SCTP (Steam Control Transmission Protocol)是由IETF[2]提出在傳輸層的新機制。SCTP像TCP一樣提供擁塞控制機制(congestion control mechanism)。此外，SCTP提供Multi-Homing和Multi-Streaming兩個TCP所缺乏的重要機制。然而，SCTP和TCP一樣無法分辨當快速重傳機制(Fast-Rtx)或是Timeout機制啟動時，packet-loss發生的真正原因，如瞬間的通道錯誤或因網路擁塞引起的封包拋棄。於此，SCTP會不正確地啟動擁塞控制機制來防止網路擁塞狀況的持續惡化。 本篇論文目的在於改善SCTP在無線網路所遭遇效能低落的問題。我們提出三種解決問題的機制，分別是SCTP-EnhancedProbing、SCTP-Duplicate 及SCTP-Changeover。SCTP-EnhancedProbing機制是一種點對點的方法，用以判斷packet-loss發生的真正原因。SCTP-Duplicate機制則藉由multi-homing機制來幫助提升SCTP-EnhancedProbing機制的效能。SCTP-Changeover機制則是一個必要的方法來補足SCTP-Duplicate機制所引發的問題，以提供良好的改善方案。最後，我們將利用網路模擬器NS-2 (Network Simulator ver. 2)來驗證並評估我們所提出三種方法的效能。 / SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) is a new proposed mechanism by IETF [2] at the transport layer. SCTP has similar congestion control mechanism as that in TCP, and embeds multi-homing and multi-streaming mechanisms that are not offered by TCP. However, SCTP can’t identify exactly whether the cause of packet-loss is from transient channel error or congestion error as fast-transmission or timeout is triggered. SCTP will thus invoke congestion control mechanism incorrectly. The objective of the thesis is to improve the performance of SCTP which suffers performance degradation in a wireless network. We propose SCTP-EnhancedProbing, SCTP-Duplicate and SCTP-Changeover three mechanisms for this end. SCTP-EnhancedProbing is an end-to-end mechanism used to identify the cause of packet-loss. SCTP-Duplicate employs the multi-homing feature to enhance SCTP-EnhancedProbing performance. SCTP-Changeover is a necessary complement to SCTP-Duplicate mechanism. Moreover, the proposed SCTP-Changeover is an effective solution to the changeover problem in SCTP. At last, we verify and evaluate the performances of the three proposed mechanisms using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2), respectively.

The growing competition for manufacturing companies is placing increased demand on fulfilling customer requirements with as high quality as possible as quick as possible. To meet the tougher competition, it is common that companies implement various tools and methods such as Lean Manufacturing, Continuous Improvement and Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED). Implementing these helps to reduce the risk of production failures while increasing efficiency thus increasing profit.  This thesis brings up the implementation of a tool within Lean Manufacturing called SMED to a production line with the aim to increase the machine availability through reduction of the equipment changeover.  The thesis is a qualitative case study where the authors use interviews, observation and time measurement to gather relevant data which are then analysed for the goal of this thesis which is to reduce the complete equipment changeover time of the production line in Ämnesverkstaden. All the relevant data which was collected resulted in an implementation of a SMED mind-set and an instruction manual with a complementary list of necessary changes.  The authors believe that this study can provide useful information and knowledge when introducing SMED as well as an approach the operators can use in the future to help reduce the equipment changeover.

