Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-19T13:36:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) COLACAO FINAL.pdf: 6155295 bytes, checksum: 72b54a0d2d74622812225c02c45a9105 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T13:36:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) COLACAO FINAL.pdf: 6155295 bytes, checksum: 72b54a0d2d74622812225c02c45a9105 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-05 / O anel na derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR) pode levar a intolerância alimentar, mesmo na ausência de estenose, sendo sua remoção cirúrgica o tratamento habitual. Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade, eficácia e segurança da dilatação endoscópica do anel com balão de acalasia – Rigiflex®, bem como a evolução ponderal que se segue ao procedimento. Procedeu-se a um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, com avaliação de dados coletados prospectivamente. A coorte estudada foi submetida ao procedimento proposto no Hospital das Clínicas da UFPE, entre 2002 e 2011, sendo composta por pacientes advindos de serviços de cirurgia bariátrica, em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Foram incluídos 63 pacientes (45 mulheres e 18 homens), com média de idade de 42,4 anos, com quadro de vômitos pós-alimentares em frequência superior a quatro episódios semanais. A efetividade do método baseou-se na melhora dos sintomas obstrutivos, tendo sido empregadas até quatro sessões. Avaliou-se a evolução do índice de massa corporal (IMC), do percentual de excesso de peso (%EP) e do percentual de perda de excesso de peso (%PEP) da amostra em relação aos períodos pré-operatório, da dilatação e do seguimento tardio. Houve melhora completa da sintomatologia inicial em 59 casos (93,6%) e parcial, em dois casos (3,2%). Houve complicações leves em seis casos (9,6%), todos tratados clinicamente. Após seguimento mediano de 43 meses houve incremento médio no IMC de 2,5 kg/m². A dilatação endoscópica com balão, método minimamente invasivo, mostrou-se viável, segura e eficaz, observando-se pequeno aumento ponderal na avaliação tardia. / The placement of a ring on Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) can lead to food intolerance, even in the absence of stenosis, and its surgical removal is the usual treatment. The purpose of this retrospective, longitudinal study, which evaluated prospectively collected data, was to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy and safety of endoscopic ring dilation with achalasia balloon - Rigiflex®, as well as the weight gain following the procedure. The patients enrolled in this cohort came from different bariatric services in Brazil and underwent the proposed procedure at Hospital das Clínicas of UFPE, between 2002 and 2011. Sixty three patients (45 women and 18 men) with a mean age of 42.4 years who had more than four post-prandial vomiting episodes per week were included. The effectiveness of the method was based on the improvement in obstructive symptoms, after up to four sessions. The body mass index (BMI), the percentage of excess weight (% EW) and the percentage of excess weight loss (% EWL) of the subjects were evaluated in relation to the preoperative period, the dilation moment and the late follow-up. There was full improvement of the initial symptoms in 59 cases (93.6%) and partial, in two cases (3.2%). Minor complications were observed in six cases (9.6%), which were all treated clinically. After median follow-up of 43 months there was an average BMI increase of 2.5 kg / m². Endoscopic balloon dilation, which is a minimally invasive method, proved to be feasible, safe and effective with a slight weight gain in late evaluation.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2017-12-18T18:07:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 IALA_ BERTASSO2017.pdf: 2661829 bytes, checksum: 3d7795062e62098ad8c0fa111886f04d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T18:07:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 IALA_ BERTASSO2017.pdf: 2661829 bytes, checksum: 3d7795062e62098ad8c0fa111886f04d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná (FA) / In the present study, the lipid profile and the gene and protein expression of enzymes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and its repercussion in males of adult offspring were evaluated in obese rats submitted to Roux - en - Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Wistar rats obese by the cafeteria diet (CAF) were submitted to false operation (CAF SHAM) or to RYGB (CAF RYGB). Five weeks later, they began the mating season. The offspring males (F1) obtained were named according to the procedure performed in their mothers, in CAF SHAM-F1 and CAF RYGB-F1, who received a standard weaning diet at 120 days of age. Lipid profile and hepatic lipid metabolic pathways were verified in the mothers and pups. Mothers submitted to the RYGB presented reduction of body weight, fat pad and dyslipidemia. However, maternal RYGB promoted accumulation of hepatic