O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar relações entre ruminação e reflexão com sexo, Neuroticismo/ajustamento emocional (vulnerabilidade, desajustamento psicossocial, depressão e ansiedade) e bem-estar subjetivo (BES) (satisfação de vida, afeto positivo e afeto negativo) e testá-las empiricamente. Participaram deste estudo 361 universitários que responderam coletivamente em sala de aula questionários de auto relato. Verificou-se que ruminação está relacionada com afeto negativo, depressão, ansiedade e vulnerabilidade. As implicações teóricas e clínicas destes resultados são discutidos a luz da literatura da área. / The aim of this thesis is to present relationships among rumination and reflection with sex, neuroticism (vulnerability, psychological maladjustment, depression and anxiety) and subjective well-being (SWB) (life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect) and test them empirically. For this, 361 undergraduate students answered self-report questionnaires in groups. The results showed that rumination is related with negative affect, anxiety, depression and vulnerability. Theoretical and clinical implications of these results are discussed.

abstract: Emotion regulation repertoire, or the number of emotion regulation strategies one is able to employ when needed, is an important element of emotion regulation flexibility. Emotion regulation flexibility, the ability to regulate in accordance with changing situational contexts and demands, is predictive of emotion regulation success. Currently, little is known about emotion regulation repertoire and its association with emotional health and well-being. In particular, more can be learned about how the different strategies in one’s repertoire interact, and which strategies show stronger relationships with mental health. The current study aimed to assess the relationship of different emotion regulation strategies to mental health, including their individual and combined influence. In addition, the interaction between the use of specific emotion regulation strategies and emotion regulation flexibility with respect to mental health was examined. I hypothesized (1a) reappraisal and (1b) acceptance, two strategies previously associated with positive psychological outcomes, would be significant predictors of mental health, and (2) better flexibility would predict better mental health. In addition, I hypothesized that (3) strategies often found to be maladaptive (suppression, distraction, rumination, and experiential avoidance) would have an inverse relationship with mental health. Finally, (4) maladaptive strategies would be associated with worse mental health for those lower in flexibility. These hypotheses were tested through a questionnaire as part of a larger in-lab study. Results revealed that reappraisal and rumination were the strongest predictors of mental health. Emotion regulation flexibility did not predict mental health or moderate the relationship between individual emotion regulation strategies and mental health. Results from this study suggest some emotion regulation strategies are stronger predictors of mental health than others. This will guide future research on specific emotion regulation strategies in a repertoire as well as their combined effect on mental health. Creating a clearer picture of how different strategies interact and influence mental health will also be vital for clinical interventions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2018

