Orientador: Eduardo Basto de Albuquerque / Banca: Milton Carlos Costa / Banca: Solange Ramos de Andrade David / Banca: Vasni de Almeida / Banca: Terezinha Oliveira / Resumo: A pesquisa teve como principal objetivo estudar as festas de Santa Bárbara, N. S. da Conceição e Sant’Ana, em Salvador. Apesar das características comuns, cada uma possui suas especificidades. Em 4 de dezembro, Santa Bárbara abre o calendário dos festejos religiosos populares de verão. É festejada pelos comerciantes e trabalhadores dos mercados. No mesmo período, os baianos se dedicam ao culto a N. S. da Conceição. A procissão do dia 8 de dezembro é organizada pela irmandade. Em janeiro de 1824, os pescadores do arrabalde do Rio Vermelho começaram a cultuar Sant’Ana. Os veranistas realizavam desfiles em carros alegóricos, bailes e batalhas de confete e lança-perfume, fazendo da festa católica um prenúncio do Carnaval. O período estudado (1860-1940) está inserido no processo de romanização do catolicismo brasileiro. Além de cuidar da formação dos futuros padres, a Igreja Católica desejava modificar a religiosidade dos leigos. As festas dos santos, impregnadas de características profanas e de outras crenças, deveriam ser purificadas e controladas pelos eclesiásticos. A pesquisa demonstrou que as transformações não eram desejadas apenas pelo clero. Na primeira república, políticos e elite intelectual almejavam progresso, modernização e civilização do Brasil. Constatei a existência de três agentes reformadores clero, autoridades civis e elite católica empenhados na mudança dos costumes. Ações isoladas ou conjuntas fizeram desaparecer algumas festividades, como a de Sant’Ana. A tese ressalta a persistência da tradição, principalmente entre os adeptos dos cultos afro-brasileiros. Continuaram realizando seus rituais nas irmandades e dentro das homenagens aos santos. Foram ainda perspicazes para inserir o presente de Iemanjá no calendário de festas de Salvador. / Abstract: The main aim of this research was to study the festivals of Santa Barbara, Our Lady of the Conception and Santa Ana, in Salvador. Despite characteristics in common, each one has its specificities. On December 4th, Santa Barbara opens the calendar of popular religious summer festivals. It is celebrated by tradesmen and market workers. In the same period, people in Bahia worship Our Lady of the Conception. The procession on December 8th is organized by the sisterhood. In January of 1824, fishermen from the village of Rio Vermelho began to worship Santa Ana. Summer tourists performed parades on thematic floats, balls and battles involving confetti and perfume, making the Catholic festival a prelude to Carnival. The period researched (1860-1940) is part of the process of Romanization of Brazilian Catholicism. In addition to taking care of the formation of future priests, the Catholic Church wished to modify the religiosity of lay people. The saints’ festivals, impregnated with profane characteristics and those of other beliefs, were to be purified and controlled by the clergy. The study showed that these transformations were not desired only by the clergy. In the first republic, politicians and the intellectual elite desired progress, modernization and civilization of Brazil. The existence of three reformatory agents was noted clergy, civil authorities and catholic elite dedicated to the metamorphosis of customs. Isolated or joint actions made some festivals disappear, such as that of Santa Ana. The thesis emphasizes the persistence of this tradition, especially amongst those adept at Afro-Brazilian forms of worship. They continued to hold their rituals in the sisterhoods and within the homage paid to saints. They were also perceptive enough to insert offerings to Iemanjá in the calendar of festivals in Salvador. / Doutor

Durant les deux derniers siècles avant notre ère, des objets de type italique, c’est-à-dire caractérisant la culture matérielle de l’Italie tardo-républicaine apparaissent progressivement en Gaule. L’identification de ces objets du quotidien et leur analyse typologique et contextuelle permettent une approche renouvelée du phénomène de romanisation de la Gaule. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en exergue les modalités chronologiques, spatiales et culturelles de la diffusion de ce type de mobilier. La confrontation des résultats avec les données issues des études céramologiques et architecturales permet de brosser un tableau affiné du processus d’acculturation. La nature des sites, ainsi que la diversité des types d’objets considérés permettent de souligner la variété des comportements des populations locales face à la réception de ces mobiliers exogènes. Que ce soit dans le commerce ou en intégrant l’armée romaine, les élites locales ont joué un rôle majeur au sein des interactions avec l’Italie, de la diffusion de ces objets et de l’intégration des nouveaux modèles italiques. / For the last two centuries before our era, italic type objects, which means objects that are characterizing the material culture of Tardo-republican Italia, are progressively appearing in Gaul. The identification of these everyday objects and their typological and contextual analysis allow a renewed approach of the Gaul romanization phenomenon. The objective of this thesis is to highlight, the chronological, spatial and cultural modalities of the diffusion of such furniture. The comparison of the results with the data provided by the ceramological and architectural studies allows to improve the description of the acculturation process. The behavioral diversity towards the reception of exogenous furniture is underlined by the nature of the sites and the diversity of the considered objects. Local elites, whether by participating in commercial exchanges or by joining the army, have played a major role in the interactions with Italia, from the diffusion of these objects to the integration of the new italic models.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-04-12T17:21:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LAIS DA SILVA LOUREN?O.pdf: 3680367 bytes, checksum: b27c93094653f6877ebbe136d185e51d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T17:21:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LAIS DA SILVA LOUREN?O.pdf: 3680367 bytes, checksum: b27c93094653f6877ebbe136d185e51d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The present research, looks for analyze the trajectory of Jesuit clergy, settled down in Itu since the ?return? of the Order in 1856 to 1918, when themselves moved to S?o Paulo. Before, as one of the most important shelters of the regalist clergy formation ? like Diogo Ant?nio Feij? ? Itu, became one of the focal point of Jesuits? setting in the moment of the Order?s return to Brazil. This fact reveals itself inside the ultramontane revolts context, starting in 1844, when the priority guidelines was the normalization of clergy formation, the affirmation papal infallibility and the subordination of the church to Rome. Those remodels were realized through the actions from different people, including the laymen ? presents inside the Christian brotherhood ? and religious orders, that settled in Brazil since the second half of XIX century, as well. Between of them, the Jesuits had a remarkable role inside south of Brazil and then, in Itu small village, where it used to be the stage of ultramontane actions. Using the background of that moment, when happened the transition related of the mindset changing about the church and its relationship with the state ? process called ?Romanization? by historiography ? this research, attempts to understand which were the methods of Itu's Jesuits Clergy, figuring out the intern strategies suggested by them and between them which ones, the education and the media were the most fundamental ones. Through the analyze of the religious speech proposed by Orlandi (1983), it looks to comprehend the articulations between the fundamental elements of Order, the instructions from Rome (the dictates of Pope Pio IX, since the Encyclical Quanta Cura by the September convention od 1864, followed by Syllabus Errorum) and, the local contingencies of Itu?s society. It still aims observing the conflict of the dynamic between the representative of the Order and the power instances in local and provincial aspects, minding this action did not restrict only the religious field, ?cause this relation was determined also by the deep and complex relationship of religion and politics as Pierre Bourdieu alerts. In the same way, seeks to understand how the doctrine aspect, based in the order tradition, was modeled and influenced by new representative ideals in occidental modernity, as the progress, the science and the education. Therefore, this research shall collaborate with the comprehension of the assumed directions by ultramontanes reforms happened in Brazil during the XIX century, and the problematization of concepts solidified in historiography about the ?Romanization? process. / A presente pesquisa busca analisar a trajet?ria dos cl?rigos jesu?tas instalados em It?, desde o retorno da Ordem, em 1856, at? 1918, quando transferem-se para S?o Paulo. Antes um dos principais redutos da forma??o regalista de cl?rigos ? como de Diogo Antonio Feij? ?, It? tornou-se um dos locais de fixa??o dos jesu?tas no momento do retorno da Ordem ao Brasil. Tal fen?meno se insere no contexto das reformas ultramontanas, iniciadas em 1844, cujas principais diretrizes eram: a normatiza??o da forma??o clerical, a afirma??o da infalibilidade papal e a subordina??o da Igreja a Roma. Tais reformas foram realizadas atrav?s da a??o de diversos atores, n?o podendo dispensar a participa??o de leigos ? presentes nas irmandades ? e das Ordens Religiosas, as quais instauraram-se no