fat (grade 3 steatosis), a mechanism probably due to the reduction of hepatic lipogenesis and increased β-oxidation in the rats of the CAF RYGB group. CAF RYGB-F1 offspring presented a reduction in body weight, accumulation of fat, serum triglycerides (TG) and hepatic cholesterol (CHOL) at 120 days. The amount of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) mRNA was lower, whereas the amount of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) mRNA was higher in animals from the CAF RYGB-F1 group, compared to the animals from the CAF SHAM-F1 group. The protein expression of ACC and the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) was higher, whereas the expression of fatty acid synthetase (FASN) and phosphorylated ACC (pACC) was lower in CAF RYGB-F1 group, when compared to the animals of the CAF SHAM-F1 group. RYGB in CAF rats improved obesity after pregnancy and lactation. However, these animals had severe liver damage, which did not affect males of adult offspring, despite changes in lipid metabolic pathways. / No presente estudo, foram avaliados, em ratas obesas submetidas à derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR), o perfil lipídico e a expressão gênica e proteica de enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo lipídico hepático e sua repercussão nos machos da prole adulta. Ratas Wistar obesas pela dieta de cafeteria (CAF) foram submetidas à falsa operação (CAF FO) ou à DGYR (CAF DGYR). Após cinco semanas, iniciaram o período de acasalamento. Os machos da prole (F1) obtida foram denominados segundo o procedimento realizado em suas mães, em CAF FO-F1 e CAF DGYR-F1, os quais receberam dieta padrão do desmame aos 120 dias de vida. O perfil lipídico e vias metabólicas lipídicas hepáticas foram verificados nas mães e nos filhotes. Mães submetidas à DGYR apresentaram redução do peso corporal, acúmulo de gordura e dislipidemia. Todavia, a DGYR materna promoveu acúmulo de gordura hepática (esteatose grau 3), um mecanismo provavelmente decorrente da redução da lipogênese hepática e aumento da β-oxidação nas ratas do grupo CAF DGYR. Os descendentes CAF DGYR-F1 apresentaram, aos 120 dias de vida, redução do peso corporal, do acúmulo de gordura, da concentração sérica de triglicerídeos (TG) e conteúdo de colesterol hepático (COL). A quantidade de mRNA da acetil-CoA carboxilase (ACC) e da estearoil-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) foi menor, ao passo que a quantidade do mRNA da carnitina palmitoil-transferase-1 (CPT-1) foi maior nos animais do grupo CAF DGYR-F1, comparados aos animais do grupo CAF FO-F1. A expressão proteica da ACC e da proteína de transferência de triglicerídeos microssomal (MTTP) foi maior, enquanto que a expressão da enzima ácido graxo sintetase (FASN) e da ACC fosforilada (pACC) foi menor nos animais do grupo CAF DGYR-F1, quando comparados aos animais do grupo CAF FO-F1. A DGYR em ratas CAF melhorou a obesidade após prenhez e lactação. Entretanto, estes animais apresentaram danos hepáticos severos, os quais não repercutiram nos machos da prole adulta, apesar das alterações em vias metabólicas lipídicas.

<p>In our first study, we explored the barriers to complying with iron supplement recommendations using focus groups. We recruited adults, ages 18-75 years, who have had bariatric surgery at least two months previously to participate in one of four 90-minute focus groups. Participants filled out a survey asking for information on demographics and supplement use, and a facilitator asked a set of pre-determined questions to each group. Responses were written, recorded, transcribed using TranscribeMe (San Francisco CA), and analyzed using NVivo (QSR International Pty Ltd, Doncaster, Victoria). The focus groups contained nineteen participants, five of which had sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and fourteen had Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The average age of the participants was 49.3 ± 9.4 years, and they had undergone surgery 3.9 ± 3.6 years previously. The key factors that influenced participants’ adherence to supplement guidelines were cost, tolerability, and palatability of the supplement, level of knowledge and support from healthcare providers, and convenience of the supplementation regime.</p> <p>The second study was a prospective observational study to determine the bioavailability of ASP compared to FS. Iron deficient RYGB patients ages 18-65 years, who had surgery at least 6 months previously, participated in 8-hour iron absorption tests. Participants received a low-iron breakfast with 65 mg ASP (N=7) or FS (N=3). We assessed serum iron every 30 minutes for 8 hours following the supplementation using a colorimetric assay (South Bend Medical Foundation, South Bend, IN). In participants administered FS, serum iron increased 96.0 ± 27.2 µg/dL compared to baseline, whereas with ASP, serum iron increased 5.8 ± 4.7 µg/dL compared to baseline (<i>P</i> = 0.02). These data indicate that ASP is not as bioavailable as FS in RYGB patients.</p>

No description available.