Orientador: Heraldo César Gonçalves / Banca: Roberto de Oliveira Roça / Banca: Sirlei Aparecida Maestá / Resumo: Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do grupo racial e sexo, no comportamento ingestivo de cabritos jovens criados em sistema de confinamento. Foram utilizados 35 cabritos, de ambos os sexos divididos dentre os grupos raciais: Alpina (A) - 1 macho e 4 fêmeas, ½ Anglo - Nubiana + ½ Alpina (½ ANA) - 4 machos e 4 fêmeas, ½ Boer + ½ Alpina (½ BA) - 2 machos e 4 fêmeas, ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpina (¾ BA) - 4 machos e 4 fêmeas e ½ Anglo-Nubiana + ¼ Alpina + ¼ Boer (Tricross - TC) - 4 machos e 4 fêmeas. Foram realizadas semanalmente, observações visuais do comportamento que os animais apresentavam no decorrer de 24 horas contínuas, a cada dez minutos. A temperatura e umidade relativa foram registradas a cada uma hora, nos dias da observação. Para realizar as observações, foram utilizadas duplas de observadores que permaneceram em média 4 horas observando os animais. O tempo médio gasto com consumo de alimento foi de 281,33 minutos, representando 19,54% do período de 24 horas. Foi observada interação entre grupo racial e sexo para as atividades: tempo de ingestão, ruminação deitado, ruminação total, deitado em ócio, ócio total e outras atividades. De maneira geral, os machos e as fêmeas de todos os grupos raciais ficaram mais tempo em ócio do que nas outras atividades observadas. Os animais da raça Alpina foram os que mais tempo passaram em ócio dormindo. / Abstract: This work aimed to evaluate the effect of racial groups and gender on ingestive behavior in confined kids. Thirty-five kids from both genders were used in this study and divided among the racial groups: Alpine (A) - 1 male and 4 female, ½ Nubian + ½ Alpine (½ ANA) - 4 male and 4 female, ½ Boer + ½ Alpine (½ BA) - 2 male and 4 female, ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpine (¾ BA) - 4 male and 4 female and ½ Nubian + ¼ Alpine + ¼ Boer, (Three cross - TC) - 4 male and 4 female. Visual observation of animal behavior was recorded weekly, for 24 h continuously, every 10 minutes. Temperature and relative humidity of air were registered every one-hour at behavior observation day. Doubles of were used for recording behavior that remained on average 4 h observing the animals. The average time spent on food intake was 281.33 minutes, representing 19.54% of 24-hour period. Interaction was observed between racial groups and sex for the activities: time of ingestion, lying rumination, total rumination, lying on leisure, total leisure and all other activities. In general, males and females of all racial groups were more time in leisure than in other activities observed. Animals of the Alpine breed were the most time spent in leisure sleep. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mariani_tm_me_botfmvz.pdf: 521848 bytes, checksum: 2d5f794a732e1c41512018d52c981410 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Esse estudo foi realizado para avaliar o preparado de anticorpos policlonais (PAP) sobre o comportamento ingestivo (CING) e desempenho de bovinos Brangus (BR) e Nelore (NE) confinados. Foram utilizados 32 machos inteiros (254,1 ± 12,7 kg), de cada um dos 2 grupos genéticos, e estes foram alimentados por 144 dias com dietas contendo ou monensina sódica (MON) ou PAP nas dosagens de 30 e 300 mg/kg de matéria seca (MS) respectivamente. Medidas no tempo foram coletadas de acordo com os períodos avaliados durante o estudo: adaptação, crescimento, terminação 1 e terminação 2. As observações foram feitas a cada 5 minutos durante 24h, aonde os dados das variáveis de CING foram coletados: tempos médios de ruminação (TR), de alimentação (TAL), de ócio, número de idas ao bebedouro, e número de refeições ao dia (REF/dia). As eficiências de alimentação (EAL) e ruminação (ERU) da MS e do FDN foram calculadas usando-se combinações dos dados de CING com os dados de consumo de MS e FDN. Não foi observado (P > 0,05) efeito dos aditivos alimentares sobre as EAL e ERU da MS e do FDN. Houve efeito sobre REF/dia e TAL despendido por refeição (TALREF), onde animais suplementados com MON apresentaram maiores (P < 0,05) REF/dia, TR e animais recebendo PAP tiveram maior (P < 0,05) TALREF. Animais recebendo PAP e MON apresentaram similares (P > 0,05) GPD, CMS e CA. Os animais BR apresentaram maior (P < 0,05) TALREF e CMS por refeição. Observouse (P < 0,05) efeito dos grupos genéticos sobre EAL e ERU da MS e da FDN (P < 0,01), onde bovinos BR apresentaram melhores eficiências quando comparados aos animais NE. Assim sendo, devido às similaridades nos resultados de CING, EAL, ERU e desempenho, PAP pode ser uma eventual alternativa à MON em dietas de alto teor de concentrado. / This study was designed to test polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against several rumen microorganisms on feeding behavior and feedlot performance of Brangus (BR) and Nellore (NE) cattle. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using repeated measures over time, replicated 4 times (4 bullocks/pen), in which 32 9-mo-old bullocks (254,1 ± 12,7 kg) of each of two breeds evaluated were fed for 144 days, diets containing either monensin (MON) or PAP at 30 or 300 mg/kg of dry matter (DM) daily; respectively. Measures over time were taken according to the periods evaluated during the study: adaptation, growing, finishing 1 and finishing 2. Visual appraisal was made every five minutes during 24h, and feeding behavior data was collected as follows: time spent eating (EAT), ruminating (RUM), resting, visits to water through and number of meals per day (MEA). Feed offerings and refusals were weighed daily. Feeding (FEEF) and rumination efficiencies (RUEF) of DM and NDF were calculated using combinations of feeding behavior data with DM and NDF intakes data. No significant (P > 0,05) feed additives main effects were observed for FEEF and RUEF of DM and NDF, and for any of feeding behavior variables evaluated with the exception of RUM, MEA and EAT per meal (EATMEA); in which bullocks fed MON presented longer (P < 0,05) RUM and greater (P < 0,05) MEA and bullocks receiving PAP had longer (P < 0,05) EATMEA. In addition, a similar feedlot performance was observed (P > 0,05) between bullocks fed either MON or PAP. BR bullocks had longer (P < 0,05) EATMEA and greater (P < 0,05) DM intake per meal. Significant (P < 0,05) breeds main effects were observed for all of FEEF and RUEF of DM and NDF, indicating that BR bullocks were more efficient than NE bullocks in all variables evaluated. In terms of feedlot performance, BR bullocks presented greater (P < 0,05) average daily gain ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 medeiros_bbl_me_botfmvz.pdf: 658174 bytes, checksum: 143bb97d56726e469f00797907fdd888 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do grupo racial e sexo, no comportamento ingestivo de cabritos jovens criados em sistema de confinamento. Foram utilizados 35 cabritos, de ambos os sexos divididos dentre os grupos raciais: Alpina (A) - 1 macho e 4 fêmeas, ½ Anglo - Nubiana + ½ Alpina (½ ANA) – 4 machos e 4 fêmeas, ½ Boer + ½ Alpina (½ BA) – 2 machos e 4 fêmeas, ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpina (¾ BA) – 4 machos e 4 fêmeas e ½ Anglo-Nubiana + ¼ Alpina + ¼ Boer (Tricross - TC) – 4 machos e 4 fêmeas. Foram realizadas semanalmente, observações visuais do comportamento que os animais apresentavam no decorrer de 24 horas contínuas, a cada dez minutos. A temperatura e umidade relativa foram registradas a cada uma hora, nos dias da observação. Para realizar as observações, foram utilizadas duplas de observadores que permaneceram em média 4 horas observando os animais. O tempo médio gasto com consumo de alimento foi de 281,33 minutos, representando 19,54% do período de 24 horas. Foi observada interação entre grupo racial e sexo para as atividades: tempo de ingestão, ruminação deitado, ruminação total, deitado em ócio, ócio total e outras atividades. De maneira geral, os machos e as fêmeas de todos os grupos raciais ficaram mais tempo em ócio do que nas outras atividades observadas. Os animais da raça Alpina foram os que mais tempo passaram em ócio dormindo. / This work aimed to evaluate the effect of racial groups and gender on ingestive behavior in confined kids. Thirty-five kids from both genders were used in this study and divided among the racial groups: Alpine (A) – 1 male and 4 female, ½ Nubian + ½ Alpine (½ ANA) – 4 male and 4 female, ½ Boer + ½ Alpine (½ BA) – 2 male and 4 female, ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpine (¾ BA) – 4 male and 4 female and ½ Nubian + ¼ Alpine + ¼ Boer, (Three cross - TC) – 4 male and 4 female. Visual observation of animal behavior was recorded weekly, for 24 h continuously, every 10 minutes. Temperature and relative humidity of air were registered every one-hour at behavior observation day. Doubles of were used for recording behavior that remained on average 4 h observing the animals. The average time spent on food intake was 281.33 minutes, representing 19.54% of 24-hour period. Interaction was observed between racial groups and sex for the activities: time of ingestion, lying rumination, total rumination, lying on leisure, total leisure and all other activities. In general, males and females of all racial groups were more time in leisure than in other activities observed. Animals of the Alpine breed were the most time spent in leisure sleep.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of diet substitution of maize silage by sunflower silage on performance and ingestive behavior of feedlot steers. Nine steers, with average initial live weight and age of 288 kg and 20 months, respectively, from Nellore (N), 21/32Charolais (C) 11/32N and 21/32N 11/32C genetic groups, were used. The tested diets were: SG0= roughage with 100% of maize silage and 0% of sunflower silage; SG33= roughage with 67% of maize silage and 33% of sunflower silage and SG66= roughage of 34% of maize silage and 66% of sunflower silage. For all diets, the roughage:concentrate ratio used was of 60:40. The substitution of maize silage by sunflower silage didn t influence (P>.05) dry matter, neutral and acid detergent fiber and digestible energy intakes. A significant difference (P<.05) was observed for ether extract, being the higher value for SG66 (.83kg/day), the intermediary for SG33 (.63 kg/day) and the lower for SG0 (.50 kg/day). The slaughter weight, average daily weight gain, final body condition, feed and energetic conversions weren t influenced (P>.05) by treatments. Steers fed with SG66 stayed more time ruminating (P<.05) in relation to SG33 and SG0 animals, being values of 9.45; 8.76 and 8.61 h, respectively for SG66; SG33 and SG0. Animals fed with SG0 presented better (P<.05) dry matter and detergent fiber rumination. The time spending with feeding was higher (P<.05) for SG0 (32.58 min), intermediary for SG33 (28.33 min) and lower for SG66 (23.46 min). / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a substituição da silagem de milho por silagem de girassol na dieta, através do desempenho e do comportamento ingestivo de novilhos confinados. Foram utilizados nove novilhos castrados, com peso vivo e idade média inicial de 288 kg e 20 meses, respectivamente, pertencentes aos grupos genéticos Nelore, 21/32Charolês (C) 11/32Nelore (N) e 21/32N 11/32C. As dietas testadas foram: SG0= volumoso com 100% de silagem de milho e 0% de silagem de girassol; SG33= volumoso com 67% de silagem de milho e 33% de silagem de girassol e SG66= volumoso com 34% de silagem de milho e 66% de silagem de girassol. A relação volumoso:concentrado utilizada foi 60:40 para todas as dietas. A substituição da silagem de milho por girassol não influenciou (P>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca, de fibra detergente neutro e ácido, de energia digestível. Houve diferença (P<0,05) no consumo de extrato etéreo, sendo maior para SG66 (0,83 kg/dia), intermediário para SG33 (0,63 kg/dia) e menor para SG0 (0,50 kg/dia). O peso de abate, o ganho de peso médio diário, o estado corporal final, a conversão alimentar e energética não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. Os novilhos alimentados com SG66 ruminaram por mais (P<0,05) tempo em relação aos animais que receberam SG33 e SG0, sendo os valores de 9,45; 8,76 e 8,61 h, respectivamente, para SG66; SG33 e SG0. Animais alimentados com SG0 apresentaram melhor (P<0,05) de ruminação da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente. O tempo de despendido por refeição foi maior (P<0,05) para SG0 (32,58 min), intermediário para o SG33 (28, 33 min) e menor para SG66 (23,46 min).