Brasil a partir da segunda metade do s?culo XIX. Dentre estas, os jesu?tas exerceram papel marcante no sul do Brasil e na ent?o Vila de It?, local que se tornara palco da atua??o ultramontana. Tomando como pano de fundo o momento em que se verificava uma transi??o em rela??o ? orienta??o do modelo de Igreja Cat?lica proposto, bem como de seu relacionamento com o Estado - processo denominado pela historiografia como ?romaniza??o? -, a presente pesquisa buscar? compreender quais as estrat?gias de atua??o adotadas pelos cl?rigos jesu?tas instalados em It?, dentre as quais a imprensa e a educa??o demonstraram-se fundamentais. Atrav?s da an?lise do discurso religioso proposta por Orlandi (1983), buscou-se compreender as articula??es entre os princ?pios fundamentais da Ordem, as orienta??es provindas de Roma (os ditames do Papa Pio IX, a partir da enc?clica Quanta Cura de 8 de dezembro de 1864, seguida pelo Syllabus errorum) e as conting?ncias locais da sociedade ituana. Visa, ainda, observar a din?mica conflitiva entre os representantes da Ordem e as inst?ncias do poder local e provincial, compreendendo que sua a??o n?o se restringiu ao campo religioso, j? que tamb?m fora determinada pelas profundas e complexas rela??es entre este campo e o pol?tico, conforme alerta Pierre Bourdieu. Da mesma forma, visa compreender como o aspecto doutrin?rio, baseado na tradi??o da Ordem, fora moldado e influenciado pelos novos ideiais em voga representativos da modernidade ocidental, tais como o progresso, a ci?ncia e a educa??o. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa busca colaborar na compreens?o dos rumos assumidos pelas reformas ultramontanas ocorridas no Brasil durante o s?culo XIX, bem como na problematiza??o de interpreta??es consagradas pela historiografia sobre o processo de ?romaniza??o?.

Este trabalho procura atentar para a peculiaridade da Paróquia de Santa Cecília no contexto da Reforma romanizadora da Igreja paulista, entre os anos de 1895 e 1920. Em torno desta Paróquia, localizada na cidade de São Paulo, consolidou-se, no período aqui estudado, uma aliança entre a elite ligada à economia cafeeira estabelecida na capital paulista e a instituição católica, com o intuito de promover seus respectivos interesses. A primeira buscou o apoio da segunda para dar legitimidade a sua dominação social e às suas ações autoritárias e disciplinadoras que foram desenvolvidas, sobretudo, no âmbito da cidade de São Paulo. A Igreja, por sua vez, procurou respaldo daquela para empreender uma reforma interna, baseada nos ideais pregados pela Santa Sé romana disseminados desde a segunda metade do século XIX. Usando das revistas publicadas pelo Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de São Paulo, de discursos proferidos pelos seus membros, de Atas de Congressos Católicos, de Boletins Eclesiásticos, de Pastorais, de Atas de Associações Paroquiais, de Anuários Eclesiásticos, de pinturas de Benedito Calixto, de jornal paroquial, de diários de visitas paroquiais e de diários pessoais do Arcebispo Dom Duarte Leopoldo e Silva foram analisados os aspectos contraditórios desta Reforma, principalmente aqueles internos à própria instituição religiosa e os que também abrangeram o conjunto da sociedade no contexto da modernização da capital do Estado, a partir do final do século XIX. / This work searches to focus on the peculiarities of Paróquia de Santa Cecília (Santa Cecilia Parish) in the context of the Romanizing Reformation of the Paulista Church, between 1895 and 1920. Around this Parish, located in the city of São Paulo, it was consolidated, during the period of time studied in this work, an alliance between the elite linked to the coffee economy established in the Paulista capital and the Catholic Institution, intending to promote their respectives interests. The first one searched to support on the second one in order to legitimate its social domain and its authoritarian and disciplinal actions developed mostly in the city of São Paulo. The Church, on its turn, searched to support on that one in order to promote an internal reformation, based on the ideals preached by the Roman Holy See disseminated since the second half of 19th Century. Magazines published by the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de São Paulo (Historian and Geographic Institute of São Paulo), speeches made by its members, Catholic Congresses´ Minutes, Ecclesial and Pastoral Reports, Parish Association Minutes, Ecclesial Yearbooks, Benedito Calixto´s paintings, parish newspapers, parish visiting journals and the Archbishop Dom Duarte Leopoldo e Silva´s personal journals were analized concerning the contradictious aspects of this Reformation, mostly the internal ones concerning the religious institution itself and also the ones that comprehended the society team in the modernization context of the State capital, from the end of 19th Century on.

