The present study provides a description of the standardization process of Persian orthography since the introduction of the Arabic alphabet, with a focus on this process in modern times (1850-2000). Using theories related to orthography standardization as its background, this work seeks an explanation for the prolonged standardization process of Persian orthography, and presents the frameworks within which this standardization has been carried out. The most recent state of Persian orthography is presented through an investigation of the current attitudes towards the problems of Persian orthography and possible frameworks for a potential reform, as well as through an investigation of the current tendencies in the manner of presenting different orthographic parameters within Persian contemporary texts. How and by whom the orthography of today’s Persian texts is governed is another aspect to be examined here. The most important conclusion to be drawn from the present study is that there is a strong tendency towards approving reform proposals that can be integrated with the present orthography, and maintain the present appearance of Persian orthography as much as possible. One of the main reasons behind this tendency is the concern of an interruption in cultural continuity in the event of an alphabet reform or any other drastic change in the present appearance of the orthography. This concern takes into account the political, social, cultural, structural, and economic conditions in Iran, as well as the complexity of language planning projects.

Den här studien gäller Romersk järnålder i Sverige och Storbritannien med fokus på den senare. Det är en komparativ analys av utvalda delar av den materiella kulturenfrån ett antal olika lokaler i Sverige och Storbritannien med intentionen att skapa vidare förståelse rörande romersk influens i dessa regioner. Vidare är intentionen att uppsatsen skall undersöka möjliga likheter eller skillnader och därigenom dra slutsatser om romerska influensen var stark eller svag i de utvalda bosättningarna i Storbritannien och Sverige. Var den så kallade Romaniseringen för samtliga invånare eller var den enbart reserverad för eliten? / This is a study of the Roman Iron Age in both Sweden and Britain but with a focus on the latter. The study includes a comparative analysis of selected goods in the material culture at a number of different sites in Sweden and Britain in the aim of understanding the extent of the Roman influence at these sites. The aims of the essay is to investigate if we can notice similarities between the Swedish and British setting and thereby draw conclusions regarding the Roman influence or lack of it in the Rural setting of Britain as well as the chosen settlements in Sweden. Was the Romanization of Britain for everyone or was it reserved for the elite?

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-06-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 couto_es_dr_assis.pdf: 1089463 bytes, checksum: d6150307735e0a56ed658871141d8ca1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A pesquisa teve como principal objetivo estudar as festas de Santa Bárbara, N. S. da Conceição e Sant Ana, em Salvador. Apesar das características comuns, cada uma possui suas especificidades. Em 4 de dezembro, Santa Bárbara abre o calendário dos festejos religiosos populares de verão. É festejada pelos comerciantes e trabalhadores dos mercados. No mesmo período, os baianos se dedicam ao culto a N. S. da Conceição. A procissão do dia 8 de dezembro é organizada pela irmandade. Em janeiro de 1824, os pescadores do arrabalde do Rio Vermelho começaram a cultuar Sant Ana. Os veranistas realizavam desfiles em carros alegóricos, bailes e batalhas de confete e lança-perfume, fazendo da festa católica um prenúncio do Carnaval. O período estudado (1860-1940) está inserido no processo de romanização do catolicismo brasileiro. Além de cuidar da formação dos futuros padres, a Igreja Católica desejava modificar a religiosidade dos leigos. As festas dos santos, impregnadas de características profanas e de outras crenças, deveriam ser purificadas e controladas pelos eclesiásticos. A pesquisa demonstrou que as transformações não eram desejadas apenas pelo clero. Na primeira república, políticos e elite intelectual almejavam progresso, modernização e civilização do Brasil. Constatei a existência de três agentes reformadores clero, autoridades civis e elite católica empenhados na mudança dos costumes. Ações isoladas ou conjuntas fizeram desaparecer algumas festividades, como a de Sant Ana. A tese ressalta a persistência da tradição, principalmente entre os adeptos dos cultos afro-brasileiros. Continuaram realizando seus rituais nas irmandades e dentro das homenagens aos santos. Foram ainda perspicazes para inserir o presente de Iemanjá no calendário de festas de Salvador. / The main aim of this research was to study the festivals of Santa Barbara, Our Lady of the Conception and Santa Ana, in Salvador. Despite characteristics in common, each one has its specificities. On December 4th, Santa Barbara opens the calendar of popular religious summer festivals. It is celebrated by tradesmen and market workers. In the same period, people in Bahia worship Our Lady of the Conception. The procession on December 8th is organized by the sisterhood. In January of 1824, fishermen from the village of Rio Vermelho began to worship Santa Ana. Summer tourists performed parades on thematic floats, balls and battles involving confetti and perfume, making the Catholic festival a prelude to Carnival. The period researched (1860-1940) is part of the process of Romanization of Brazilian Catholicism. In addition to taking care of the formation of future priests, the Catholic Church wished to modify the religiosity of lay people. The saints festivals, impregnated with profane characteristics and those of other beliefs, were to be purified and controlled by the clergy. The study showed that these transformations were not desired only by the clergy. In the first republic, politicians and the intellectual elite desired progress, modernization and civilization of Brazil. The existence of three reformatory agents was noted clergy, civil authorities and catholic elite dedicated to the metamorphosis of customs. Isolated or joint actions made some festivals disappear, such as that of Santa Ana. The thesis emphasizes the persistence of this tradition, especially amongst those adept at Afro-Brazilian forms of worship. They continued to hold their rituals in the sisterhoods and within the homage paid to saints. They were also perceptive enough to insert offerings to Iemanjá in the calendar of festivals in Salvador.