<p>Background: The objective of this thesis was to examine the role of psychosocial factors in weight loss success after bariatric surgery. It was proposed that a higher pre-operative body mass index (BMI), greater weight, depression, low self-esteem, and a childhood history of sexual abuse (CSA) would predict poor outcomes one year after Roux-en-y gastric bypass as evidenced by a BMI > 35 kg/m²and a lower percent total weight loss (%TWL). Methods: We administered a battery of psychological screening tools, including the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and a self-report measure assessing CSA, to 262 patients seeking bariatric surgery at St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton. Patients completed the questionnaires prior to surgery and again one year post-surgery. Results: On average patients (n = 79) achieved good weight loss outcomes (BMI = 32.8 kg/m²) at one-year follow-up. Through multiple regression analysis we found that pre-operative BMI accounted for a significant proportion of variance in postoperative BMI [<em>R²</em> = .60, <em>F</em>(1, 77) = 114.4, <em>p</em> < .001]. Weight before surgery, however, did not predict %TWL after surgery. None of the psychosocial variables significantly predicted post-operative BMI or weight loss. These results are preliminary and are limited by the fact that participants did not present with clinically significant symptomatology and those with active psychopathology were excluded as suitable surgical candidates. Conclusion: These findings indicate that pre-operative BMI is a significant predictor of BMI one year after bariatric surgery, suggesting that more attention should be directed toward managing pre-operative BMI for heavier patients.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Submitted by Natalia de Souza Gonçalves (natalia.goncalves@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-10T13:09:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) GALENO EGYDIO - COLACAO DE GRAU.pdf: 1509311 bytes, checksum: f4dc67e7a0e6a1a9159df433631ba569 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T13:09:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) GALENO EGYDIO - COLACAO DE GRAU.pdf: 1509311 bytes, checksum: f4dc67e7a0e6a1a9159df433631ba569 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-19 / O uso de anel na derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR) está associado à intolerância alimentar pós-operatória, cujo tratamento clássico tem sido a remoção cirúrgica. Um novo método utilizando prótese plástica autoexpansível (PPAE) induz erosão intragástrica do anel, o qual é removido por via endoscópica de forma minimamente invasiva. Objetiva-se analisar a eficácia e a segurança dessa técnica de remoção de anel após DGYR. Estudo prospectivo longitudinal de série de 41 pacientes com intolerância alimentar associada à presença de anel, que foram, tratados por via endoscópica, entre 2007 e 2013. O grupo apresentava média de idade igual a 44,1 anos, IMC médio de 27,0 Kg/m², e vômitos foram os sintomas mais frequentes (n=37), com ocorrência diária em 46,3%. O sucesso terapêutico foi definido como a melhora dos sintomas após a remoção do anel. O implante de PPAE foi realizado sob anestesia geral e guiado por radioscopia, sendo utilizado endoscópio padrão. Os pacientes receberam alta após 24 horas com dieta líquida e inibidor de bomba de prótons (IBP), que foi prescrito durante o tempo médio de permanência da PPAE, que foi de 15,3 dias. A prótese promoveu erosão completa de anel em 24 (58,5%) pacientes e no grupo restante, a remoção em segundo estágio após 7 dias com pinça de corpo estranho. Houve três casos de migração da prótese com eliminação espontânea por via retal. O efeito adverso mais comum foi vômito (n=7). Não houve complicações graves, nem necessidade de remoção precoce da prótese. Após seguimento médio de 6 meses, não houve mudança significativa no IMC e 78% dos pacientes foram capazes de ingerir carne vermelha. A remoção do anel com uso de prótese endoscópica demonstrou ser um procedimento seguro e eficaz, com100% dos anéis sendo removidos com sucesso e 29,3% de ocorrência de eventos adversos leves (vômitos). Esta técnica é uma alternativa adequada na remoção do anel, evitando a intervenção cirúrgica e reduzindo a possibilidade de reganho de peso. / Ring dysfunction after roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) causing delayed gastric emptying on Fobi pouch is classically treated by surgical ring removal. In a novel way of using selfexpandable stents, intraluminal