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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
191

The Influence of Surface Preparation, Chewing Simulation, and Thermal Cycling on the Phase Composition of Dental Zirconia

Wertz, Markus, Fuchs, Florian, Hoelzig, Hieronymus, Wertz, Julia Maria, Kloess, Gert, Hahnel, Sebastian, Rosentritt, Martin, Koenig, Andreas 05 May 2023 (has links)
The effect of dental technical tools on the phase composition and roughness of 3/4/5 yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (3y-/4y-/5y-TZP) for application in prosthetic dentistry was investigated. Additionally, the X-ray diffraction methods of Garvie-Nicholson and Rietveld were compared in a dental restoration context. Seven plates from two manufacturers, each fabricated from commercially available zirconia (3/4/5 mol%) for application as dental restorative material, were stressed by different dental technical tools used for grinding and polishing, as well as by chewing simulation and thermocycling. All specimens were examined via laser microscopy (surface roughness) and X-ray diffraction (DIN EN ISO 13356 and the Rietveld method). As a result, the monoclinic phase fraction was halved by grinding for the 3y-TZP and transformed entirely into one of the tetragonal phases by polishing/chewing for all specimens. The tetragonal phase t is preferred for an yttria content of 3 mol% and phase t″ for 5 mol%. Mechanical stress, such as polishing or grinding, does not trigger low-temperature degradation (LTD), but it fosters a phase transformation from monoclinic to tetragonal under certain conditions. This may increase the translucency and deteriorate the mechanical properties to some extent.
192

Valorisation des cendres volantes de chaudière à lit fluidisé circulant dans la filière du génie civil

Ayrinhac, Fabien 29 June 2005 (has links) (PDF)
En France, les chaudières à lit fluidisé circulant (LFC) ont une vingtaine d'années d'existence. Malgré leur âge, l'intérêt de leur système de désulfuration des fumées est amoindri du fait de la difficulté à valoriser les cendres qu'elles produisent. A l'heure actuelle, les voies de valorisation envisageables pour ces co-produits sont faiblement consommatrices de cendre et la filière du génie civil, c'est-à-dire la confection de ciment et de béton, leur reste inaccessible. Ces travaux de thèse visent à démontrer que sous réserves de plusieurs précautions, il est possible et même intéressant de confectionner un ciment contenant la cendre volante LFC. Du point de vue minéralogique, les cendres volantes LFC se différencient clairement des cendres volantes silico-alumineuses issues des chaudières à charbon pulvérisé (CP) normalisées par la présence de minéraux argileux, proches de ceux contenus dans les combustibles. A l'aide de la diffraction des rayons X et d'un logiciel de traitement de données par méthode de Rietveld, plusieurs couples de combustible et de cendre ont été caractérisés afin d'étudier leur filiation minéralogique. Du point de vue chimique, le système de désulfuration des chaudières LFC conduit à une grande diversité de composition chimique, de par l'ajout en quantité variable d'une fraction sulfo-calcique aux résidus silico-alumineux de la combustion des charbons. Cette fraction, constituée d'anhydrite et de chaux vive, est le principal frein à la valorisation de la cendre dans la filière du génie civil. Que la cendre soit hydratée seule ou en mélange avec du ciment, son anhydrite conduit à la formation d'ettringite, hydrate responsable de désordres dans la pâte de ciment. Les travaux de thèse eurent comme objectif d'étudier ce phénomène, en tâchant de le relier aux variations dimensionnelles de mortier et de béton. Au final, nos résultats dressent une liste de spécifications, suffisantes pour rendre réalisable la confection d'un ciment composé destiné à une utilisation industrielle. De plus, des essais mécaniques montrent que la nature physique, chimique et minéralogique de la cendre constitue un avantage en terme de résistance mécanique pour confectionner des ciments composés. En détaillant les principaux facteurs qui influencent le gonflement ettringitique et en apportant un nouvel éclairage sur la nature minéralogique de la cendre, cette étude pourrait aider, à terme, à la prise en compte de cette addition minérale dans les normes relatives à la confection de ciment et de béton.
193

Tuning the electronic and structural properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles for the H2 production photocatalytic reaction / Controle das propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas de nanopartículas de óxido de cério para a reação fotocatalítica de produção de H2