Orientador: Benedito Miguel Angelo Perrini Gil / Banca: Eduardo Basto de Albuquerque / Banca: Ivan Esperança Rocha / Banca: Augustin Wernet / Banca: Lauri Emilio Wirth / Resumo: O protestantismo foi um movimento histórico que atuou como força cultural e religiosa no campo religioso nas primeiras décadas da República brasileira. As noções de campo, representação e crença nortearam a pesquisa. O protestantismo foi analisado desde as suas origens, conflitos, números e representações, na sua configuração regional maranhense. O processo de romanização da Igreja Católica no Maranhão definiu estratégias, confrontos e o controle das devoções populares, e determinou dificuldades para os protestantes. As mudanças e transformações ocorridas durante a Primeira República redefiniram os novos centros do sagrado no campo religioso brasileiro. Em busca de posições neste campo, os protestantes construíram sentidos e identidades por meio de instituições e de publicações. O pluralismo evangélico incidiu na pluralidade cultural e religiosa em curso na sociedade brasileira, e articulou, junto com outros movimentos, os discursos da civilização e da modernidade. A crença evangélica em sua interface com a cultura e a religiosidade foi analisada a partir da historiografia sobre o protestantismo, da iconografia do quadro dos Dois Caminhos, da biografia de Miguel Vieira Ferreira e do olhar desinteressado do jornalista João do Rio. As outras faces do sagrado protestante na cultura brasileira foram múltiplas a partir dos paradigmas da crença, das representações, do sujeito e da cultura. / Abstract: The protestantism was a historical movement that acted as a religious and cultural force in the religious field in the first decades of the Brazilian Republic. The notions of field, representation and belief guided the research. The protestantism was analysed from its origins, conflicts, numbers and representations, in its regional configuration in Maranhão. The process of Romanization of the Catholic Church in Maranhão defined the strategies, the conflicts, and the control over popular devotions, and determined difficulties for the protestants. The changes and transformations that occurred during the First Republic redefined the new centers of sacredness in the Brazilian religions field. Searching for positions in this field, the protestantism built meanings and identities through institutions and publications. The evangelical pluralism entered the currently cultural and religious pluralism, and articulated, with other movements, the discourses of civilization and modernity. The evangelical belief and the interface between it and the historiography about the protestantism were analysed from the iconography of the picture “The Narrow and the Broad Way”, from Miguel Vieira Ferreira’s biography and from the journalist João do Rio’s desinterested view. The other faces of the protestant sacredness in Brazilian culture were many, from the paradigms of the belief, the representations, the subject and the culture. / Doutor

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-09T13:31:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danielleaparecidaarruda.pdf: 4504077 bytes, checksum: 50f87cdf7b7af4b64b8214efb7cb05c0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-13T14:27:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danielleaparecidaarruda.pdf: 4504077 bytes, checksum: 50f87cdf7b7af4b64b8214efb7cb05c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T14:27:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danielleaparecidaarruda.pdf: 4504077 bytes, checksum: 50f87cdf7b7af4b64b8214efb7cb05c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho analisa as relações entre a religião prescrita e a religião praticada no interior do movimento de Reforma Católica Ultramontana entre os anos de 1890 e 1958 na cidade de Juiz de Fora, estado de Minas Gerais. Nesse sentido, são investigados os contatos entre os diferentes tipos de práticas religiosas no interior do catolicismo e à margem do mesmo. Pretende-se assim esboçar uma nova visão sobre o movimento da reforma católica na cidade, enfatizando seu caráter heterogêneo, aspecto pouco considerado em outros trabalhos sobre o tema. De um modo geral, a dissertação pretende contribuir para a renovação dos trabalhos sobre a Reforma Católica Ultramontana, na tentativa de apreender o movimento não somente pelo aspecto clerical, institucional e prescrito, mas também privilegiando a experiência dos fiéis enquanto atores que vivenciaram a mesma a partir dos significados de sua própria religiosidade. / This paper examines the relations between prescribed and practiced religion inside the ultramontane catholic reformation movement between the years of 1890 and 1958 in the city of Juiz de Fora, state of Minas Gerais. Accordingly, are investigated the contacts between the different types of religious practices inside the Catholicism and the margin of the same. The idea is to outline a new vision about the Catholic Reform Movement in the city, emphasizing its heterogeneity, a little considered aspect in other works about this theme. Generally, the dissertation intend to contribute to the renewal of the works about the Ultramontane Catholic Reformation, in an attempt to apprehend the movement not only by the clerical, institutional and prescribed aspects, but also highlighting the experience of the faithful while actors who experienced the same from the meanings of their own religiousness.