erosion of the ring is achieved, allowing its removal by endoscopy, with no need of surgery. No study has shown clinical applicability of this principle in RYGB banded with silastic ring. In this case series we analyze endoscopic removal of noneroded dysfunctional rings after RYGB using self-expandable plastic stents (SEPS). This is a prospective case series of 41 patients with delayed gastric emptying secondary to extrinsic compression of the ring after RYGB between 2007 and 2013. Successful ring removal, symptoms improvement, weight control and adverse events were evaluated. Mean age of subjects was 44.1 years, median BMI at treatment was 27.0 Kg/m2. Most common symptom was vomiting (n=37), with daily occurrence in 46.3%. Success was defined as symptoms improvement after stent and ring removal. SEPS placement was done under general anesthesia and fluoroscopic guidance. A standard gastroscope (Pentax Medical, Montvale, NJ), and a PolyflexTM stent (25x21x150mm) (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) were used in all cases. All patients were discharged after a 2-hour observation period, with liquid diet and proton pump inhibitor. SEPS induced complete erosion in 24 patients, allowing for simultaneous stent and ring removal. The median time of stenting was 15 days. There was one case of stent migration, which was naturally expelled. Most common adverse event was vomiting (n=7). There was no early stent removal, and no serious complications. After a mean follow-up of 6 months, there was no significant change in mean BMI, and 78% of patients are able to ingest solid foods. Endoscopic stents led to ring intraluminal erosion in 100% of subjects, allowing for successful removal of dysfunctional rings. The procedure is technically feasible and safe, with a 29.3% occurrence of mild adverse events (vomiting), and no serious complications. It proved to be a reasonable alternative for ring removal in our casuistic, avoiding surgery, and decreasing the possibility of weight regain.

Einleitung Angesichts des besorgniserregenden Anstiegs der weltweiten Inzidenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas sowie der damit assoziierten Komorbiditäten, bedarf es neben weitreichenden präventiven Maßnahmen vor allem der Entwicklung neuer, nachhaltig effizienter Strategien zum langfristigen Gewichts- und Stoffwechselmanagement. Als wichtiger Ausgangspunkt für solch non-invasive Behandlungsalternativen, könnte das Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden Wirkmechanismen der „bariatrisch-metabolischen Chirurgie“, mit dem Roux-en-Y Magenbypass (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, RYGB) als eines der am häufigsten angewandten Verfahren, genutzt werden. Zumal der langfristige Erfolg der RYGB-Operation nicht nur auf die restriktiv-malabsorptiven Modifikationen zurückzuführen ist, sondern auch mit zahlreichen vom Gewichtsverlust unabhängigen Faktoren, wie einer erheblichen Umgestaltung der mikrobiellen Darmbesiedlung, in Verbindung gebracht wird. Inwieweit es sich hierbei um eine kausale Verbindung zwischen der RYGB-modulierten intestinalen Mikrobiota und den durch den chirurgischen Eingriff induzierten Gesundheitsvorteilen handelt, blieb bislang jedoch ungeklärt. Ziel der Untersuchung Die vorliegende Arbeit dient der Darstellung der funktionellen Beziehung zwischen der RYGB-spezifischen Darm-Mikrobiota und den positiven therapeutischen Effekten der Roux-en-Y Magenbypass-Operation bei diätetisch-induzierter Adipositas. Hierbei ist vor allem die Rolle der postoperativen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ beim Erreichen der nachhaltigen Gewichtsreduktion und verbesserten Stoffwechselfunktion von besonderem Interesse. Im Weiteren wird die Mikrobiota-basierte Übertragbarkeit jener vorteilhaften Auswirkungen des bariatrischen Eingriffs auf ein konventionelles Adipositasmodell untersucht. Ergebnisse Mithilfe der gezielten Dezimierung der mikrobiellen Darmflora von RYGB-operierten Tieren, ließ sich die grundlegende Bedeutung derselben für die postoperativen Verbesserungen der Gewichts-, Stoffwechsel- und Energiekontrolle des Wirtes verdeutlichen. So führte die kontinuierliche Antibiotikagabe zu einer signifikanten Minderung der positiven klinischen Effekte des Eingriffes, was als Beweis für die essenzielle Bedeutung der intestinalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ zum Erreichen des vollen Ausmaßes der therapeutischen Wirksamkeit der Operation bewertet werden kann. Basierend auf Versuchen, die die Übertragbarkeit bariatrischer Therapieeffekte