Orientador: Mario De Beni Arrigoni / Banca: Rafael Cervieri / Banca: Renata Helena Branco / Resumo: Esse estudo foi realizado para avaliar o preparado de anticorpos policlonais (PAP) sobre o comportamento ingestivo (CING) e desempenho de bovinos Brangus (BR) e Nelore (NE) confinados. Foram utilizados 32 machos inteiros (254,1 ± 12,7 kg), de cada um dos 2 grupos genéticos, e estes foram alimentados por 144 dias com dietas contendo ou monensina sódica (MON) ou PAP nas dosagens de 30 e 300 mg/kg de matéria seca (MS) respectivamente. Medidas no tempo foram coletadas de acordo com os períodos avaliados durante o estudo: adaptação, crescimento, terminação 1 e terminação 2. As observações foram feitas a cada 5 minutos durante 24h, aonde os dados das variáveis de CING foram coletados: tempos médios de ruminação (TR), de alimentação (TAL), de ócio, número de idas ao bebedouro, e número de refeições ao dia (REF/dia). As eficiências de alimentação (EAL) e ruminação (ERU) da MS e do FDN foram calculadas usando-se combinações dos dados de CING com os dados de consumo de MS e FDN. Não foi observado (P > 0,05) efeito dos aditivos alimentares sobre as EAL e ERU da MS e do FDN. Houve efeito sobre REF/dia e TAL despendido por refeição (TALREF), onde animais suplementados com MON apresentaram maiores (P < 0,05) REF/dia, TR e animais recebendo PAP tiveram maior (P < 0,05) TALREF. Animais recebendo PAP e MON apresentaram similares (P > 0,05) GPD, CMS e CA. Os animais BR apresentaram maior (P < 0,05) TALREF e CMS por refeição. Observouse (P < 0,05) efeito dos grupos genéticos sobre EAL e ERU da MS e da FDN (P < 0,01), onde bovinos BR apresentaram melhores eficiências quando comparados aos animais NE. Assim sendo, devido às similaridades nos resultados de CING, EAL, ERU e desempenho, PAP pode ser uma eventual alternativa à MON em dietas de alto teor de concentrado. / Abstract: This study was designed to test polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against several rumen microorganisms on feeding behavior and feedlot performance of Brangus (BR) and Nellore (NE) cattle. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using repeated measures over time, replicated 4 times (4 bullocks/pen), in which 32 9-mo-old bullocks (254,1 ± 12,7 kg) of each of two breeds evaluated were fed for 144 days, diets containing either monensin (MON) or PAP at 30 or 300 mg/kg of dry matter (DM) daily; respectively. Measures over time were taken according to the periods evaluated during the study: adaptation, growing, finishing 1 and finishing 2. Visual appraisal was made every five minutes during 24h, and feeding behavior data was collected as follows: time spent eating (EAT), ruminating (RUM), resting, visits to water through and number of meals per day (MEA). Feed offerings and refusals were weighed daily. Feeding (FEEF) and rumination efficiencies (RUEF) of DM and NDF were calculated using combinations of feeding behavior data with DM and NDF intakes data. No significant (P > 0,05) feed additives main effects were observed for FEEF and RUEF of DM and NDF, and for any of feeding behavior variables evaluated with the exception of RUM, MEA and EAT per meal (EATMEA); in which bullocks fed MON presented longer (P < 0,05) RUM and greater (P < 0,05) MEA and bullocks receiving PAP had longer (P < 0,05) EATMEA. In addition, a similar feedlot performance was observed (P > 0,05) between bullocks fed either MON or PAP. BR bullocks had longer (P < 0,05) EATMEA and greater (P < 0,05) DM intake per meal. Significant (P < 0,05) breeds main effects were observed for all of FEEF and RUEF of DM and NDF, indicating that BR bullocks were more efficient than NE bullocks in all variables evaluated. In terms of feedlot performance, BR bullocks presented greater (P < 0,05) average daily gain ... / Mestre

O principal objetivo desse estudo foi registrar e propor formas de análise para a manifestação audível da conversação interna, tendo como base o modelo semiótico de self de Norbert Wiley. O Questionário de Ruminação e Reflexão e a Escala Fatorial de Ajustamento Emocional/Neuroticismo foram respondidos por 39 universitários. Destes, 23 participaram de uma segunda etapa, em que foram instruídos a responder em voz alta ao Teste Matrizes Progressivas de Raven (TMPR) e a uma entrevista semi-estruturada sobre a experiência da conversação interna. Na amostra de 39 participantes, observou-se correlação moderada entre traço de neuroticismo e ruminação. Na segunda etapa, características de tempo, número de palavras verbalizadas e desempenho no TMPR foram mensuradas e confrontadas com os perfis de ruminação e reflexão. Resultados de uma análise qualitativa propuseram a distinção da conversa interna manifesta quanto à sua forma (informacional e comunicacional) e ao seu conteúdo (self ou tarefa como objetos da conversa). A comparação dos dados qualitativos e quantitativos ilustrou graficamente as oscilações de forma e conteúdo em sete casos extremos. Dados da entrevista sugeriram que a conversação interna é percebida como uma ferramenta que auxilia ou dificulta a articulação de pensamentos e sentimentos. Os achados da pesquisa refinaram o modelo de conversação interna de Wiley, exemplificando facetas exclusivas da fala interna em contraposição à fala pública; mostraram que o self semiótico (processual) flutua intencionalmente entre a tarefa e conteúdos relativos ao