Thill, Alisson Steffli January 2018 (has links)
The photocatalytic water splitting reaction showed to be a promising process to obtain renewable and clean energy, but the efficiency reached in this process is still low and must be improved to be viable. Considering this, the research on improving the efficiency of photocatalysts has attracted a strong interest in the past last years. Cerium oxide (CeO2−, 0 < x < 0.5) is a material recently investigated as a possible photocatalyst to obtain H2 from H2O. In this work, cerium oxide nanoparticles with high surface area (104 < S < 201 m2/g), high pore volume (32 < V < 132 mm3/g) values, wide range of diameter (2 < d < 90 nm) and O vacancies population (0.05 < x < 0.46) were applied to the H2 production photocatalytic reaction. The nanoparticles presented activity of up to 10 times higher than the commercial cerium oxide standard. UV-Vis, X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared measurements were performed aiming to elucidate these results and to determine the main structural and electronic properties that can improve the H2 production photocatalytic reaction. It was obtained that the band gap energy depends on the nanoparticle synthesized and can be as low as 2.73 eV. The Ce 4f orbital occupation and the structural disorder presented by the nanoparticles is directly related with the band gap energies obtained. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to obtain the relation between the band structure (DOS) and the O vacancy population in order to explain the dependence of the band gap energy with the Ce 4f orbital occupation. Moreover, the O vacancies population at the surface have a very different effect depending on the presence or absence of mesopores, where a lower O vacancy population at the surface is better (worse) to the photocatalytic activity in the presence (absence) of mesopores. Furthermore O vacancies population at the surface plays a more fundamental role on the photocatalytic activity than the band gap energies for the samples presenting mesopores. The results allowed shedding light on the improvement of the properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles applied to optimize the H2 production photocatalytic activity.
194

Avaliação de tratamentos químicos e recobrimento biomimético em cerâmicas de alumina-zircônia / Chemical treatment and biomimetic coating evaluating in zirconia-alumina ceramics

Amanda Abati Aguiar 17 December 2007 (has links)
Materiais cerâmicos, como a alumina e a zircônia têm sido explorados ao longo dos anos na aplicação como biomateriais. Sua natureza bioinerte, tem estimulado o desenvolvimento de novas alternativas, como tratamentos químicos para tornar o desempenho biológico destas cerâmicas mais adequadas. O recobrimento biomimético de cerâmicas bioinertes a partir de soluções com concentrações iguais às do plasma sanguíneo humano, SBF, pemiite o crescimento de uma camada bioativa na superfície dos implantes. A bioatividade do material está relacionada com a formação de uma camada constituída por cristais de hidroxiapatita carbonatada de baixa cristalinidade, similar à apatita biológica. A biocompatibilidade associada às propriedades estruturais da alumina e da zircônia tem estimulado o uso clínico destes materiais, inclusive em regiões de maiores solicitações mecânicas. Neste trabalho foram produzidas amostras de alumina, zircônia dopada com ítria (3% mol) e compósitos de alumina e zircônia dopada com ítria (3% mol) preparadas pelo método de co-precipitação, calcinadas, sinterizadas, tratadas quimicamente com soluções de ácido fosfórico e hidróxido de sódio e imersas em 1,0M e 1,5M SBF. Os pós calcinados foram analisados por difração de raios x (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análise de área de superfície específica (BET) e análise de distribuição granulométrica (CILAS). Os resuhados por DRX indicam que as amostras possuem baixa cristalinidade. Observou-se que por BET as amostras apresentam alta área de superfície específica. Os resultados de CILAS e MEV mostraram que os pós encontram-se na forma de aglomerados. As amostras sinterizadas, foram analisadas por difração de raios x (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e fluorescência de raios x (FRX), apresentando 96% da densidade teórica e as fases analisadas pelo método de Rietveld foram identificadas e quantificadas como: cúbica, tetragonal e monoclínica da zircônia, além da fase alfa da alumina. O tratamento químico com ácido fosfórico não apresentou uma tendência de maior formação de apatita em relação às amostras não tratada quimicamente. O tratamento com hidróxido de sódio provocou transformação acentuada da fase cúbica para tetragonal e da fase tetragonal para a fase monoclínica da zircônia. Os ensaios biomiméticos proporcionaram a formação de apatita sobre as superfícies das amostras, identificadas por DRX, e sua espessura foi medida por FRX. / Ceramic materials, as akimina and zirconia have been explored along the years as biomateriais application. The bioinert nature has been stimulating the development of new alternatives, as chemical treatments to improve the biological application of these ceramics. The biomimetic process of bioinerts ceramics for coating apatite is based on soaking the implant in a simulated body fluid, SBF, with ion concentrations nearly equal to those of human blood plasma. The bioactivity of the material is related with the formation of a layer constituted of hidroxiapatite low crystalline, similar to the biological apatite. The biocompatibility associated to the structural properties of the alumina and zirconia has been stimulating the clinical use of these materials, mainly in areas of larger mechanical requests, places not recommended for bioactive hidroxiapatite, for instance. In this work samples of alumina, zirconia doped with yttria (3% mol) and composites of alumina and zirconia doped with yttria (3% mol) were prepared by co-precipitation method, calcinated, sintered, chemically treated with solutions of acid phosphoric and sodium hydroxide and them immersed in l.OM and 1.5M SBF. The calcinated powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gas adsorption (BET) and laser diffraction. The XRD resuhs indicate that the samples are low crystalline. It was observed for BET that the samples present high specific surface area. The resuhs of laser diffraction and SEM showed that the powders are agglomerates. The sintered samples were analyzed by XRD, SEM and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The phases quantified by Rietveld method were: cubic, tetragonal and monoclinic of the zirconia, besides the phase alpha of the alumina. The chemical treatment with phosphoric acid didn\'t present a tendency of larger apatite formation in relation to the samples no chemically treated. The treatment with sodium hydroxide provoked accentuated transformation of the cubic phase for tetragonal phase and of tetragonal phase for the monoclinic phase of the zirconia. The immersion of samples in SBF provided apatite coating formation on the surfaces of the samples, identified by XRD, and the coating thiclmess was measured by XRF.
195

