Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Pereira Goncalves.pdf: 4016141 bytes, checksum: c5c44d3d41c3eaa8054787b8b1f61daf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research has analyzed the social and cultural significance that the road movie narrative genre acquired in the Post-Embrafilme national production (between 1990 and 2000). The core of the research is composed of 11 (eleven) fiction motion pictures produced within this period, among them Central do Brasil, O Caminho das Nuvens, Cinema, aspirina e urubus. The paper has emphasized the understanding on the concept of contemporary culture, its articulations with the symbolic and social imaginary mythology, cultural identity and allegories, assimilated and expressed by the narrative, considering the perspective of the understanding of the historic dimension of the social environment in which this cinema is produced. As to its structuring, the thesis utilizes a theoretical approach of social sciences and, according to concepts, analysis and interpretations that it aims to achieve, it also relies on the areas pertaining to social communication, cinema, literature and music, thus attempting an interdisciplinary approach of study. The central core of the theoretical work is presented in two main streams: Latin American and English Cultural Studies and the Complexity Theory. The results of the research have confirmed the stylistic configuration of the national road movie genre despite its numerical inferiority which was also verified in exploratory research in film production worldwide. The narrative genre which was studied possesses historic mediation with the so called hypermodernity in which the road figure is one of the key elements of symbolic significance: and these are articulate in values, speeches and images with social mobility, individuality, fragmentation and reordering of time and space. A characteristic ontological approach, as well as a remarkable social criticism, was identified in the films studied. The analysis also asserts the relevance of the theme of cultural identity in the era of economic and culture globalization / Esta pesquisa analisou a significação social e cultural que o gênero narrativo road movie (filme de estrada) adquire na produção nacional Pós-Embrafilme (décadas de 1990-2000). O corpus da pesquisa compõe-se de 11 (onze) longas-metragens de ficção realizados nesse período, entre eles Central do Brasil, O caminho das nuvens, Cinema, aspirinas e urubus. O trabalho enfatizou a compreensão da noção de cultura contemporânea, suas articulações com o imaginário social e simbólico - mitologia, identidade cultural e alegorias, assimilado e expresso pela narrativa, com a perspectiva do entendimento da dimensão histórica do espaço social no qual esse cinema é produzido. A tese utiliza-se, em sua estruturação, de uma abordagem teórica das ciências sociais e, conforme conceitos, análises e interpretações que se propõe a realizar, apoia-se também nas áreas de conhecimento da comunicação social, cinema, literatura e música, buscando, assim, uma metodologia interdisciplinar de estudo. O eixo teórico central do trabalho articula-se por meio de duas correntes: os Estudos Culturais Ingleses e Latino- Americanos e a Teoria da Complexidade. Os resultados da pesquisa confirmam a configuração estilística do gênero cinematográfico road movie na filmografia nacional, a despeito da sua condição numericamente pouco representativa, semelhante à verificada, em pesquisa exploratória, na produção mundial. O gênero narrativo estudado possui mediação histórica com a chamada hipermodernidade, na qual a figura estrada é um dos seus elementos-chave de significação simbólica; estes, articulados em valores, discursos e imagens como mobilidade social, individualidade, fragmentação e reordenação do tempo e espaço. Identificou-se uma característica abordagem ontológica nos filmes pesquisados, bem como uma marcante criticidade social. As análises também afirmam a pertinência da temática da identidade cultural em plena era de globalização econômica e mundialização da cultura

This licentiate thesis on architecture addresses how the state and municipalities use programs that deal with the design process in town planning projects. The author describes the process of creating an aesthetic design program and also studies a completed aesthetic design program. Furthermore, the author combines different findings and presents how programs develop during the planning process. The background of the work with architectural policy programs by the state agencies can be tracked in the program Shape of the Future – Program of Action, Design and Creative Design, 1997. Municipalities have also been influenced by architectural policy programs in their work. Changes in the Plan and Built Act, 1998/1999 that concern aesthetic values have also had effect on their work. The thesis presents four studies that comprise concept analysis, a case study of a municipal planning process, a road movie test and finally a comparison of different methods for evaluation of aesthetic design programs in road design projects. The first study presents a survey of the linguistic usage for programs that concern the design process. Examples from Sweden from the period 1999-2005 have been studied. Also, differences in the usage of the programs between the property developers and the town planning departments have been studied. The study showed that four types of programs were more commonly used: achitectural programs, aesthetic design programs, architectural quality programs and urban design programs. The distinctions in the programs can be used as