本研究透過網路通訊平台Skype經營線上讀書會，讓偏遠地區學童與來自不同區域的學童進行閱讀討論活動，藉此觀察研究對象之間的互動討論情形與討論的對話內容層次，以探究偏遠地區學童與來自不同城鄉區域的學童組成線上讀書會，對於閱讀成效的影響。本研究之實驗對象共分為三組，實驗組一為偏鄉地區與都會地區國小六年級學童各2名，合計4名之國小六年級學童；實驗組二為偏鄉地區不同國小六年級學童各2名，合計4名之國小六年級學童；對照組為偏鄉地區相同國小共4名之國小六年級學童。本研究在實驗前後實施閱讀理解測驗，並針對各組線上讀書會的討論對話進行內容分析，實驗結束後再針對研究對象進行半結構式訪談。研究結果歸納如下： 一、基於文學圈經營線上讀書會為一可行之線上合作學習模式 二、偏遠地區學童與都會地區學童的線上讀書會成員的異質組合，有助於提升偏遠地區學童的閱讀理解成效 三、偏遠地區學童與都會地區學童的線上讀書會成員組合，有助於激發高層次之討論對話 四、同為偏遠地區但不同學校的線上讀書會成員組合，有助於營造愉快的討論氣氛 五、在討論對話中，偏遠地區學童發表高層次思考型問答以及使用推理用語的次數越多，其閱讀理解成效越好 本研究之研究結果可作為教師基於同步討論經營有效線上讀書會的實施模式參考，也對於有興趣於線上讀書會的研究者提供許多值得探究的研究方向。 / In order to explore the possibility of using information and communication technology to help the children in rural areas and the effects of rural-urban disparity on collaboration learning, this study organizes three online reading groups with different compositions of group members by implementing Literature Circles, a student-led and structured book club. The members of experiment group1 are 2 sixth graders from a rural school and 2 sixth graders from an urban school. The members of experiment group2 are 4 sixth graders. All of them are from rural schools but half of them are from a different school. The members of the control group were 4 sixth graders. All of them are classmates in a rural school. The results of reading comprehension tests and the dialogues of three groups are analyzed to collect quantitative data. A semi-structured interview is conducted to collect qualitative data. The research outcomes shows that the heterogeneous group of rural-urban students could best improve the reading comprehension of rural students and produce high level thinking dialogues. In addition, the group of rural students from different schools could conduct the dialogues in the most delightful atmosphere among all three groups. Based on the research outcomes, relevant applications or in-depth researches could be further preceded in the future.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

La mobilité rurale-urbaine est sans contredit l’un des phénomènes les plus marquants que la Chine a connus depuis ses réformes des années 1980. D’une ampleur colossale, elle a constitué un fondement essentiel de sa transition et de son développement économiques. Or, si l’impact social de cette mobilité a été abondamment étudié dans les villes où séjournent les paysans, il demeure peu connu dans leur communauté d’origine, et encore moins en contexte de « nationalité minoritaire ». Reposant sur une enquête de terrain de plus d’une année, cette thèse en géographie sociale examine la (re)construction sociale dans une communauté rurale et minoritaire (c.àd. Hmong ou Miao) de Chine en lien avec le phénomène de la mobilité de travail. D’une intensité croissante, la pratique de la mobilité de travail par les membres de cette communauté est double. Les migrants sont soit des herboristes ambulants dans les villes de l’espace régional, soit des travailleurs salariés dans les villes orientales du pays. L’utilisation d’une approche du changement social intégrant les sphères du réel et de l’imagination et prenant en compte les dimensions territoriale et économique du phénomène migratoire est originale. De même, l’importance égale portée aux discours et aux actions des migrants et des non-migrants dans le processus de transformation sociale se veut novatrice. Dans ses résultats, cette thèse fait état, premièrement, d’une refonte des logiques territoriales et économiques de la communauté étudiée sous l’effet du phénomène migratoire. De toute évidence, les fondements géographiques de son territoire se sont récemment complexifiés et multipliés. Désormais, une variété de lieux, de frontières, de réseaux sociaux et d’échelles se dessine dans les configurations territoriales de ses membres. Les implications économiques sont tout aussi patentes. Outre la forte dominance des transferts d’argent des migrants dans les budgets familiaux, les questions du développement et des inégalités aux différentes échelles de la communauté renvoient aujourd’hui essentiellement au fait migratoire. Deuxièmement, cette thèse montre la forte empreinte laissée par la mobilité dans la sphère sociale. Nécessitant soutien aux extrémités de leur parcours, les migrants sollicitent de plus en plus l’aide de leurs réseaux lignagers, claniques, villageois et matrilinéaires. Et dans ce processus, il n’est pas rare qu’ils enfreignent consciemment les principes hiérarchiques traditionnels de leurs rapports familiaux. Aussi, au travers de la mobilité, des groupes longtemps marginalisés, tels les femmes et les jeunes adultes, ont acquis estime, autonomie et pouvoir décisionnel. Parallèlement, l’ordre social s’est bouleversé. Ce