalent pathogens in both periods. Septic shock and the use of immunosuppressive drugs were the only factors associated with 14-day mortality among those patients. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Nas operações de cardiomiotomia para tratamento do megaesôfago ocorre recidiva dos sintomas em até 15% dos pacientes, sendo que alguns necessitam reoperação. Foram estudados de forma retrospectiva, 20 pacientes com megaesôfago previamente tratados por cardiomiotomia e submetidos a reoperação, por cardioplastia com gastrectomia parcial em Y-de-Roux, conforme técnica proposta por Serra Dória et al (1970). A causa de recidiva dos sintomas foi esofagite de refluxo em nove (45,0%), miotomia incompleta em um (5,0%), cicatrização da miotomia em cinco (25,0%) e presença de megaesôfago avançado em cinco (25,0%). Foram analisadas as complicações intra e pósoperatórias. Os pacientes foram avaliados sob o ponto de vista clínico (disfagia, regurgitação, pirose e variação de peso), radiológico e endoscópico, no pré e no pós-operatório imediato e tardio. Cinco (25,0%) doentes apresentaram complicações no pós-operatório imediato. Não houve mortalidade. Todos os doentes melhoraram da disfagia, com quase total desaparecimento da regurgitação e pirose. Houve manutenção ou aumento de peso em 64,7% dos pacientes. O estudo radiológico mostrou diminuição do calibre do esôfago em 53,0% e manutenção nos demais. Não houve aumento do calibre em nenhum dos pacientes. No exame endoscópico realizado no pós-operatório tardio em 17 pacientes, observou-se que seis entre nove que apresentavam esofagite de refluxo, melhoraram; dois entre oito, que apresentavam esôfago normal no préoperatório, desenvolveram esofagite. Concluiu-se que a operação de Serra Dória para tratamento do megaesôfago, operado por cardiomiotomia com recidiva dos sintomas apresentou baixa morbidade e ausência de mortalidade. Permitiu expressivo alívio dos sintomas e diminuição do calibre do esôfago em vários doentes. Possibilitou também melhora da esofagite de refluxo, havendo, entretanto, a possibilidade de sua manutenção, bem como do seu aparecimento em doentes que não a apresentavam / After cardiomyotomy for the treatment of megaesophagus, recurrence of symptoms occur in up to 15% of the patients, but only some require a reoperation. Twenty patients with megaesophagus were retrospectively studied. They were previously treated by cardiomyotomy, and underwent to reoperation through cardioplasty with Roux-en-Y partial gastrectomy, according to the technique proposed by Serra Dória et al (1970). The etiology of symptoms recurrence was reflux esophagitis in nine (45.0%) patients, incomplete myotomy in one (5.0%), healing of the myotomy in five (25.0%) and end staging megaesophagus in five (25.0%). Intra and postoperative complications were analyzed. The patients were studied by clinical (dysphagia, regurgitation, heartburn and weight gain), radiological and endoscopic evaluation, in the preand postoperative period. Five (25.0%) patients had complications in the immediate postoperative period. No deaths were observed. Dysphagia improved in all the patients. Regurgitation and heartburn almost disappeared in the whole group. Weight was maintained or increased in 64,7% of the patients. Radiological studies showed a decrease in the caliber of the esophagus in 53.0%, while the remaining patients maintained the pre-operative diameter. Endoscopy, performed during the late postoperative period in 17 patients, showed that six among the nine with reflux esophagitis improved; two among the eight with a normal esophagus during the preoperative period, developed esophagitis. It was concluded that the Serra Dória procedure for the treatment of megaesophagus in patients who had already undergone a cardiomyotomy and whose symptoms recurred, presented a low morbidity and no mortality. It afforded a significant relief of symptoms with a decrease of the caliber of the esophagus in several patients. The patients also improved with regards to reflux esophagitis. In some cases reflux was still present after surgery. Others with normal esophagus in the pre operative period developed esophagitis