foundation for more clear and uniform language use among the property developers and town planning departments. The second study follows the planning process of creating an aesthetic design program for the area Kvibergs äng in Gothenburg. An example of city development, the planning process contains both house planning and traffic planning. By the study the author search to increase the comprehension of developing aesthetic design programs and the knowledge of the distribution of power in town planning projects. The case relies on multiple sources of evidence, participant observations have been a main source. The case study consists of two kinds of analysis, a process analysis account of planning process and a discourse analytic interpretation of work of the planning group. The work with the aesthetic design program and the city plan stopped before it was completed. The planning group did not succeed in creating consensus among key actors. The differences in objectives among the architectural discourse, traffic planning discourse and the property developer discourse are some of the reasons why the aesthetic design program has not been completed. There were differences in interests and goals among the participants in the project of city development. The claim made throughout the study is that a common goal for the planning work is significant and it is essential to create consensus among the participants. In addition, the municipalities need guidance for aesthetic design programs to be able to guarantee the architectural quality. The third study describes a full scale experiment “road movie”. A film and a questionnaire were tried to evaluate the aesthetic design program for the detour past Sollefteå. The question was: Are film and questionnaire more easily available in comparison to traditional evaluation methods? Film was chosen as medium, since while driving on the road the experience is dynamic and similar to watching the movie. The film was shown to three independent groups. A total of 25 persons participated in the test. The informants were all professionals, either students or persons that worked with design tasks. The informants were asked to answer questions that concerned three kinds of evaluation criteria: research criteria, professional criteria and criteria specific for the program. The experiment showed that the informants had a positive attitude to use film for showing completed aesthetic design and evaluating road architecture. Film was a medium that showed critical viewpoints on the aesthetic design program and on completed design measures. In the beginning the method was expensive and took a lot of time, which was compensated by the fact that it was possible to conduct anywhere and anytime. The film also gave a good general impression of the road. The method was good at putting together measures and result when appraising the aesthetic design program. The fourth study shows a comparison of methods for evaluations that were used for completed aesthetic design programs at the Swedish Road Administration. A rich material was available to investigate the difference between film and other methods for evaluation. The evaluations carried out were: Tuning at place with the aesthetic design program, Evaluation at place with criteria and Qualitative evaluation. The issue investigated was: Which one of the methods of evaluation gave the best basis for assessment of the aesthetic design program and the result of the completed design measures. The study showed that used methods were suited in different situations. Tuning at place with the aesthetic design program was the fastest and cheapest method, it was only a local evaluation. With Evaluation at place with criteria more resources were needed, a discussion with informants was added. The method Qualitative evaluation was the only one of the methods that had users in the role as informants. The users provided new information through local knowledge. Film and questionnaire was the only one of the methods that gave critical comments to the aesthetic design program. The method put together program, measures and result. The method Film and questionnaire is based on criteria of research. Method and result become comparable with other evaluations that are built on theory. / Denna licentiatavhandling behandlar program avsedda att styra gestaltningen i stadsutvecklingsprojekt. En central frågeställning i avhandlingsarbetet har varit att undersöka hur programmen används hos statliga byggherrar och kommuner. Jag valde dels att följa ett gestaltningsprogram under själva framtagningsprocessen, dels att studera ett färdigt och genomfört gestaltningsprogram. Tillsammans ger studierna kunskap om bestaltningsprogrammets utvecklingsförlopp under planeringsprocessen från tidiga skeden till uppföljning av genomförda gestaltningsåtgärder. Bakgrunden till de statliga myndigheternas arbeten med arkitekturpolitiska handlingsprogram kan spåras i programmet Framtidsformer – Handlingsprogram för arkitektur, formgivning och design, 1997. Även kommuner har blivit påverkade av handlingsprogrammet i sitt arbete med arkitekturprogram. De ändringar i Plan- och bygglagen, 1998/1999, som berör estetiska värden har också haft betydelse för stadsbyggnadskontorens hantering av planprojekt. Licentiatavhandlingen innehåller fyra delstudier, de omfattar en kartläggande begreppsanalys, en fallstudie av en kommunal planprocess, ett filmförsök med utvärdering och slutligen en jämförelse av olika utvärderingsmetoder för gestaltningsprogram i vägprojekt. I den första delstudien redovisas en kartläggning av språkbruket som rör program för gestaltningsfrågor. Svenska