n’est plus le volume de la production agricole, mais le nombre de travailleurs migrants qui détermine aujourd’hui les différentes classes sociales de la communauté. Finalement, dans le contexte plus large des populations rurales et minoritaires de Chine et du Massif sud-est asiatique, cette thèse fait ressortir l’importance d’aborder la question de l’impact social de la mobilité au-delà des paradigmes de la modernisation et de l’intégration. Contrairement à la plupart des écrits touchant à cette question, il ne suffit pas de porter le regard sur l’influence que les urbains et leur mode de vie soi-disant moderne exercent sur les migrants. Il est également nécessaire de reconnaître les capacités d’initiative et d’innovation sociale des membres de ces populations, migrants et non-migrants. Mais aussi, cette recherche démontre que la question identitaire se doit d’être prise en compte. Les sentiments de marginalité et de subordination demeurent vivaces au travers du phénomène migratoire. Et de tels sentiments semblent se traduire, le plus souvent, par un renforcement des liens sociaux et intracommunautaires au sein même de ces populations minoritaires. / Rural-urban mobility is unquestionably one of the most striking phenomena that China has experienced since the wide-ranging reforms of the 1980s. Besides its unparalleled magnitude, it has been an essential foundation of its economic transition and development. But if the social impact of mobility has been extensively studied in cities where ‘peasants’ (as farmers are called in China) sojourn, little is known of the effects of mobility in their community of origin, and even less when the community belongs to a ‘minority nationality’. Based on fieldwork conducted over an 18-month period, this dissertation examines the impact of labor migration on the social (re)construction of a Hmong (Miao) community in rural China. Practices of mobility for work purposes are twofold in the studied community: migrants are either itinerant herbalists in close-by cities or factory workers in the eastern cities of the country. An original approach to social change has been used, integrating the spheres of imagination and practice, and takes into account the economic and spatial components of the migration phenomenon. Moreover, this research proposes an innovative theoretical model, by giving equal importance to the discourses and the actions in the process of social change of both migrants and non-migrants. First, this study reveals the recent remodeling of the spatial and the economic foundations of the studied community. It shows that places, scales, social networks and borders all structure the community’s territory – in both real and imaginary spheres – and that they have become more complex and numerous as a result of the unprecedented circular migration of its inhabitants to and from their village. At the economic level, besides confirming dominance of remittances at the household level, it also appears that development and inequality issues are now addressed by members of the community primarily through the phenomenon of migration. Second, the results expose the strong imprint of mobility in the social sphere. In need of support, migrants and left-behinds are increasingly seeking help within their lineage, clan, village, and matrilineal networks. In this process, it is not uncommon for them to consciously go against the traditional family hierarchies. Through mobility, long marginalized groups such as women and young adults, have now gained esteem, autonomy and decision-making power. Meanwhile, the social order has shifted. It is no longer the volume of agricultural production, but the number of migrant workers, which now determine the social classes within the community. Finally, in the broader context of minorities in China and the Southeast Asian Massif, this dissertation addresses the debate about the social impact of mobility beyond the paradigms of modernization and integration. Unlike most of the literature pertaining to this issue, this research provides evidence that it is not enough to focus on the changes experienced by migrants through contact with urban dwellers and their so-called modern way of life. It shows that it is necessary to recognize the capacity for initiative and social innovation of all the members of these minorities, migrants or non-migrants. It also stresses the centrality of the question of identity. Feelings of marginality and subordination remain strong and they do not seem to fade as a result of migration. On the contrary, these feelings seem to most often result in a strengthening of social and community bonds within these minorities.