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-08T14:25:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianodutraneto.pdf: 1506662 bytes, checksum: 1b659dde22daea1b8ca996867dc5327b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-08T14:39:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianodutraneto.pdf: 1506662 bytes, checksum: 1b659dde22daea1b8ca996867dc5327b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-08T14:39:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianodutraneto.pdf: 1506662 bytes, checksum: 1b659dde22daea1b8ca996867dc5327b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-09 / A presente tese tem como objetivo oferecer uma contribuição à história das missões redentoristas, durante os primeiros trinta anos de trabalho em Minas Gerais. A chegada dos Redentoristas holandeses ao Brasil ocorreu no domingo, 2 de julho de 1893. O campo religioso encontrado no Brasil era marcado pelo “Catolicismo Popular”, forma religiosa caracterizada pelo devocionismo leigo e social que tornou-se alvo de um movimento de reforma da Igreja no Brasil a que se convencionou chamar de “romanização”. Dentro desse espírito, a vinda de missionários europeus para o Brasil, naquele final de século, passou a ser vista pela Sociologia do Catolicismo Contemporâneo como uma missão comandada por Roma e eles, como “agentes de Roma”. Uma visão generalizante do conceito de “romanização” terminou por colocar as missões como mera cadeia de transmissão de um comando da Cúria Romana. Através de vários documentos e testemunhos da época pretende-se demonstrar que a vinda dos missionários Redentoristas não foi marcada por tal conotação e que, ao contrário, seu trabalho missionário foi permeado por hesitações, particularidades e dinâmica inspirada pelo carisma de seu fundador Afonso Maria de Ligório, bem como, pelos ideais e projetos da Congregação naqueles finais de século caracterizado pelo surto missionário. Outro aspecto relevante que pretende-se demonstrar é o fato de que as expressões religiosas populares não foram extirpadas pelo trabalho missionário cujo fim primordial era a doutrinação e renovação dos costumes. O confronto entre catolicismo popular e renovado não foi somente marcado por imposições e resistências mas, por uma flexibilização, porosidade e trocas mútuas. Na conclusão busca-se demonstrar que o trabalho missionário dos Redentoristas, naqueles primeiros trinta anos, deixou marcas importantes na reforma dos costumes e na formação de uma consciência social no Catolicismo do Brasil de então. / The aim of this thesis is to offer a contribution to the history of the Redemptorist missions, during the first thirty years of their work in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Dutch Redemptorists Fathers arrived in Brazil on Sunday, the second of July eighteen ninety-three. The religious situation that they found in Brazil was marked by what usually called “popular Catholicism”, a religious trait noted by devotionalism laic and social , which becames target of a movement towards the reform of the Catholic Church in Brazil and came to be known as “Romanization”. In such a notion, the coming of the European missionaries to Brazil, in that end of the century, came to be regarded by the Sociology of Contemporary Catholicism as a mission led by Rome, the missionaries being “agents of Rome”. A generalization of the notion of “Romanization” placed the missions as a mere chain of transmission commanded by Romam Curia. Based on several documents and testimonials about that time, this thesis intends to demonstrate that the coming of the Redemptorist missionaries did not suggest that connotation and, on the contrary, their missionary work was permeated by hesitations, particularities and dynamics inspired by the charisma of their founder, Aphonhus Maria of Ligory, as well as by the ideals and projects of the Congregation, at that end of a century marked by the missionary expansion. Another relevant aspect to be highlighted is the fact that the popular religious expression was not extirpated by the missionary work, whose main purpose was the indoctrination and regeneration of the custums. The confrontation between popular and renovated Catholicism was not marked only by impositions and resistances but also, by flexibilization, porosity and mutual changes. In the Conclusion, the thesis tries to demonstrate that the missionary work of the Redemptorists, during those first thirty years, left important marks in the renewal of the custums and on the formation of a social conscience in the Brazilian Catholicism of those days.