Cerâmica varistora à base de SnO2 dopada com Pr6O11

Irion, Herve Stangler 30 March 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Herve Stangler Irion.pdf: 4493069 bytes, checksum: 2fe9398c9c2006313a4b148ad265c9dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-30 / In this work it was investigated the influence the in influence of the doping Pr6O11 in the electrical conductivity and in the microstructural properties in the basic ternary system (98,95 – x)%Sn02 1,0% Co0 0,05%Ta205. The used concentration of the doping Pr6011 had varied in 0,05%, 0.5% in mol, remaining constant the concentrations for the Co0 and Ta205. The processing applied was the conventional method of mixture of oxides in ambient atmosphere. The samples had been conformed in 50 MPa and sintered in 1350°C for 2 hours. After the sintering the densification of ceramics was verified with a value of 93,63% for the system with 0,1% in mol of Pr6011. The study of the electrical properties for the varistor system Sn02.Co0.Ta205 Pr6011 was carried out in continuous current in the ambient temperature and in function of the temperature. It was observed that the variation in the concentration of Pr6011 modifies the electrical behavior of the ceramics. The electrical parameters found are of [alfa]= 8,0, Er= 319 volts/cm and Vb= 0,66 volts/barrier for basic ternary system and [alfa]= 17,0 Er= 853 volts/cm and Vb= 1,15 volts/barrier with the addition of 0,10% in mol of Pr6011. The system with 0,05% mol 0.1% in mol Pr6011 presents the same value of the non linearity coefficient of the system with 0,1% in mol, however, with lower values of rupture tension and barrier tension (Er= 708 volts/cm and Vb= 0,98 volts/barrier). To concentration above of 0,1% in mol of Pr6011, the increase of the concentration of this doping, starts to be deleterious to the varistor characteristics. This effects is due to the increase in the concentration of the stannate of praseodymium phase (Pr2Sn207). This crystalline phase with the cassiterita phase (Sn02)was characterized by DRX and EDS and quantified by the refinement of Rietveld. / Neste trabalho investigou-se a influência do dopante Pr6O11 na condutividade elétrica e nas propriedades microestruturais no sistema ternário básico (98,95-x)%SnO2.1,0%CoO.0,05%Ta2O5. As concentrações utilizadas do dopante Pr6O11 variaram em 0,05%, 0,1%, 0,3% e 0,5% em mol, mantendo-se constante as concentrações para o CoO e Ta2O5 . O processamento empregado foi o método convencional de mistura dos óxidos. As amostras foram conformadas a 50 MPa e, sinterizadas a 1350ºC por 2 horas em atmosfera ambiente. Após a sinterização verificou-se densificação das cerâmicas, com valor de 93,63% para o sistema com 0,1% em mol de Pr6O11. O estudo das propriedades elétricas para o sistema varistor SnO2.CoO.Ta2O5 Pr6O11 foi realizado em corrente contínua a temperatura ambiente e, em função da temperatura. Observou-se que a variação na concentração de Pr6O11 altera o comportamento elétrico das cerâmicas. Os parâmetros elétricos encontrados são de [alfa] = 8,0, Er= 319 volts/cm e Vb= 0,66 volts/barreira para o sistema ternário básico e, [alfa] = 17,0, Er= 853 volts/cm e Vb = 1,15 volts/barreira com a adição de 0,10% em mol de Pr6O11. O sistema com 0,05% em mol de Pr6O11 apresenta o mesmo valor do coeficiente de não linearidade do sistema com 0,1 % em mol, entretanto, com valores menores de tensão de ruptura e tensão de barreira (Er= 708 volts/cm e Vb= 0,98 volts/barreira). Para concentrações acima de 0,1% em mol de Pr6O11, o aumento da concentração desse dopante, passa a ser deletério para as características varistoras. Esse efeito é devido ao aumento na concentração da fase cristalina estanato de praseodímio (Pr2Sn2O7). Essa fase cristalina, juntamente com a fase cassiterita (SnO2), foi caracterizada por DRX e por EDS e, quantificadas pelo refinamento de Rietveld.
196