próprio self; mas eles não diferenciaram perfis ruminativos e reflexivos no desempenho da tarefa. / The main purpose of this study was to register and to suggest ways of analysing verbalized inner speech. The research was based on Norbert Wiley’s semiotic self model. The instruments Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire and the Factorial Scale of Emotional Adjustment/ Neuroticism were answered by 39 college students. In a second moment, 23 of the participants were instructed to answer out loud the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test and a semi-structured interview on the inner speech experience. In the thirty-nine-participant sample, a moderate positive correlation was observed between rumination and neuroticism traits. In the second part, measures of time, number of verbalized words and performance in the Raven's Test were contrasted with ruminative and reflexive profiles. The results of a qualitative analysis suggested the distinction between the form (informational and communicational) and the content (self or task as objects of conversation) of verbalized inner speech. The comparison between quantitative and qualitative data illustrated graphically the oscillations of form and content in seven extreme cases which were studied. Data from the interview suggested that inner speech is perceived as a tool that either helps or hinders thoughts and feelings. The results refined the semiotic self model of Wiley, exemplifying the exclusive characteristics of inner speech in opposition to public speech; the results also showed that the (processual) semiotic self intentionally floats between the self and the task; but no correlation was observed between the ruminative and reflexive profiles and the problem solving performance.

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar relações entre ruminação e reflexão com sexo, Neuroticismo/ajustamento emocional (vulnerabilidade, desajustamento psicossocial, depressão e ansiedade) e bem-estar subjetivo (BES) (satisfação de vida, afeto positivo e afeto negativo) e testá-las empiricamente. Participaram deste estudo 361 universitários que responderam coletivamente em sala de aula questionários de auto relato. Verificou-se que ruminação está relacionada com afeto negativo, depressão, ansiedade e vulnerabilidade. As implicações teóricas e clínicas destes resultados são discutidos a luz da literatura da área. / The aim of this thesis is to present relationships among rumination and reflection with sex, neuroticism (vulnerability, psychological maladjustment, depression and anxiety) and subjective well-being (SWB) (life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect) and test them empirically. For this, 361 undergraduate students answered self-report questionnaires in groups. The results showed that rumination is related with negative affect, anxiety, depression and vulnerability. Theoretical and clinical implications of these results are discussed.

Attributional style is hypothesised to causally contribute to depression vulnerability through influencing both emotional response and rumination following life events. Consistent with this hypothesis, Peters et al. (2011) found that training individuals towards a pessimistic attributional style, characterised by internal-stable attributions for negative events and external-unstable attributions for positive events, resulted in greater negative mood and emotional reactivity to perceived failure, relative to training a resilient attributional style characterized by the reverse pattern of attributions. To date, however, the relative contribution of the internal-external and stable-unstable dimensions, their interaction, and their application to positive or negative events upon influencing emotional response and, by theoretical extension, risk for depression, remains unresolved. To resolve this question, 80 participants received training manipulating attributional style along four dimensions (i.e., internal versus external attributions for negative events; internal versus external attributions for positive events; stable versus unstable attributions for negative events; stable versus unstable attributions for positive events) in a 24 orthogonal factorial design. Participants then completed a perceived failure induction task. Measures of emotion and state rumination were completed pre-manipulation, post- manipulation, and post-induction. The internality dimension for positive and, separately, negative events influenced both immediate emotional response and emotional reactivity. Stable attributions for negative events increased negative emotional response and moderated the effect of internal attributions for negative events: internal attributions to negative resulted in greater emotional reactivity relative to external attributions, but only in the context of stable attributions for negative events. Both internal and stable dimensions also had independent effects. These findings identifying the active components driving the effect of attributional style upon emotional reactivity suggest slight revisions and refinements to attribution models of depression vulnerability. Furthermore, it provides further evidence that attributional style can be modified and furthers understanding of how CBM-attribution training could be developed as a potential intervention for the treatment of depression.