Die Zeit der Hochindustrialisierung veränderte das Gesicht der Städte in Europa und Nordamerika grundlegend. Ein hohes natürliches Bevölkerungswachstum, ausgeprägte Land-Stadt-Wanderungen gepaart mit einer intensiven baulichen Verdichtung nach innen und außen prägten das Geschehen. Das steigende Arbeitsplatzangebot in der Industrie und dem tertiären Sektor griff tief in die traditionellen Arbeits- und Lebenswelten des Einzelnen ein. Von den Veränderungen war Berlin als Hauptstadt des Deutschen Reiches und eines der wichtigsten Wirtschaftszentren im besonderen betroffen. Ein Stadtteil Berlins, der an der ehemaligen nördlichen Stadtgrenze gelegene Wedding, steht im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Dissertation. Dieser Stadtteil zeichnete sich durch eine besonders dynamische Entwicklung aus. Die noch vorhandenen großen Freiflächen wurden innerhalb weniger Jahre in Bauland verwandelt. Großbetriebe der Elektro- und Chemischen Industrie ließen sich im Wedding nieder und bestimmten in zunehmendem Maße den lokalen Arbeitsmarkt. Auf der Grundlage einer Auswertung der Kirchenbücher der lokalen Gemeinden mit insgesamt 95.623 erfaßte Personen konnte für das Untersuchungsgebiet im Zeitraum 1885-1914 der Nachweis erbracht werden, dass selbst innerhalb eines eng umrissenen Stadtgebietes erhebliche sozio-ökonomische und städtebauliche Gegensätze bestanden. Diese Gegensätze werden durch die Zahlen der amtlichen Statistik nur allzu leicht verdeckt, wirken aber in ihrer Konsequenz bis in die Gegenwart nach. Zahlreiche der aktuell zu beobachtenden Problemkomplexe - u.a. eine Arbeitslosenquote von weit über 20 Prozent, Gewerbebrachen und eine überdurchschnittlich starke Konzentration ausländischer Bevölkerungsgruppen - haben demnach ihren Ursprung bereits im Kaiserreich. / The era at the peak of industrialization fundamentally altered the appearance of cities in Europe and North America. A high level of natural population growth and extensive migration movements from rural to urban areas coupled with an intensive architectural expansion to the inside and outside characterized the events. The increasing number of employment opportunities in the industrial and tertiary sectors profoundly interfered with the people’s traditional working and living environments. These changes particularly affected Berlin as the capital city of the German Empire and as one of the most important commercial centers. The Wedding, a city district of Berlin located along the former northern city limit, is at the core of this dissertation. This district stood out through its especially dynamic development. The large undeveloped areas that still existed at the time were transformed into built-up areas within a few years’ time. Large-scale enterprises in the electronic and chemical industries settled down in the Wedding district and took an increasing influence on the local job market. On the basis of an evaluation of church records (from the local Wedding parishes) that altogether contain information on 95,623 people, this study of the time period from 1885 to 1914 demonstrates the existence of significant socio-economic and urban developmental contrasts recognizable even within a narrowly defined city area (such as the Wedding district). These contrasts are all too easily concealed by the numbers of official statistical data, yet their consequences continue to produce an after-effect, even in the presence. An unemployment rate of well above 20 percent, widespread unoccupied commercial infrastructure, and a significantly above-average concentration of foreign population groups is among numerous currently recognizable problem clusters that already originated in the time of the German Empire.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-05T12:40:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Deocleciana Ferreira.pdf: 23103983 bytes, checksum: 4fe8ee9bcb5c96640dce05e005e8e50c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-05T12:40:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deocleciana Ferreira.pdf: 23103983 bytes, checksum: 4fe8ee9bcb5c96640dce05e005e8e50c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study reconstructs the transformation of an area in the eastern periphery of São Paulo from rural settlement to urban neighborhood. Emblematically, the area carries the name of Fazenda da Juta (Juta Farm), after a crop widely found in the region at the beginning of the 20th century, until the coffee crisis of 1929. During this process of transformation – from an area initially settled by Italian migrants dedicated to fruit farming, and later by Brazilian migrants