Os sarcomas cutâneos primários são tumores raros e de grande heterogeniedade histológica. Com a evolução da oncologia cutânea e da cirurgia dermatológica, os dermatologistas têm sido cada vez mais requisitados para diagnóstico e orientação terapêutica de tumores menos freqüentes. Entretanto são escassos os estudos sobre o tema, sobretudo na literatura nacional. O presente trabalho apresenta como objetivos estudar casos diagnosticados como sarcoma cutâneo primário pelo Laboratório de Dermatopatologia da Divisão de Dermatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no período de 1992 a 2002. Os casos levantados foram revisados histologicamente, selecionando 65 casos que foram classificados em subtipos histológicos. Foi realizado revisão de prontuários médicos e estudadas as características demográficas, clínicas, evolutivas, histológicas e imuno-histoquímicas. O sarcoma de Káposi foi excluído deste estudo por possuir características epidemiológicas e etiopatogênicas específicas. Dos 65 casos, 34 foram de dermatofibrossarcoma protuberans (DFSP), 10 angiossarcomas, cinco sarcomas epitelióides, quatro fibroxantomas atípicos, três leiomiossarcomas, três mixofibrossarcomas, dois sarcomas pleomórficos, um fibrohistiocitoma maligno, um lipossarcoma, um rabdomiossarcoma, um fibrossarcoma. A análise dos resultados permitiu avaliar o perfil epidemiológico, clínico, anatomopatológico e imuno-histoquímico dos casos, bem como os tratamentos empregados e evolução dos pacientes. Os achados epidemiológicos deste estudo não diferiram significativamente da bibliografia consultada, demonstrando tratar-se de tumores raros representando cerca de um caso para cada 1000 biópsias neste serviço no mesmo período. Quanto a distribuição por idade e sexo os dados foram superponíveis à literatura com exceção feita ao angiossarcoma que mostrou-se mais freqüente no sexo feminino. A cirurgia micrográfica mostrou ser o melhor método para abordagem terapêutica do DFSP. Os casos de angiossarcoma e sarcoma epitelióide apresentaram pior prognóstico. / Soft tissue tumours represent a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal and neural lesions. The cutaneous presentation of these tumours is rare. With the evolution of dermatologic surgery and cutaneous oncology, dermatologists have emerged as the primary physicians for skin cancers management. The lack of epidemiological data about this topic in the brazilian population guided us to present this study. Our goal was to systematically review cases of primary cutaneous sarcomas diagnosed at the Dermatophatology laboratory of the Dermatology division of Hospital das Clínicas of São Paulo from January 1992 to December 2002. After a thorough chart review we could retrieve demographic and clinical data, histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics, in addition to the type of treatment, response to treatment and follow up from each case studied. Kapos\'s sarcoma due to its peculiar characteristics was not included in this study. A total of 65 cases of primary cutaneous sarcoma were included. In respect to its pathological characterization 34 cases were diagnosed dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), 10 angiosarcoma, five epithelioid sarcoma, four atipical fibroxanthoma, tree leiomyosarcoma, tree myxofibrosarcoma, two pleomorfic sarcoma, one malignant fibrohistiocytoma, one liposarcoma, one rabdomyossarcoma, one fibrossarcoma. Our findings were in agreement with international published data available after a medline search. In summary, sarcomas with primary cutaneous presentation are rare tumors with an incidence of 0.1% from all the pathology slides received in our service during this period. Angiosarcoma and epithelioid sarcomas had the worse prognosis and micrographic surgery was the best treatment for the DFSP.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram, em indivíduos com câncer de coto gástrico: identificar o padrão de disseminação de linfonodos acometidos, quantificar a invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose, correlacionar a invasão da linha de anastomose com o comprometimento linfonodal e mesenterial, correlacionar o acometimento linfonodal com sobrevivência e correlacionar o acometimento da linha de anastomose com sobrevivência. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo com revisão de prontuários, peças cirúrgicas e exames anátomo-patológicos de 113 pacientes. O câncer de coto gástrico não tem um padrão de disseminação linfonodal específico; 75% dos pacientes apresentaram invasão tumoral da linha de anastomose; em 66,7% dos casos ocorreu invasão da linha anastomótica e linfonodal concomitantes; menos de 10% dos casos exibiam invasão mesenterial; houve óbito em 86,5% dos casos com invasão linfonodal e 64,7% com invasão da linha de anastomose e em 100% com invasão mesenterial. / The objectives of this study are to identify the metastatic pattern of lymph node for gastric stump cancer; to quantify the invasion of anastomotic site by tumor; to relate the invasion of anastomotic site with metastasis lymph node or mesenterial lymph node and these parameters with the survival of patients with gastric stump cancer. One hundred and thirteen patients with gastric stump cancer were retrospectively analyzed along with their medical records, surgical pieces and histopathologic exam. The metastatic pattern of lymph node isnt specific to gastric stump cancer. 75% of patients had tumoral invasion in the anastomotic site. In 66.7% of the cases there was an invasion of the anastomotic site with metastatic lymph nodes. 9% of patients had mesenterial lymph node invasion by tumor. Fatal cases occurred in 86,5% of the patients with metastatic lymph node, 64,7% with invasion of the anastomotic site and 100% with mesenterial lymph node invasion.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the feasibility of using a knowledge base of prior treatment plans to generate new prostate intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans. Each new case would be matched against others in the knowledge base. Once the best match is identified, that clinically approved plan is used to generate the new plan. METHODS: A database of 100 prostate IMRT treatment plans was assembled into an information-theoretic system. An algorithm based on mutual information was implemented to identify similar patient cases by matching 2D beam's eye view projections of contours. Ten randomly selected query cases were each matched with the most similar case from the database of prior clinically approved plans. Treatment parameters from the matched case were used to develop new treatment plans. A comparison of the differences in the dose-volume histograms between the new and the original treatment plans were analyzed. RESULTS: On average, the new knowledge-based plan is capable of achieving very comparable planning target volume coverage as the original plan, to within 2% as evaluated for D98, D95, and D1. Similarly, the dose to the rectum and dose to the bladder are also comparable to the original plan. For the rectum, the mean and standard deviation of the dose percentage differences for D20, D30, and D50 are 1.8% +/- 8.5%, -2.5% +/- 13.9%, and -13.9% +/- 23.6%, respectively. For the bladder, the mean and standard deviation of the dose percentage differences for D20, D30, and D50 are -5.9% +/- 10.8%, -12.2% +/- 14.6%, and -24.9% +/- 21.2%, respectively. A negative percentage difference indicates that the new plan has greater dose sparing as compared to the original plan. CONCLUSIONS: The authors demonstrate a knowledge-based approach of using prior clinically approved treatment plans to generate clinically acceptable treatment plans of high quality. This semiautomated approach has the potential to improve the efficiency of the treatment planning process while ensuring that high quality plans are developed. / Dissertation

O método mais eficaz para detecção de carcinoma mamário ductal in situ é a mamografia, que apesar de apresentar alta sensibilidade, possui baixa especificidade e não demonstra todos os casos deste tipo de lesão. Assim sendo, pesquisadores têm desenvolvido modalidades por imagem adjuntas à mamografia, das quais a mais promissora talvez seja a ressonância magnética mamária de alta resolução. Neste estudo investigou-se a capacidade da ressonância magnética, realizada em aparelho de 1,5 Tesla, com gradientes de alto desempenho, uso de bobina de superfície dedicada para mama e agente paramagnético por via endovenosa, em demonstrar focos de carcinoma ductal in situ em sua forma pura. Realizou-se análise retrospectiva em 24 pacientes que