Este trabalho procura atentar para a peculiaridade da Paróquia de Santa Cecília no contexto da Reforma romanizadora da Igreja paulista, entre os anos de 1895 e 1920. Em torno desta Paróquia, localizada na cidade de São Paulo, consolidou-se, no período aqui estudado, uma aliança entre a elite ligada à economia cafeeira estabelecida na capital paulista e a instituição católica, com o intuito de promover seus respectivos interesses. A primeira buscou o apoio da segunda para dar legitimidade a sua dominação social e às suas ações autoritárias e disciplinadoras que foram desenvolvidas, sobretudo, no âmbito da cidade de São Paulo. A Igreja, por sua vez, procurou respaldo daquela para empreender uma reforma interna, baseada nos ideais pregados pela Santa Sé romana disseminados desde a segunda metade do século XIX. Usando das revistas publicadas pelo Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de São Paulo, de discursos proferidos pelos seus membros, de Atas de Congressos Católicos, de Boletins Eclesiásticos, de Pastorais, de Atas de Associações Paroquiais, de Anuários Eclesiásticos, de pinturas de Benedito Calixto, de jornal paroquial, de diários de visitas paroquiais e de diários pessoais do Arcebispo Dom Duarte Leopoldo e Silva foram analisados os aspectos contraditórios desta Reforma, principalmente aqueles internos à própria instituição religiosa e os que também abrangeram o conjunto da sociedade no contexto da modernização da capital do Estado, a partir do final do século XIX. / This work searches to focus on the peculiarities of Paróquia de Santa Cecília (Santa Cecilia Parish) in the context of the Romanizing Reformation of the Paulista Church, between 1895 and 1920. Around this Parish, located in the city of São Paulo, it was consolidated, during the period of time studied in this work, an alliance between the elite linked to the coffee economy established in the Paulista capital and the Catholic Institution, intending to promote their respectives interests. The first one searched to support on the second one in order to legitimate its social domain and its authoritarian and disciplinal actions developed mostly in the city of São Paulo. The Church, on its turn, searched to support on that one in order to promote an internal reformation, based on the ideals preached by the Roman Holy See disseminated since the second half of 19th Century. Magazines published by the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de São Paulo (Historian and Geographic Institute of São Paulo), speeches made by its members, Catholic Congresses´ Minutes, Ecclesial and Pastoral Reports, Parish Association Minutes, Ecclesial Yearbooks, Benedito Calixto´s paintings, parish newspapers, parish visiting journals and the Archbishop Dom Duarte Leopoldo e Silva´s personal journals were analized concerning the contradictious aspects of this Reformation, mostly the internal ones concerning the religious institution itself and also the ones that comprehended the society team in the modernization context of the State capital, from the end of 19th Century on.

La presente tesis aborda la problemática del cambio cultural entre la Segunda Edad de Hierro y época romana en función del estudio de las diferentes estrategias de explotación del paisaje. La hipótesis de partida es que el imperialismo romana introduce nuevas prácticas de organización y fiscalización de la explotación agraria que supone un cambio en diferentes pautas sociales de las sociedades indígenas, en particular un cambio drástico en el patrón de asentamiento. La tesis desarrolla una metodología particular de prospección intensiva para documentar los procesos de explotación pretéritos, por ello, lejos de buscar nuevos yacimientos, se enfatiza la documentación e interpretación del registro off site, cuya relación con comportamientos humanos se investiga mediante análisis estadísticos. El hallazgo de nuevos yacimientos conduce a la reformulación de la metodología de trabajo para orientar el enfoque a una nueva escala de investigación. En paralelo se propone una interpretación del paisaje de Segisamo (actual Sasamón), y un posible sistema de organización del Ager Segisamonensis, conocido desde antiguo por la epigrafía en hitos terminales. / This thesis addresses the problem of cultural shift between the Second Iron Age/ Roman transition according to the study of different landscape exploitation strategies. The assumption is that Roman imperialism introduced new organizational practices and taxation of the agricultural landuse, which conduct to a drastic change in the indigenous society, such cultural shift can be attested in the change of the settlement pattern, studied by means of Site Catchment Analysis.. The thesis develops a particular intensive survey methodology to document processes of landscape exploitation, therefore, far from seeking new sites, it emphasizes the documentation and interpretation of the off site record, whose relationship to human behavior is investigated by statistical analysis. New sites discovery leads to the reformulation of the field survey methodology to guide the research to a new scale of site nature understanding. At the same time, the work proposes an interpretation of Segisamo’s roman landscape (current Sasamón), and a possible system of cadastration of the barely unknown Ager Segisamonensis.