from the drought-ridden Northeast of the country – the workforce faced conditions of extreme poverty that would give rise to struggles on two fronts: individually for work, and collectively, with their family and neighbors, for the urbanization of the territory they occupied. This ethnographic and documentary study recaptures the lived spaces of this history and collects stories, testimonies and memories to reconstruct the political struggles of the Fazenda da Juta Movement, and their consequences, over four decades. The study primarily focuses on the period from 1960 to 1990, although it traces shifts in land ownership and development processes back to the nineteenth century. This reconstruction shows these struggles among a segment of the population to be a legitimate expression of democratic, popular strength capable of producing continual counter-hegemonic mobilization for access to land and housing. The occupiers of Fazenda da Juta are the protagonists of this story, who, besides building their own homes, organized collectively to demand the provision of urban and social infrastructure in their neighborhood. This study draws on documentary evidence and testimonies to show that a popular neighborhood in the metropolis of São Paulo was urbanized primarily as a result of processes of social mobilization, while the State failed to meet its obligations to provide adequate living conditions in the city’s popular settlements / Este estudo reconstrói a trajetória de um povoado rural para um assentamento populacional urbano situado no extremo leste da cidade de São Paulo que traz emblematicamente o nome de Fazenda da Juta, plantio que a caracteriza no início do século XX até pós-crise do café de1929, alcançando o final dos anos 30 (1938), ocorreu o processo de mutação, desde a propriedade rural ocupada, inicialmente por migrantes italianos dedicados a lavoura de frutas, e após, por migrantes brasileiros, chegados da seca do Nordeste, na condição de força de trabalho miserabilizada que inicia dupla frente de luta, a individual, pelo trabalho e, com sua família e vizinhos, pela urbanização do território ocupado. O estudo, de cortes etnográfico e documental resgata espaços de vivências, recolhe histórias, depoimentos, memórias que vão reconstruir disputas políticas travadas, e os resultados de lutas do Movimento da Fazenda da Juta durante quatro décadas de sua presença e ação. A intensidade do estudo se refere ao período de 1960 a 1990 embora para identificação da propriedade e destino da terra tenha retrocedido até o século XIX. Essa reconstrução de luta popular de resistência da classe trabalhadora se mostra como expressão legitima de força democrática e popular capaz de travar permanente disputa contra hegemônica para o acesso à terra e moradia. Os assentados na Fazenda da Juta são protagonistas que para além da casa de alvenaria, organizaram um coletivo de moradores que lutou e obteve a instalação da infraestrutura urbana e social. Este estudo reitera com provas documentais e depoimentos o quanto um bairro popular nesta metrópole de São Paulo tem sua urbanização resultante do processo de luta da própria população uma vez que o Estado é omisso e lerdo em prover condições adequadas de vida nos espaços da cidade sobretudo os de assentamento popular

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Aparecida.pdf: 2761831 bytes, checksum: 7a28ba90e71790051e04894333386f8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the relationships and interactions among the rural and urban worlds, considering the daily life in São João, a rural community maroon. The isolation and the constraints arising from the geographical condition of this maroon community, located in the Vale do Ribeira – PR, force residents to seek resources and better infrastructure in other locations. In consequence, they develop different strategies and dynamics of dislocations as an alternative to face this scenario. This research seeks to understand how these relationships are given from the experience lived and what that entails in day-to-day of community.Through community studies, it was possible to reconcile theory and method. Through the community studies, it was possible to combine the theory with the method, as the micro-scale perspective make possible to appreciate each researched individual’ view. The research results have been achieved by observing their daily life and accompanying their daily movements. Interviews and a genealogy construction together with the residents were also essential. Some factors, such as the creation of the Park of Lauráceas and the spatial compression of farmers