Water and energy are very necessary resources for operating any chemical plant and contribute to total costs. Economic reasons notwithstanding, the processing industry has been incentivised to practise sustainable production in which the consumption of energy and water are more efficient, in response to stringent environmental legislation and public perception. Published literature exists for the independent investigation of water and energy optimisation in batch plants. It has been established for the individual problems that, a true optimum can only be obtained if batch production scheduling and water use or energy optimisation are performed simultaneously. However, the simultaneous optimisation of both water and energy within the same production scheduling framework has been largely ignored, due to the potential complexities of such a problem. Additionally, literature addressing the minimisation of water in fixed load problems has usually assumed that the water using operations (washing) are sequence independent. This is unlikely, as equipment units usually perform more than one task in multipurpose batch plants. Since the sequence of tasks in a unit influences both the occurrence and extent of washing in the unit, appropriate consideration of task sequences during production can contribute to wastewater minimisation. This thesis presents a mathematical formulation for the production scheduling of multipurpose batch plants, in which sequence dependent changeover costs are addressed. When compared to an existing formulation, the proposed formulation leads to a smaller sized model with fewer binary variables, continuous variables and constraints for a given case study, although the same objective was obtained. Expanding upon this, a mathematical formulation for simultaneous batch production scheduling and wastewater minimisation, for which the water requirement in a unit is dependent on tasks and their successors, is presented. The effectiveness of the formulation was demonstrated using two case studies. The results show improvements in profit and reduced wastewater generation when the sequence of tasks is taken into consideration. One case study saw water savings of 48% achieved with this method. The formulation was extended to incorporate process integration in the form of direct water reuse, which resulted in a further improvement in profit and water use. The third contribution in this thesis is a simultaneous method for the optimisation of energy and water embedded within a scheduling framework. In addition, opportunities for direct and indirect heat integration as well as direct and indirect water reuse were explored with the objective of improving the profitability of the plant while minimising water and external utility usage. The applicability of the method was demonstrated with three case studies. The developed formulation proved superior to a method that solved the same problem sequentially. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Chemical Engineering / PhD / Unrestricted

<p> </p><p>The aim with this essay is to examine the individual's expectations in the meeting with a job coach. It has become all more common with job coaches, in order to meet the unemployment in the society. The survey builds on a quantitative method, where 29 individuals who are linked to a changeover-program towards new jobs, have replied to a questionnaire. The survey shows that the participants have expectations on the coach as a supporting function. There is also a trust to that the contact with a coach will lead to new employment. In conclusion, there is among some of the participants a view about that there is someone else than themselves that has a responsibility in order to reach employment.</p><p> </p>

No description available.

The aim with this essay is to examine the individual's expectations in the meeting with a job coach. It has become all more common with job coaches, in order to meet the unemployment in the society. The survey builds on a quantitative method, where 29 individuals who are linked to a changeover-program towards new jobs, have replied to a questionnaire. The survey shows that the participants have expectations on the coach as a supporting function. There is also a trust to that the contact with a coach will lead to new employment. In conclusion, there is among some of the participants a view about that there is someone else than themselves that has a responsibility in order to reach employment.

No description available.