This thesis investigates the formal aspects of the bath-gymnasium complex plan type which was developed in Asia Minor during the Roman era in relation to the development of the the imperial thermae in Rome, the capital city of the Roman Empire. Close resemblances in the architectural configuration of bath-gymnasium complexes and imperial thermae are analyzed in order to provide complementary insight concernin the evolution of Roman bath architecture and bathing tradition. The comparative investigation of the formal aspects of the plan types reveals the contribution of Asia Minor and its role in influencing the architectural developments in the capital. The thesis concentrates on the development of the bath-gymnasium complex plan type in Asia Minor and the imperial thermae in Rome in order to elucidate the outcomes of mutual influence in criss-crossing Greek and Italic features. Crucial to this investigation ,s the understanding of the multiple effects of historical processes such as Hellenization, Romanization and urbanization that were synthesized in the bath architecture of the capital and the provinces. Also, the symbolic, cosmological, and political aspects of Roman bath architecture are highlighted ,n this thesis.

Le phénomène de la romanisation étant des plus complexe, il est donc nécessaire de se concentrer sur un seul de ses aspects, mais aussi sur un espace géographique restreint : la diffusion de la citoyenneté romaine en Afrique proconsulaire. Quels sont ses mécanismes et ses processus? Quels sont les motifs pour Rome ou pour les indigènes? Finalement, quels sont les impacts de cette diffusion sur les individus ainsi que sur leur cité? Ultimement, y a-t-il eu une romanisation de l’Afrique par la diffusion de la citoyenneté romaine? Voilà les questions qui ont été posées à travers l’étude des cas de Thugga et de Lepcis Magna. Finlement, il semble que l’empereur ainsi que les notables locaux furent des moteurs importants de cette diffusion, que les motifs pouvaient être stratégiques ou culturels pour l’empereur, mais surtout fiscaux pour les notables et que le principal impact, autant sur les individus que sur la cité, fut bel et bien la transformation, voire la romanisation juridique, de l’Afrique romaine. / Because of the Romanization phenomenon's complexity, it is necessary to focus on a single aspect, and a defined area : the spread of Roman citizenship in Africa proconsularis. What are its mechanisms and processes? What are the reasons for Rome or for the natives? Finally, what are the impacts of this diffusion on the individuals and communities? Ultimately, was there a Romanization of Africa through the spread of Roman citizenship? These are the questions that were asked through the study of Leptis Magna and Thugga cases. In the end, it seems that the emperor and community leaders were important drivers of this spread, while the emperor's motives were more strategic or cultural, they were for the community leaders, mostly economical, the main impact on both the individuals and the communities, was indeed the transformation or the jural romanization of Roman Africa.