Caracterização estrutural das matérias-primas de isoniazida e rifampicina

Ibiapino, Amanda Laura January 2013 (has links)
Orientador: Fabio Furlan Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2013
197

Difração de raios X em minerais de bauxita e análise através de refinamento pelo método de Rietveld

ERDÓCIA, Félix Anderson Barros January 2011 (has links)
Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-04-16T17:12:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DifracaoRaiosX.pdf: 17653305 bytes, checksum: 3f5fe28de070554e4533f86bc6178167 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-06-14T12:56:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DifracaoRaiosX.pdf: 17653305 bytes, checksum: 3f5fe28de070554e4533f86bc6178167 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-14T12:56:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DifracaoRaiosX.pdf: 17653305 bytes, checksum: 3f5fe28de070554e4533f86bc6178167 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O alumínio metálico é obtido a partir da bauxita, minério de grande importância industrial, composta por um ou mais tipos de hidróxidos de alumínio, acrescido de uma mistura de compostos contendo sílica, óxido de ferro, titânia e aluminossilicatos. Em virtude da variação na concentração relativa desses componentes, em amostras diferentes de bauxita, a determinação qualitativa e quantitativa da composição mineralógica desse minério, tem importância relevante no que se refere à sua aplicação tecnológica, já que esta está diretamente relacionada com o teor desses componentes. Neste trabalho, aplicou-se em oito amostras de bauxita extraídas de uma mina em Paragominas, o processo de refinamento de espectros de difração de raios X pelo método de Rietveld, onde foram identificadas e quantificadas as fases cristalinas: gibbsita, caulinita, goehtita, anatásio, quartzo e hematita. Realizados os refinamentos das amostras, constatou-se que todas apresentavam alto teor de Gibbsita e baixo teor de Goethita o que confere um excelente tipo de bauxita para ser utilizada em processo de extração de alumina. / The aluminum metal is obtained from bauxite ore, great industrial importance, consisting of one or more types of aluminum hydroxide plus a mixture of compounds containing silica, iron oxide, titania and aluminosilicates. Because of the variation in the relative concentration of these components in different samples of bauxite, the qualitative and quantitative mineralogy of the ore, has great importance with regard to its technological application, since this is directly related to the content of these components. This work was applied in eight samples of bauxite, extracted from a mine in Paragominas, the process of refining the spectra of X-ray diffraction using the Rietveld method, which were identified and quantified the crystalline phases: gibbsite, kaolinite, goehtita, anatase, quartz and hematite. Carried the refinements of the samples, we found that all had high levels of Gibbsite and Goethite low which gives an excellent type of bauxite to be used in extraction of alumina.
198