apresentaram este diagnóstico histológico e haviam sido submetidas à mamografia e à ressonância magnética. Evidenciou-se baixa reprodutibilidade entre os achados mamográficos e os da ressonância magnética mamaria, com discordância em 13 dos 24 casos (54%). Mesmo assim, concluiu-se que a ressonância magnética mamária foi valiosa, pois apesar de ter sido negativa em 5 dos 16 casos mamograficamente detectados (20,83%) revelou 8 focos de carcinoma ductal in situ não vistos à mamografia (33,33%), contribuindo de modo decisivo para o planejamento terapêutico destas pacientes. / Mammography is the most effective method to detect ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. However, despite its high sensitivity, its specificity is low and some foci of ductal carcinoma in situ may not be detected by it. This fact has encouraged researchers to develop imaging methods adjunctive to mammography of which high resolution magnetic resonance imaging is perhaps the most promising. The purpose of this study is to investigate the ability of magnetic resonance imaging, performed in a 1.5 Tesla system with high performance gradients, the use of breast dedicated surface coil and intravenous paramagnetic agent to demonstrate foci of pure ductal carcinoma in situ. Retrospective analysis was performed to the examinations of 24 patients with this pathologic diagnosis that have been subjected to both mammography and breast magnetic resonance imaging. This study revealed that the concordance rates between mammography and magnetic resonance imaging provided low reprodutibility, being discordant in 13 of the 24 cases (54%). However, we concluded that breast magnetic resonance imaging was valuable because, despite of not depicting 5 of 16 mammographically detected cases (20,83%), it was able to detect 8 foci of ductal carcinoma in situ exclusively (33,33%), contributing to the therapeutic planning for these patients.

Para avaliar as características clínico-laboratoriais dos pacientes co-infectados com HIV e VHC, foram revisados os prontuários de pacientes atendidos no Núcleo de Extensão para Atendimento de Pacientes com HIV/AIDS (Casa da AIDS) da Divisão de Clínica de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, de acordo com o esquema antirretroviral que receberam pelo menos com seis meses de antecedência da primeira biopsia hepática realizada. Foram pesquisados os 3.512 prontuários de pacientes em acompanhamento na Casa da AIDS à procura de casos de conversão sorológica para o VHC. Desses pacientes, 435 não tinham feito nenhuma avaliação, sendo possível discriminar a presença de sorologia só em 3.077 pacientes, dos quais 468 (15,20%) apresentaram positividade para o VHC. Fizeram parte da amostra 111 pacientes, dos quais 74 foram tratados com medicamentos inibidores de protease (grupo CIP) e 37 tratados sem medicamentos inibidores de protease (grupo SIP) dentro do seu esquema antirretroviral altamente ativo (HAART). Dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais foram pesquisados com referência a seu comportamento separados de acordo com o tipo de terapia antirretroviral recebida (com ou sem inibidor da protease). Foi observada uma população jovem (média de 41 anos em ambos os grupos) de predominância masculina (74,3% no grupo CIP e 51,4% no grupo SIP) de raça branca (CIP 80,6% e SIP 94,4%) de grau educacional não profissional (CIP 92,9% e SIP 100%). Tinham antecedentes de risco para ambas as infecções em 93,2% dos pacientes CIP e 89,2% dos SIP. E com um consumo considerado habitual no grupo CIP em 40% dos casos e nenhum em 42,3% dos casos no grupo SIP. Presença de alguma doença definidora de AIDS durante o curso da doença foi identificado unicamente no 18,9% dos casos CIP e no 13,5% dos casos SIP. Consumo de drogas hepatotóxicas foi observado (8,1% no grupo CIP e 13,5% no SIP). Houve elevação média das enzimas hepáticas em ambos os grupos (TGO 52,1 no grupo CIP e 53,2 no SIP) em ausência de sintomas relacionáveis com doença hepática (16,2% em ambos os grupos). A média de CD4 em ambos os grupos foi maior de 350 cel/ml (CIP 362,2 e SIP 378,1). O grau de fibrose foi predominantemente baixo em ambas as populações (0-2 em 63,6% dos pacientes CIP e 80% dos casos SIP) com atividade necro-inflamatória somada de entre 5-7 