A number of phenomena, such as new ways of farming, new crops and new domestic animals, derived from the Roman Empire during the Roman Iron Age. In this study, an attempt is made at describing the dispersion of the domestic cat to and in Southern Scandinavia. Domestication of animals in general and of the cat in particular is described, along with the Romanization of Europe. A description is made of a number of archaeological investigations carried out in Denmark and Southern Sweden where remains of the domestic cat have been found. Questions of representativity and criticism of sources are discussed.                                The results of this study imply that the domestic cat first appeared in Jutland in the second century AD, then spread east to the rest of Denmark, to the larger Baltic Islands and mainland Sweden at approximately the same time as Roman artefacts and some domestic birds. The intentions of the Romans and the Scandinavians are discussed and the conclusion is drawn that the Romans probably dispersed cats along with other gifts for diplomatic rather than commercial purposes and that the Scandinavians initially regarded cats as prestige objects rather than rodent killers during the Roman Iron Age. Later, cats where distributed over Scandinavia and took on other tasks. They were sometimes buried with humans and may have taken on a certain status and mythological meaning.

Résumé La ribonucléase P (RNase P) est une ribonucléoprotéine omniprésente dans tous les règnes du vivant, elle est responsable de la maturation en 5’ des précurseurs des ARNs de transfert (ARNts) et quelques autres petits ARNs. L’enzyme est composée d'une sous unité catalytique d'ARN (ARN-P) et d'une ou de plusieurs protéines selon les espèces. Chez les eucaryotes, l’activité de la RNase P cytoplasmique est distincte de celles des organelles (mitochondrie et chloroplaste). Chez la plupart des espèces, les ARN-P sont constituées de plusieurs éléments structuraux secondaires critiques conservés au cours de l’évolution. En revanche, au niveau de la structure, une réduction forte été observé dans la plupart des mtARN-Ps. Le nombre de protéines composant la RNase P est extrêmement variable : une chez les bactéries, environ quatre chez les archéobactéries, et dix chez la forme cytoplasmique des eucaryotes. Cet aspect est peu connu pour les formes mitochondriales. Dans la plupart des cas, l’identification de la mtRNase P est le résultat de longues procédures de purification comprenant plusieurs étapes dans le but de réduire au minimum le nombre de protéines requises pour l’activité (exemple de la levure et A. nidulans). Cela mène régulièrement à la perte de l’activité et de l’intégrité des complexes ribonucléo-protéiques natifs. Dans ce travail, par l’utilisation de la technique de BN-PAGE, nous avons développé une procédure d’enrichissement de l’activité RNase P mitochondriale native, donnant un rendement raisonnable. Les fractions enrichies capables de cette activité enzymatique ont été analysées par LC/MS/MS et les résultats montrent que l’holoenzyme de la RNase P de chacune des fractions contient un nombre de protéines beaucoup plus grand que ce qui était connue. Nous suggérons une liste de protéines (principalement hypothétiques) qui accompagnent l’activité de la RNase P. IV De plus, la question de la localisation de la mtRNase P de A. nidulans a été étudiée, selon nos résultats, la majorité de la mtRNase P est attachée á la membrane interne de la mitochondrie. Sa solubilisation se fait par l’utilisation de différents types de détergent. Ces derniers permettent l’obtention d’un spectre de complexes de la RNase P de différentes tailles. / Abstract RNase P is a ribonucleo-protein complex (an RNA enzyme or ribozyme) that cleaves 5’ leader sequences of precursor tRNAs and a few other small RNAs. It occurs in all three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya, with the latter containing distinct nuclear and organellar (mitochondrial or plastid) activities. In most instances, the complex contains a single, well-conserved RNA subunit that carries the active center of the enzyme. Yet, compare to bacterial and nuclear P RNA, most mtP RNAs are structurally highly reduced. The number of