auf keimfreie, metabolisch unbelastete Versuchstiere belegen, gelang es uns zudem nachzuweisen, dass der fäkale Mikrobiota-Transfer der post-RYGB veränderten mikrobiellen Darmbesiedlung auch bei konventionell aufgezogenen, nicht-operierten Kleinnagern mit diätetisch-induzierter Adipositas ausreicht, um die positiven Auswirkungen der Operation auf die Stoffwechselgesundheit des Empfängers nachzuahmen. Schlussfolgerungen So unterstreichen die Ergebnisse unseres konventionellen Adipositas-Krankheitsmodells zum einen die entscheidende Rolle der intestinalen Mikrobiota als Schlüsselfaktor für den Operationserfolg des Roux-en-Y Magenbypasses und veranschaulichen zum anderen eine innovative Möglichkeit zur Behandlung von Adipositas und den damit verbundenen Stoffwechselerkrankungen auf der Grundlage von Mikrobiota-Modulation.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 2.1 Adipositas in unserer Gesellschaft 2.2 Therapiemöglichkeiten von Adipositas 2.2.1 konservative Behandlungsansätze 2.2.2 bariatrische Chirurgie 2.3 Auswirkungen der Roux-en-Y Magenbypass-Operation auf das Körpergewicht, den Stoffwechsel und die intestinale Mikrobiota bei Adipositas 2.4 Rolle der intestinalen Mikrobiota bei physiologischen und pathologischen Stoffwechselprozessen im Wirtsorganismus 2.5 Behandlung von Darmerkrankungen und extraintestinalen Krankheiten durch fäkalen Mikrobiota-Transfer 2.6 Evidenz für die Übertragung des metabolischen Phänotyps durch fäkalen Mikrobiota-Transfer 2.7 Bisherige Evidenz zur Wirkung der nach RYGB-Operation modulierten intestinalen Mikrobiota auf den Wirtsstoffwechsel 2.8 Fragestellungen und Hypothesen 3 TIERE, MATERIALIEN UND METHODEN 3.1 Versuchstiere 3.2 Materialien 3.2.1 Materialien des allgemeinen Versuchsablaufs und der In-vivo-Tests 3.2.2 Materialien der Roux-en-Y Magenbypass-Operation 3.2.3 Materialien der Ex-vivo-Analysen 3.3 Methoden 3.3.1 Allgemeiner Versuchsablauf 3.3.2 Roux-en-Y Magenbypass-Operation in der Ratte 3.3.2.1 Präoperative Versorgung 3.3.2.2 OP-Ablauf 3.3.2.3 Postoperative Versorgung 3.3.3 In-vivo-Tests 3.3.3.1 Glukosetoleranztest 3.3.3.2 Insulintoleranztest 3.3.3.3 Kälteexposition und Wärmebildaufnahme 3.3.3.4 Echo MRI 3.3.4 Ex-vivo-Analysen 3.3.4.1 Gewebeentnahme und -konservierung 3.3.4.2 Histologische Gewebeaufarbeitung 3.3.4.2.1 Generierung histologischer Gewebeschnitte 3.3.4.2.2 Immunhistochemische/Histologische Färbeverfahren 3.3.4.2.3 Mikroskopische Gewebsanalyse 3.3.4.3 Absorptionsphotometrie 3.3.4.4 Statistische Auswertung 4 ERGEBNISSE 4.1 Dezimierung der intestinalen Mikrobiota post-RYGB beeinflusst die therapeutischen Effekte der operativen Intervention auf den Wirtsorganismus 4.1.1 Dezimierung der „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ verändert den Einfluss der Operation auf die Futterpräferenz, Energiezufuhr und das Körpergewicht 4.1.2 Dezimierung der „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ modifiziert die Auswirkungen der chirurgischen Intervention auf die Glukose-Homöostase 4.1.3 Dezimierung der „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ beeinflusst die Folgen des bariatrischen Eingriffs auf den Lipidmetabolismus 4.1.4 Auswirkung der Dezimierung der „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ auf die postoperativ auftretenden Veränderungen des Energiehaushaltes (Thermogenese) 4.1.5 Dezimierung der „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ verändert die Effekte der Operation auf die Morphologie des Darms 4.2 Übertragung der post-RYGB veränderten intestinalen Mikrobiota auf ein konventionelles Adipositasmodell imitiert die therapeutischen Effekte der operativen Intervention 4.2.1 Einfluss des Transfers der fäkalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ auf die Futterpräferenz, Energiezufuhr und das Körpergewicht im konventionellen Adipositasmodell 4.2.2 Auswirkung des Transfers der fäkalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ auf die Glukose- Homöostase im konventionellen Adipositasmodell 4.2.3 Beeinflussung des Lipidmetabolismus durch den Transfer der fäkalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ im konventionellen Adipositasmodell 4.2.4 Veränderung des Energiehaushaltes (Thermogenese) durch den Transfer der fäkalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ im konventionellen Adipositasmodell 4.2.5 Transfer der fäkalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ modifiziert die Morphologie des Darms im konventionellen Adipositasmodell 5 DISKUSSION 5.1 Kausale Rolle der postoperativ veränderten intestinalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ für den Therapieerfolg der Operation 5.2 Therapeutische Bedeutung der RYGB-spezifischen intestinalen Mikrobiota auf Gewicht und Stoffwechsel bei konventioneller Adipositas 5.3 Fazit und Ausblick 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 7 SUMMARY 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS / Introduction In view of the alarming increase in the global incidence of overweight and obesity and the associated comorbidities, there is a particular need for the development of new, sustainably efficient strategies for long-term weight and metabolic management, in addition to far-reaching preventive measures. As an important starting point for such noninvasive treatment alternatives, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action of 'bariatric metabolic surgery', with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) as one of the most commonly used procedures, could be used. Especially since the long-term success of RYGB surgery is not only due to the restrictive malabsorptive modifications, but also associated with numerous factors independent of weight loss, such as significant transformation of the intestinal microbial colonization. However, the extent to which this constitutes a causal link between the RYGB-modulated intestinal microbiota and the health benefits induced by the surgical intervention has so far remained unclear. Aims of the Study The aim of this investigation is to present the functional relationship between the RYGB-specific gut microbiota and the beneficial therapeutic effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for diet-induced obesity. Here, the role of the postoperative 'RYGB-microbiota' in achieving sustained weight loss and improved metabolic function is of particular interest. Furthermore, the microbiota-based transferability of those beneficial effects of bariatric surgery to a conventional obesity model is investigated. Results Using deliberate depletion of the intestinal microbial flora of RYGB-operated animals, our experiments in the RYGB small animal model allowed us to elucidate the fundamental importance of surgery-induced modulation of the intestinal microbiota for the postoperative improvements in the host's weight as well as metabolic, and energy control. In fact, continuous administration of antibiotics significantly attenuated the beneficial clinical effects of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, which can be interpreted as evidence of the essential importance of the intestinal 'RYGB-microbiota' for the full extent of the therapeutic efficacy of surgery. Based on experiments demonstrating the transferability of the effects of bariatric therapy to germ-free, metabolically unaffected experimental animals, we were also able to demonstrate that fecal microbiota transfer of the altered post-RYGB intestinal microbial colonization was sufficient to mimic the beneficial effects of surgery on the metabolic health of the recipient, even in non-operated, conventionally reared small rodents with diet-induced obesity. Conclusions Thus, the results of our conventional obesity disease model both highlight the critical role of intestinal microbiota as a key factor in the surgical success of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and illustrate an innovative way to treat obesity and associated metabolic diseases through microbiota modulation.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 2.1 Adipositas in unserer Gesellschaft 2.2 Therapiemöglichkeiten von Adipositas 2.2.1 konservative Behandlungsansätze 2.2.2 bariatrische Chirurgie 2.3 Auswirkungen der Roux-en-Y Magenbypass-Operation auf das Körpergewicht, den Stoffwechsel und die intestinale Mikrobiota bei Adipositas 2.4 Rolle der intestinalen Mikrobiota bei physiologischen und pathologischen Stoffwechselprozessen im Wirtsorganismus 2.5 Behandlung von Darmerkrankungen und extraintestinalen Krankheiten durch fäkalen Mikrobiota-Transfer 2.6 Evidenz für die Übertragung des metabolischen Phänotyps durch fäkalen Mikrobiota-Transfer 2.7 Bisherige Evidenz zur Wirkung der nach RYGB-Operation modulierten intestinalen Mikrobiota auf den Wirtsstoffwechsel 2.8 Fragestellungen und Hypothesen 3 TIERE, MATERIALIEN UND METHODEN 3.1 Versuchstiere 3.2 Materialien 3.2.1 Materialien des allgemeinen Versuchsablaufs und der In-vivo-Tests 3.2.2 Materialien der Roux-en-Y Magenbypass-Operation 3.2.3 Materialien der Ex-vivo-Analysen 3.3 Methoden 3.3.1 Allgemeiner Versuchsablauf 3.3.2 Roux-en-Y Magenbypass-Operation in der Ratte 3.3.2.1 Präoperative