exempel på hur programmen används som hjälpmedel i planeringsprocessen hos stat och kommuner mellan åren 1999–2005 studeras. Studien visar att fyra programtyper dominerar: arkitekturprogram, gestaltningsprogram, kvalitetsprogram och stadsmiljöprogram. Det råder inte något enhetligt språkbruk på området och studien avslutas med ett förslag till definitioner av förekommande programtyper. En klarare begreppsanvändning framstår som önskvärd. Den andra delstudien följer tillblivelseprocessen för ett kommande gestaltningsprogram för bebyggelsen vid Kvibergs äng i Göteborg. Planprocessen innehåller både bebyggelseplanering och trafikplanering. Genom studien söker jag få en ökad förståelse för utvecklingen av gestaltningsprogram och kunskap om maktordningen inom stadsutvecklingsprojekt. Information samlade jag främst genom deltagande observation vid möten som behandlade gestaltningsprogram och intervjuer. Fallbeskrivningen redovisar dels en processanalys av planeringsprocessen, dels en diskursanalytisk tolkning av planeringsgruppens arbete. Arbetet med gestaltningsprogrammet och detaljplanen avstannade innan det var färdigt till följd av oklarheter i planeringsprocessen och politiska omprioriteringar. En bidragande orsak kan sökas i skillnaden mellan de tre diskurser som var representerade i planeringsgruppen: arkitekturdiskursen, trafikplaneringsdiskursen och byggherrediskursen. De representerade olika intressen och målbilder i stadsutvecklingsprojektet. Resultatet av studien visar att en gemensam målbild för arbetet är viktig för att skapa samsyn bland mötesdeltagarna. En vägledning för gestaltningsprogram hos kommuner behövs för att säkra de arkitektoniska kvaliteterna. Den tredje delstudien beskriver ett fullskaleförsök, ”road movie”, där film och enkät prövades för att utvärdera genomförda gestaltningsåtgärder för förbifarten vid Sollefteå. Är film och frågeformulär ett mer lättillgängligt sätt jämfört med traditionella utvärderingar? Film valdes för att det finns en dynamik som är inbyggd i att färdas på vägen som liknar filmens möjlighet att redovisa en upplevelse av rörelse. Filmen visades för tre oberoende grupper vid olika tillfällen. Sammanlagt deltog 25 personer i försöken. Informanterna var professionella, antingen studenter eller personer som arbetade med gestaltningsfrågor. För att undersöka hur road movien uppfattades av informanterna fick de svara på frågor rörande tre typer av utvärderingskriterier: forskningskriterier, professionella kriterier och programspecifika kriterier. Informanterna i försöket var överlag positiva till att använda sig av film, både för att visa genomförda gestaltningsåtgärder och för att utvärdera vägarkitektur. Filmen var ett medium som lockade fram kritiska synpunkter både på gestaltningsprogrammet och utförda gestaltningsåtgärder. Initialt var metoden tids- och kostnadskrävande, vilket kompenserades med att den vid tillämpning var oberoende av tid och rum. Filmen återgav ett bra helhetsperspektiv av vägen. Metodiken bidrog till att länka samman åtgärder och resultat vid bedömningen. Den fjärde delstudien är en jämförelse av utvärderingsmetoder för genomförda gestaltningsprogram inom Vägprojekt. Det fanns ett rikt jämförelsematerial för att undersöka skillnader mellan film och övriga utvärderingsmetoder. De genomförda utvärderingarna var: Avstämning på plats mot gestaltningsprogrammet, Utvärdering på plats med utvärderingskriterier och Kvalitativ utvärdering. Den frågeställning som undersöktes var vilken av metoderna som gav det bästa underlaget för bedömning av gestaltningsprogram och bedömning av vidtagna gestaltningsåtgärder. Resultatet av jämförelsen visar att använda utvärderingsmetoder lämpade sig för olika användningsområden. Avstämning på plats mot gestaltningsprogrammet var den snabbaste och billigaste metoden, det blev dock endast en lokal utvärdering. Utvärdering på plats med utvärderingskriterier var mer resurskrävande, det tillkom även ett diskussionsmoment med informanterna. Metoden Kvalitativ utvärdering var den enda av metoderna som hade brukare som informatörer. Brukare tillförde ny kunskap genom sin lokalkännedom. Film och enkät var den enda av metoderna som gav kritiska kommentarer till gestaltningsprogrammet. Den bidrog till att länka samman program, åtgärder och resultat. Metoden film och enkät bygger på forskningsbaserade kriterier och härigenom blir metodik och resultat jämförbara med teoribaserade utvärderingar. / QC 20101125

21世紀以來，中國出現了大量的公路電影，尤其在2010年以後，公路電影不僅收穫了卓越的票房成績，也受到了廣泛的關注。中國公路電影在發展的過程當中，逐漸從對西方公路類型的挪用轉向了建立出屬於中國公路電影獨特的本土特徵，在電影的敘事、意象、人物設置、配樂等方面都表現出了其特別之處。中國的公路電影聚焦社會現實，反映了在中國社會轉型這個特殊時期的社會現實，暴露中國社會的種種現代性問題。本研究將選取《落葉歸根》、《心花路放》、《後會無期》這三個電影文本，使用類型批評、文本分析、符號研究的研究方法，探究在中國的現代化建設和社會轉型當中究竟失落了什麼。 / This study will select Breakup Buddies, The Continent and Getting Home as case studies, and use the genre criticism, textual analysis, semiotic analysis, to explore what has been lost in the social transformation of China's modernization construction. Since the 21st century, especially during the period after 2010, there have been a lot of road movies in China's film industry. Road movie have not only hit remarkable outcome at the box office, but also has received the general attention. During the development of China's road movies, the style gradually changed from duplicating western road movies to establishing distinctive and native characteristics, which reflect on the unique narratives, images, characterization and soundtrack in those movies. China's road movies focus on the society and reflect reality during the special period of social transformation in China, which also expose problems of modernity of Chinese society.