Avaliação de tratamentos químicos e recobrimento biomimético em cerâmicas de alumina-zircônia / Chemical treatment and biomimetic coating evaluating in zirconia-alumina ceramics

Aguiar, Amanda Abati 17 December 2007 (has links)
Materiais cerâmicos, como a alumina e a zircônia têm sido explorados ao longo dos anos na aplicação como biomateriais. Sua natureza bioinerte, tem estimulado o desenvolvimento de novas alternativas, como tratamentos químicos para tornar o desempenho biológico destas cerâmicas mais adequadas. O recobrimento biomimético de cerâmicas bioinertes a partir de soluções com concentrações iguais às do plasma sanguíneo humano, SBF, pemiite o crescimento de uma camada bioativa na superfície dos implantes. A bioatividade do material está relacionada com a formação de uma camada constituída por cristais de hidroxiapatita carbonatada de baixa cristalinidade, similar à apatita biológica. A biocompatibilidade associada às propriedades estruturais da alumina e da zircônia tem estimulado o uso clínico destes materiais, inclusive em regiões de maiores solicitações mecânicas. Neste trabalho foram produzidas amostras de alumina, zircônia dopada com ítria (3% mol) e compósitos de alumina e zircônia dopada com ítria (3% mol) preparadas pelo método de co-precipitação, calcinadas, sinterizadas, tratadas quimicamente com soluções de ácido fosfórico e hidróxido de sódio e imersas em 1,0M e 1,5M SBF. Os pós calcinados foram analisados por difração de raios x (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análise de área de superfície específica (BET) e análise de distribuição granulométrica (CILAS). Os resuhados por DRX indicam que as amostras possuem baixa cristalinidade. Observou-se que por BET as amostras apresentam alta área de superfície específica. Os resultados de CILAS e MEV mostraram que os pós encontram-se na forma de aglomerados. As amostras sinterizadas, foram analisadas por difração de raios x (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e fluorescência de raios x (FRX), apresentando 96% da densidade teórica e as fases analisadas pelo método de Rietveld foram identificadas e quantificadas como: cúbica, tetragonal e monoclínica da zircônia, além da fase alfa da alumina. O tratamento químico com ácido fosfórico não apresentou uma tendência de maior formação de apatita em relação às amostras não tratada quimicamente. O tratamento com hidróxido de sódio provocou transformação acentuada da fase cúbica para tetragonal e da fase tetragonal para a fase monoclínica da zircônia. Os ensaios biomiméticos proporcionaram a formação de apatita sobre as superfícies das amostras, identificadas por DRX, e sua espessura foi medida por FRX. / Ceramic materials, as akimina and zirconia have been explored along the years as biomateriais application. The bioinert nature has been stimulating the development of new alternatives, as chemical treatments to improve the biological application of these ceramics. The biomimetic process of bioinerts ceramics for coating apatite is based on soaking the implant in a simulated body fluid, SBF, with ion concentrations nearly equal to those of human blood plasma. The bioactivity of the material is related with the formation of a layer constituted of hidroxiapatite low crystalline, similar to the biological apatite. The biocompatibility associated to the structural properties of the alumina and zirconia has been stimulating the clinical use of these materials, mainly in areas of larger mechanical requests, places not recommended for bioactive hidroxiapatite, for instance. In this work samples of alumina, zirconia doped with yttria (3% mol) and composites of alumina and zirconia doped with yttria (3% mol) were prepared by co-precipitation method, calcinated, sintered, chemically treated with solutions of acid phosphoric and sodium hydroxide and them immersed in l.OM and 1.5M SBF. The calcinated powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gas adsorption (BET) and laser diffraction. The XRD resuhs indicate that the samples are low crystalline. It was observed for BET that the samples present high specific surface area. The resuhs of laser diffraction and SEM showed that the powders are agglomerates. The sintered samples were analyzed by XRD, SEM and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The phases quantified by Rietveld method were: cubic, tetragonal and monoclinic of the zirconia, besides the phase alpha of the alumina. The chemical treatment with phosphoric acid didn\'t present a tendency of larger apatite formation in relation to the samples no chemically treated. The treatment with sodium hydroxide provoked accentuated transformation of the cubic phase for tetragonal phase and of tetragonal phase for the monoclinic phase of the zirconia. The immersion of samples in SBF provided apatite coating formation on the surfaces of the samples, identified by XRD, and the coating thiclmess was measured by XRF.
199