Avec la romanisation à grande échelle pendant le Haut-Empire, les Romains ont propagé leur culture dans tout le bassin méditerranéen. Les jeux de gladiateurs ont été en Asie Mineure un apport important à la société romaine instaurée en milieu grec. Les théâtres hellénistiques ont été modifiés pour accueillir ces nouveaux divertissements, typiquement romains. Il est question de tout ce qui entoure ces endroits et les gladiateurs grecs qui les ont massivement fréquentés pendant les trois premiers siècles de notre ère, également de ces combattants grecs à travers les spectacles, les festivals et le culte impérial. Quatre cités sont étudiées dans cette optique : Éphèse, Aphrodisias, Attaleia, Side. Nous pouvons ainsi analyser les développements de ce phénomène autant dans les grands que les petites villes. / With full scale Romanization during the early days of the Empire, the Romans propagated their culture all across the Mediterranean region. Gladiatorial games were in Asia Minor a significant feature of the Roman culture implanted amid the Greek population. The Hellenistic theaters were modified to accommodate this new Roman entertainment. This contribution is about all that surrounds these places and the Greek gladiators who fought in them during the first three centuries of our era ; it explores those Greek warriors in spectacle, festival and imperial cult. Four cities are studied : Ephesos, Aphrodisias, Attaleia and Side. The choice of these examples, it is hoped, will allow a better understanding of the development of this phenomenon in big urban centers as well as in smaller cities. / Entièrement réalisé grâce au programme LaTeX (http://www.latex-project.org/)

Résumé La ribonucléase P (RNase P) est une ribonucléoprotéine omniprésente dans tous les règnes du vivant, elle est responsable de la maturation en 5’ des précurseurs des ARNs de transfert (ARNts) et quelques autres petits ARNs. L’enzyme est composée d'une sous unité catalytique d'ARN (ARN-P) et d'une ou de plusieurs protéines selon les espèces. Chez les eucaryotes, l’activité de la RNase P cytoplasmique est distincte de celles des organelles (mitochondrie et chloroplaste). Chez la plupart des espèces, les ARN-P sont constituées de plusieurs éléments structuraux secondaires critiques conservés au cours de l’évolution. En revanche, au niveau de la structure, une réduction forte été observé dans la plupart des mtARN-Ps. Le nombre de protéines composant la RNase P est extrêmement variable : une chez les bactéries, environ quatre chez les archéobactéries, et dix chez la forme cytoplasmique des eucaryotes. Cet aspect est peu connu pour les formes mitochondriales. Dans la plupart des cas, l’identification de la mtRNase P est le résultat de longues procédures de purification comprenant plusieurs étapes dans le but de réduire au minimum le nombre de protéines requises pour l’activité (exemple de la levure et A. nidulans). Cela mène régulièrement à la perte de l’activité et de l’intégrité des complexes ribonucléo-protéiques natifs. Dans ce travail, par l’utilisation de la technique de BN-PAGE, nous avons développé une procédure d’enrichissement de l’activité RNase P mitochondriale native, donnant un rendement raisonnable. Les fractions enrichies capables de cette activité enzymatique ont été analysées par LC/MS/MS et les résultats montrent que l’holoenzyme de la RNase P de chacune des fractions contient un nombre de protéines beaucoup plus grand que ce qui était connue. Nous suggérons une liste de protéines (principalement hypothétiques) qui accompagnent l’activité de la RNase P. IV De plus, la question de la localisation de la mtRNase P de A. nidulans a été étudiée, selon nos résultats, la majorité de la mtRNase P est attachée á la membrane interne de la mitochondrie. Sa solubilisation se fait par l’utilisation de différents types de détergent. Ces derniers permettent l’obtention d’un spectre de complexes de la RNase P de différentes tailles. / Abstract RNase P is a ribonucleo-protein complex (an RNA enzyme or ribozyme) that cleaves 5’ leader sequences of precursor tRNAs and a few other small RNAs. It occurs in all three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya, with the latter containing distinct nuclear and organellar (mitochondrial or plastid) activities. In most instances, the complex contains a single, well-conserved RNA subunit that carries the active center of the enzyme. Yet, compare to bacterial and nuclear P RNA, most mtP RNAs are structurally highly reduced. The number of P proteins is highly variable: one in Bacteria, about four in Archaea, and ten in the cytoplasmic form of Eukarya. Much less is known in the case of mitochondria. MtRNase P is usually purified by using numerous separation steps that include unphysiological conditions, leading to complexes having a minimum number of subunits (e.g., in yeast and Aspergillus nidulans), that often loose their activity. Here, using BN PAGE, we have developed an enrichment procedure for A. nidulans mtRNase P that avoids some of the most disruptive conditions. The protein composition of active fractions was identified with LC/MS/MS, indicating that the RNase P holoenzyme is much larger than previously thought. Finally, the question of mtRNase P localization within mitochondria was investigated, by tracing its RNA subunit by RT PCR. We found that mtRNase P of A. nidulans is a predominantly membrane-attached enzyme; it is in part solubilized by detergents such as digitonin and Triton.