no 51,3% dos pacientes CIP e 42,9% do grupo SIP. Sugere-se realização de biopsia seqüencial para melhor avaliar a evolução da doença hepática de acordo com o esquema HAART recebido / In order to evaluate the clinical and laboratorial characteristics of the co-infected HIV-HCV patients, medical charts were reviewed from the AIDS outpatient clinic, of the department of Infectious Diseases, São Paulo University School of Medicine, according to the antiretroviral treatment taken at least six months prior to the first liver biopsy performed. A total of 3.512 medical charts were reviewed from patients followed by the AIDS outpatient clinic, in search of patients of serological conversion for HCV. Of these patients 435 were never tested for HCV. From the 3.077 patients who had performed HCV serology, 468 of them (15,20%) were positive for the virus. The sample consisted of 111 patients. Were treated with protease inhibitor drugs (w/ PID group) 74, and 37 without protease inhibitor drugs (w/o PID group), according to their Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART). Epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial data were analyzed according to the antiretroviral therapy received (with or without protease inhibitors). It was observed a young population (mean age of 41 years old in both groups), predominantly male (74,3% w/ PID, and 51,4% w/o PID), white (80,6% w/ PID, and 94,4% w/o PID), non-professional educational degree (92,9% w/ PID, and 100% w/o PID). The 93,2% w/ PID were, and 89,2% w/o PID of the patients had risk factors for both HIV and HCV. A usual alcoholic intake was observed in 40% of the w/ PID group, and no alcohol use was observed in 42,3% of the w/o PID group. The presence of AIDS defining diseases during the time of disease were observed only on 18,9% of the w/ PID group, and on 13,5% of the w/o PID group. Hepatotoxic drugs intake was observed in 8,1% of the w/ PID group, and in 13,5% of the w/o PID group. An average elevation of liver enzymes was observed in both groups (TGO 52,1 w/ PID, and 53,2 w/o PID), in absence of liver disease-related symptoms (16,2% in both groups). The CD4 mean in both groups was above 350 cel/ml (362,2 w/ PID and 378,1 w/o PID). Fibrosis degree was predominantly low on both populations (0-2 in 63,6% of patients w/ PID and 80% of patients w/o PID), with cumulative necro-inflamatory activity between 5-7 in 51,3% of patients w/ PID and 42,9% of patients w/o PID. We suggest that a new liver biopsy should be performed in order to better evaluate the development of the hepatic disease according to the HAART received

INTRODUÇÃO: As infecções osteoarticulares permanecem como um grande desafio para os profissionais de saúde envolvidos no seu manejo, a despeito do sucesso obtido com a introdução dos antimicrobianos para o tratamento das doenças infectocontagiosas no final da década de 1930. O Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) é o agente mais frequentemente encontrado nestas infecções e também é o agente mais estudado, porém possuímos poucas informações disponíveis na literatura médica a respeito das osteomielites por bacilos Gram-negativos (BGN). OBJETIVOS: A caracterização clínica e microbiológica dos episódios de osteomielite causadas por bacilos Gram-negativos. A determinação das diferenças evolutivas e dos fatores de risco para a ocorrência de osteomielite por bacilos Gram-negativos, quando comparadas à osteomielite causada por S. aureus. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos casos de osteomielite causadas por bacilos Gram-negativos atendidos no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo no período de janeiro de 2007 a janeiro de 2009. Apenas amostras de osso ou aspirado de canal medular foram consideradas válidas. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 89 pacientes no grupo S. aureus e 101 pacientes no grupo BGN. Os pacientes do grupo BGN eram predominantemente do sexo masculino (63%), com mediana de 42 anos de idade. Apresentaram-se com osteomielite crônica (43%) e osteomielite aguda associada à fratura exposta (32%), nos membros inferiores (71%), cuja principal sintomatologia inicial foi a fistulização (69%). Quando comparado ao grupo S. aureus, o grupo BGN estava estatisticamente associado com o antecedente de fratura exposta (35% vs. 18%; p=0,0064), apresentando ainda um maior tempo de internação hospitalar (mediana 41 vs. 24 dias; p=0,0114), maior tempo para a obtenção da primeira cultura positiva (mediana 10 vs. 6,5 dias; p=0,0042), antibioticoterapia mais prolongada (mediana 40 vs. 24 dias; p=0,0329), maior número de procedimentos cirúrgicos (média 3,41 vs. 2,47; p=0,0173) e maior uso de reparo do revestimento cutâneo (31% vs. 9%; p=0,0005). O grupo S. aureus estava estatisticamente associado com as osteomielites da coluna vertebral (23,6% vs. 6,9%; p=0,0008). Foram isolados 121 agentes Gram-negativos de 101 amostras clínicas e os agentes mais frequentes foram Enterobacter spp. (24,7%), Acinetobacter baumannii (21,4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19,8%) e Klebsiella pneumoniae (8,2%). CONCLUSÕES: Os 101 pacientes portadores de osteomielite por BGN eram na sua maioria jovens, do sexo masculino, vítimas de traumas nos membros inferiores e que desenvolveram osteomielite aguda e crônica associadas a fraturas expostas. Os pacientes do grupo BGN necessitaram de um número maior de procedimentos cirúrgicos, maior uso de reparo do revestimento cutâneo, permaneceram internados por mais tempo, necessitaram de um número de dias maior para o isolamento do agente infeccioso e utilizaram antibioticoterapia mais prolongada, quando comparados aos pacientes do grupo S. aureus. O antecedente de fratura exposta foi o principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de osteomielite por um BGN, quando comparado ao grupo S. aureus / INTRODUCTION: Bone and joint infection remains a serious therapeutic challenge, despite the high success rate observed with antibiotic therapy in most bacterial disease since the end of 1930 decade. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most studied and the most frequently isolated pathogen, but there is insufficient information in medical literature regarding Gram- negative bacilli (GNB) osteomyelitis. OBJECTIVES: Describe clinical and microbiological characteristics of Gram-negative bacilli osteomyelitis. Establish evolving differences and risk factors for the occurrence of GNB osteomyelitis, compared to S. aureus osteomyelitis. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all patients with GNB osteomyelitis treated at Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital das Clínicas - School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo from january 2007 to january 2009. Only bone or bone marrow aspirate samples were included. RESULTS: 89 patients were included in S. aureus group and 101 patients were included in GNB group. Patients in GNB group were mostly male (63%), with median age of 42 years. At presentation, they had chronic osteomyelitis (43%) and acute open-fracture associated osteomyelitis (32%), in the lower limbs (71%), with a discharging sinus as the main clinical sign (69%). When compared to S. aureus group, GNB group was statistically associated with a previous history of open-fracture (35% vs. 18%; p=0.0064), showed a longer length of hospital stay (median 41 vs. 24 days; p=0.0114), a higher number of days to isolate the infective bacteria (median 10 vs. 6,5 days; p=0.0042), a longer use of antibiotics (median 40 vs. 24 days; p=0.0329), a higher number of surgical procedures (mean 3,41 vs. 2,47; p=0.0173) and a higher rate of soft- tissue reconstruction (31% vs. 9%; p=0.0005). S. aureus group was statistically associated with spine osteomyelitis (23,6% vs. 6.9%; p=0.0008). 121 Gram-negative pathogens were isolated from 101 clinical samples and the most frequent agents were Enterobacter spp. (24.7%), Acinetobacter baumannii (21.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with GNB osteomyelitis were mainly young, male, with lower limb trauma and developed chronic and open- fracture associated osteomyelitis. Patients in GNB group had a higher number of surgical procedures, a higher rate of soft-tissue reconstruction, a longer length of hospitalization, a longer time to isolate the infective bacteria and a prolonged use of antibiotics, when compared to patients in S. aureus group. A previous history of open-fracture was the main risk factor to development of GNB osteomyelitis, compared to S. aureus group