Etude de phases spinelle cobaltée et d'oxydes lamellaires dérivés de Na<sub>0,6</sub>CoO<sub>2</sub> employés comme additifs conducteurs dans les accumulateurs Ni-MH

Douin, Myriam 30 January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
La technologie mousse utilisée actuellement pour la conception des électrodes positives des batteries Ni-MH, nécessite l'emploi d'un additif conducteur au cobalt en raison de la mauvaise conductivité électronique de la matière active Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>. La recherche de nouveaux composés au cobalt constitue un point clé en vue du développement de ces batteries vers des applications de forte puissance. Dans ce contexte, deux additifs conducteurs potentiels ont été étudiés au cours de ces travaux de thèse.<br />La première partie de l'étude a été focalisée sur des phases spinelle H<sub>x</sub>Li<sub>y</sub>Co<sub>3-δ</sub>O<sub>4</sub> conductrices, synthétisées par oxydation électrochimique de l'oxyde CoO. Une forte influence du traitement thermique du matériau sur sa conductivité électronique a été mise en évidence. Des analyses par diffraction des rayons X in situ, ATG-SM, RMN et des mesures de conductivités électroniques ont permis de mettre en évidence une redistribution cationique au sein de la structure spinelle, conduisant à une augmentation du rapport atomique Co<sup>4+</sup>/Co<sup>3+</sup> dans le réseau octaédrique [Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>], sans variation du degré d'oxydation moyen du cobalt. Il s'ensuit une augmentation de la conductivité électronique du matériau de trois ordres de grandeur. Le second axe de la thèse concerne l'étude du comportement électrochimique de l'additif Na<sub>0.6</sub>CoO<sub>2</sub>. Les réactions d'échange/insertion des ions alcalins mises en jeu au cours des processus d'oxydation et de réduction de la phase initiale ont été étudiées en détail et un mécanisme a pu être proposé. L'oxyhydroxyde de cobalt hydraté γ, formé par oxydation de Na<sub>0.6</sub>CoO<sub>2</sub> au cours du cyclage, s'est avéré présenter de très bonnes performances lors des tests en batteries. La formation d'une phase interstratifiée intermédiaire, qui possède une cinétique de réduction lente, permet de conserver la stabilité de l'additif à bas potentiel et par conséquent, l'intégrité du réseau conducteur.
200

Simulation des diagrammes de diffraction par la méthode<br />combinée : application aux systèmes CaCO3

Ouhenia, Salim, Chateigner, Daniel 15 December 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Le développement considérable réalisé ces dix dernières années dans les techniques de<br />diffraction sur des échantillons sous forme de poudre même très texturés (temps<br />d'enregistrement raisonnable et très bonne résolution) et les progrès fascinants des moyens de<br />calcul sur des machines individuelles rendent possible l'accès à des informations précises et<br />avec des temps de calcul raisonnablement courts. Dans ce travail, nous avons appliqué<br />l'analyse combinée basée sur la méthode de Rietveld pour étudier des échantillons de<br />carbonates de calcium naturels de coquilles de certaines espèces de mollusques (structure,<br />texture, tailles anisotropes...etc.) et synthétiques par biomimétisme dans le but de comprendre<br />l'influence des différents facteurs intervenants dans la croissance et la forme des grains des<br />différents polymorphes de CaCO3. Dans les échantillons naturels, nous avons clairement mis<br />en évidence l'existence de déformations de mailles cristallines dues à la présence des<br />macromolécules intra-cristallines et extra-cristallines, en complément d'études du même<br />genre réalisées sur des échantillons broyés. Dans les échantillons synthétiques obtenus par une<br />méthode de synthèse simple, nous avons analysé l'effet de l'ajout d'acide polyacrylique, en<br />termes de modulateur de croissance des polymorphes de CaCO3. La simulation des<br />digrammes de diffraction anisotropes réalisée sur ces deux types d'échantillons nous a permis<br />d'accéder aux informations pertinentes de façon précise (tailles anisotropes des cristallites,<br />structure, texture, proportion volumique des polymorphes).

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