Versorgung 3.3.2.2 OP-Ablauf 3.3.2.3 Postoperative Versorgung 3.3.3 In-vivo-Tests 3.3.3.1 Glukosetoleranztest 3.3.3.2 Insulintoleranztest 3.3.3.3 Kälteexposition und Wärmebildaufnahme 3.3.3.4 Echo MRI 3.3.4 Ex-vivo-Analysen 3.3.4.1 Gewebeentnahme und -konservierung 3.3.4.2 Histologische Gewebeaufarbeitung 3.3.4.2.1 Generierung histologischer Gewebeschnitte 3.3.4.2.2 Immunhistochemische/Histologische Färbeverfahren 3.3.4.2.3 Mikroskopische Gewebsanalyse 3.3.4.3 Absorptionsphotometrie 3.3.4.4 Statistische Auswertung 4 ERGEBNISSE 4.1 Dezimierung der intestinalen Mikrobiota post-RYGB beeinflusst die therapeutischen Effekte der operativen Intervention auf den Wirtsorganismus 4.1.1 Dezimierung der „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ verändert den Einfluss der Operation auf die Futterpräferenz, Energiezufuhr und das Körpergewicht 4.1.2 Dezimierung der „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ modifiziert die Auswirkungen der chirurgischen Intervention auf die Glukose-Homöostase 4.1.3 Dezimierung der „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ beeinflusst die Folgen des bariatrischen Eingriffs auf den Lipidmetabolismus 4.1.4 Auswirkung der Dezimierung der „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ auf die postoperativ auftretenden Veränderungen des Energiehaushaltes (Thermogenese) 4.1.5 Dezimierung der „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ verändert die Effekte der Operation auf die Morphologie des Darms 4.2 Übertragung der post-RYGB veränderten intestinalen Mikrobiota auf ein konventionelles Adipositasmodell imitiert die therapeutischen Effekte der operativen Intervention 4.2.1 Einfluss des Transfers der fäkalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ auf die Futterpräferenz, Energiezufuhr und das Körpergewicht im konventionellen Adipositasmodell 4.2.2 Auswirkung des Transfers der fäkalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ auf die Glukose- Homöostase im konventionellen Adipositasmodell 4.2.3 Beeinflussung des Lipidmetabolismus durch den Transfer der fäkalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ im konventionellen Adipositasmodell 4.2.4 Veränderung des Energiehaushaltes (Thermogenese) durch den Transfer der fäkalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ im konventionellen Adipositasmodell 4.2.5 Transfer der fäkalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ modifiziert die Morphologie des Darms im konventionellen Adipositasmodell 5 DISKUSSION 5.1 Kausale Rolle der postoperativ veränderten intestinalen „RYGB-Mikrobiota“ für den Therapieerfolg der Operation 5.2 Therapeutische Bedeutung der RYGB-spezifischen intestinalen Mikrobiota auf Gewicht und Stoffwechsel bei konventioneller Adipositas 5.3 Fazit und Ausblick 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 7 SUMMARY 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) as well as noradrenaline (NA) are key modulators of various fundamental brain functions including the control of appetite. While manipulations that alter brain serotoninergic signaling clearly affect body weight, studies implicating 5-HT transporters and NA transporters (5-HTT and NAT, respectively) as a main drug treatment target for human obesity have not been conclusive. The aim of this positron emission tomography (PET) study was to investigate how these central transporters are associated with changes of body weight after 6 months of dietary intervention or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery in order to assess whether 5-HTT as well as NAT availability can predict weight loss and consequently treatment success. The study population consisted of two study cohorts using either the 5-HTT-selective radiotracer [11C]DASB to measure 5-HTT availability or the NAT-selective radiotracer [11C]MRB to assess NAT availability. Each group included non-obesity healthy participants, patients with severe obesity (body mass index, BMI, >35 kg/m2) following a conservative dietary program (diet) and patients undergoing RYGB surgery within a 6-month follow-up. Overall, changes in BMI were not associated with changes of both 5-HTT and NAT availability, while 5-HTT availability in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) prior to intervention was associated with substantial BMI reduction after RYGB surgery and inversely related with modest BMI reduction after diet. Taken together, the data of our study indicate that 5-HTT and NAT are involved in the pathomechanism of obesity and have the potential to serve as predictors of treatment outcomes.