P proteins is highly variable: one in Bacteria, about four in Archaea, and ten in the cytoplasmic form of Eukarya. Much less is known in the case of mitochondria. MtRNase P is usually purified by using numerous separation steps that include unphysiological conditions, leading to complexes having a minimum number of subunits (e.g., in yeast and Aspergillus nidulans), that often loose their activity. Here, using BN PAGE, we have developed an enrichment procedure for A. nidulans mtRNase P that avoids some of the most disruptive conditions. The protein composition of active fractions was identified with LC/MS/MS, indicating that the RNase P holoenzyme is much larger than previously thought. Finally, the question of mtRNase P localization within mitochondria was investigated, by tracing its RNA subunit by RT PCR. We found that mtRNase P of A. nidulans is a predominantly membrane-attached enzyme; it is in part solubilized by detergents such as digitonin and Triton.

Le phénomène de la romanisation étant des plus complexe, il est donc nécessaire de se concentrer sur un seul de ses aspects, mais aussi sur un espace géographique restreint : la diffusion de la citoyenneté romaine en Afrique proconsulaire. Quels sont ses mécanismes et ses processus? Quels sont les motifs pour Rome ou pour les indigènes? Finalement, quels sont les impacts de cette diffusion sur les individus ainsi que sur leur cité? Ultimement, y a-t-il eu une romanisation de l’Afrique par la diffusion de la citoyenneté romaine? Voilà les questions qui ont été posées à travers l’étude des cas de Thugga et de Lepcis Magna. Finlement, il semble que l’empereur ainsi que les notables locaux furent des moteurs importants de cette diffusion, que les motifs pouvaient être stratégiques ou culturels pour l’empereur, mais surtout fiscaux pour les notables et que le principal impact, autant sur les individus que sur la cité, fut bel et bien la transformation, voire la romanisation juridique, de l’Afrique romaine. / Because of the Romanization phenomenon's complexity, it is necessary to focus on a single aspect, and a defined area : the spread of Roman citizenship in Africa proconsularis. What are its mechanisms and processes? What are the reasons for Rome or for the natives? Finally, what are the impacts of this diffusion on the individuals and communities? Ultimately, was there a Romanization of Africa through the spread of Roman citizenship? These are the questions that were asked through the study of Leptis Magna and Thugga cases. In the end, it seems that the emperor and community leaders were important drivers of this spread, while the emperor's motives were more strategic or cultural, they were for the community leaders, mostly economical, the main impact on both the individuals and the communities, was indeed the transformation or the jural romanization of Roman Africa.

Esta dissertação aborda o projeto de Romanização da Igreja Católica no Espírito Santo, na gestão de seu primeiro bispo, dom João Batista Corrêa Nery (1896-1901), e suas decorrências nas esferas política e social. Embora curto, esse período é fundamental para se compreender como a Igreja conseguiu se fortalecer em um ambiente laicizado. Procurou-se esclarecer as relações entre Igreja e Estado no início da República e, consequentemente, o papel desta Instituição na consolidação do regime republicano. A análise dos discursos comuns entre elite republicana e hierarquia católica possibilitaram a conciliação entre os poderes nesse período. / The present dissertation tackles the subject of Catholic Church\'s project of Romanization in Espírito Santo during the administration of dom João Batista Corrêa Nery, Espírito Santo\'s first bishop, and political and social interference of the Romanization politics. Although short this period is basic to understand how the Church obtained to fortify itself in a laicized environment. The political approach will consist of the analysis of the relation between Church and State at the beginning of Republic and the role of this Institution in republican regime\'s consolidation. That\'s why we tried to find which common speeches between republican elite and catholic hierarchy made possible the conciliation between them in this period.