Emhart Glass AB är en världsledande internationell tillverkare av automatiska glasformningsmaskiner för framställning av olika glasprodukter bl.a glasflaskor och glasburkar. Emhart Glass AB har i dagsläget 14 kontor i 10 olika länder och är sedan 1998 ägt av Bucher Industries. Den svenska divisionen är uppdelade i två enheter. I Örebro tillverkas maskindelar, reservdelar och strategiska komponenter. Komponenterna skickas sedan vidare till Sundsvall för del- och slutmontage. På Emhart Glass Sweden i Örebro har det uppmärksammats att långa ställtider förekommer vid vissa maskingrupper. Uppdraget består av att med hjälp av videoinspelningar och mjukvaran AviX analysera omställningsarbetet och komma med förbättringsförslag. Målet är att med hjälp av AviX reducera ställtiden och utvärdera huruvida AviX är ett lämpligt verktyg för det här sortens undersökning. Utvalda förbättringar ska sedan genomföras och utvärderas. Arbetet har utförts enligt SMED-metoden som är en välbeprövad metod för ställtidsreducering. Med hjälp av videoinspelningar kunde en grundlig nulägesanalys genomföras där alla ingående aktiviteter kunde identifieras. AviX användes sedan för att separera aktiviteterna och arrangera dem i den följd som gav den effektivaste omställningen. Den framtagna metoden standardiserades sedan genom rutinframtagning. Att standardisera utförandet ansågs vara ett krav för det kommande förbättringsarbetet då det är viktigt att samtliga operatörer utför omställningsarbetet på samma sätt. Förbättringsarbetet resulterade i ett antal förslag att förenkla och effektivisera omställningsarbetet för operatörerna. Utvalda förbättringar har genomförts och implementerats i omställningsarbetet. Förbättringarna tillsammans med de framtagna rutinerna uppskattas ge en ställtidsreducering mellan 20-30 %. Förbättringarna har gett operatörerna bättre förutsättningar att genomföra omställningarna snabbt och effektivt. Genom att genomföra fler förbättringsförslag kan ställtiden reduceras ytterligare. Emhart Glass rekommenderas att följa upp och föra statistik över omställningsarbetet och ställtiderna för att se hur dessa påverkats och arbeta med ständiga förbättringar för att effektivisera arbetet ytterligare. Vi anser att AviX är ett effektivt verktyg för att arbeta med ställtidsreducering och kan även användas i effektiviseringsarbetet för att leta fram och eliminera slöserier. Nyckelord: SMED, AviX, omställningsarbete, videoanalys, ställtidsreducering. / Emhart Glass AB is a leading international manufacturer of automatic glass forming machines for the manufacture of various glass products, among other things, glass bottles and jars. Emhart Glass AB has currently 14 offices in 10 countries and is since 1998 owned by Bucher Industries. The Swedish division is divided into two units. In Örebro manufactured machine parts, spare parts and strategic components. The components are then sent to Sundsvall for interim and final assembly. At Emhart Glass Sweden in Örebro has been discovered that long setup times occur at certain machine groups. The mission consists of using video recordings and the software AviX to analyze the changeover process and suggest improvements. The goal is that by using AviX reduce set-up time and evaluate whether AviX is a suitable tool for this sort of investigation. Featured improvements are then implemented and evaluated. The work has been performed according to the SMED-method which is a proven method for set-up time reduction. With the help of video recordings was a thorough situation analysis conducted in which all activities could be identified. AviX was then used to separate activities and arrange them in the order that gave the most efficient changeover. The developed method was standardized with new routines. To standardize the performance was considered to be a requirement for future improvement efforts because it is important that all operators perform changeovers in the same way. Improvement work resulted in a number of proposals to simplify and streamline the changeover process for operators. Featured improvements are in place and implemented in the changeover. These improvements along with the resulting procedures are estimated to provide a set-up time reduction between 20-30%. The improvements have given operators a better basis to carry out reorganization quickly and efficiently. By conducting more improvement suggestions set-up time is reduced even further. Emhart Glass is recommended to conduct a follow up and keep statistics on changeovers and set-up times to see how these are affected and making continuous improvements to improve efficiency further. We believe that AviX is an effective tool for working with set-up time reduction and can also be used to improve efficiency to seek out and eliminate waste.

Two groups of human subjects pressed buttons on five different variable-interval (VI) reinforcement schedules presented for seven minutes each for 15 sessions. At session 16, the same VI schedules were programmed concurrently in each session either with or without a 5 s changeover delay (COD). The same schedule-correlated stimuli were employed in single and concurrent conditions. Two other groups responded on concurrent VI VI conditions from the first session with or without the COD. Response allocations under concurrent scheduling better approximated relative reinforcement frequencies when the COD was programmed. Subjects with single VI histories failed to match response and time allocations to reinforcement ratios better than subjects given no such history. Bidirectional cumulative records are discussed as a molecular data analysis technique.

This diploma work is concerned about of euro conversion and its impact on information system ERP SAP in large multinational company. Theoretical part is focused on general scenarios of euro adoption and progress of adoption of euro in Slovakia. Next chapter is describing methods of project management, definitions, subjects and stakeholders, organizational structures and phases of the project. Theoretical parts ends with description of ERP functionality, basic functional modules and general information about ERP SAP. Second, practical part is dedicated to project of conversion of euro in ERP SAP itself. Practical part begins with describing of company, organizational structure and IS architecture. Next chapters are focused on analysis of particular subprojects defined on scope of general euro conversion project, their schedule and reasoning of the sequence of each subproject.