from the 1970s on, helped to increase the isolation and the rural exodus in the community. The lack of basic resources also motivates them to search in the urban world what they do not find in their own rural world. The current relations made between these two worlds have shown an integration between the two and changing life in the community. / A proposta desta dissertação é compreender as relações e interações entre os mundos rural e urbano a partir do cotidiano de uma comunidade rural quilombola: São João. O isolamento e as limitações impostas decorrentes da condição geográfica desta comunidade quilombola, localizada no Vale do Ribeira – PR obriga os moradores a buscar recursos e melhor infra-estrutura em outros locais. Isso faz com que desenvolvam estratégias diferenciadas e dinâmicas de deslocamentos, como alternativas para enfrentar esta situação. Através desta investigação busca-se compreender como se dão estas relações a partir da experiência vivida e o que isso acarreta no dia-a-dia da comunidade. Através dos community studies foi possível conciliar teoria ao método, pois a perspectiva micro-escalar presente nesta abordagem permite valorizar a visão dos sujeitos pesquisados. Foi na vivência cotidiana, acompanhando-os em seus deslocamentos diários, também através das entrevistas e na construção de genealogias em conjunto com os moradores, que se chegou aos resultados desta pesquisa. Alguns fatores como a criação do Parque das Lauráceas e a compressão espacial dos fazendeiros a partir dos anos 1970, favoreceram o agravamento do isolamento e o êxodo rural na comunidade. A falta de recursos básicos também os motiva a procurar no mundo urbano o que em seu mundo não encontram. As relações atuais efetuadas entre estes dois mundos vêm demonstrando uma integração entre ambos e alterando a vida na comunidade.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-24T16:38:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Betty Nogueira Rocha.pdf: 5999791 bytes, checksum: 79ed446afee6be0f885174859be8ae99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-24T16:38:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Betty Nogueira Rocha.pdf: 5999791 bytes, checksum: 79ed446afee6be0f885174859be8ae99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-07 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do RJ- - FAPERJ / The guiding thread of this analysis is the political of development outlined by the military government under the three editions of the National Development Plan (PND). One of the goals in context of these plans was to enable the colonization spaces demographically "empty" the country through the implementation of projects of colonization in the area that comprises the Legal Amazon acting as a stimulus to spontaneous migration and directing the flow of migration to the region. The goal of this study is to investigate and analyze the causal link between migration and development from a multidisciplinary view of the plots that tell the tragedies of migrants who settled in the border region. The case study was conducted in Lucas do Rio Verde, located in north of Mato Grosso, originating from a colonization project of the 1980s designed to resolve social tensions on the land that began to take a breath in Rio Grande do Sul. When provide voice to figures that fixed in that border is intended to analyze the dramas experienced and shared, and exposing the plots resulting from that process migration. The effort undertaken in this study was to investigate how to construct the representations of development in a frontier area. / O fio condutor desta an?lise ? a pol?tica de desenvolvimento tra?ada pelo governo militar no ?mbito das tr?s edi??es do Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento (PND). Um dos objetivos no bojo destes Planos era possibilitar a coloniza??o dos espa?os demograficamente ?vazios? do territ?rio nacional atrav?s da implanta??o de projetos de coloniza??o na ?rea que compreende a Amaz?nia Legal servindo de est?mulo de migra??es espont?neas e direcionando o fluxo migrat?rio para a regi?o. O objetivo deste trabalho ? investigar e analisar o nexo causal entre migra??o e desenvolvimento sob um olhar multidisciplinar das tramas que informam os dramas dos migrantes que se fixaram naquela regi?o fronteiri?a. O estudo de caso foi realizado em Lucas do Rio Verde, cidade localizada no norte matogrossense, origin?ria de um projeto de coloniza??o da d?cada de 1980 elaborado para resolver as tens?es sociais por terra que come?avam a tomar f?lego no Rio Grande do Sul. Ao dar voz aos personagens que se fixaram naquela fronteira pretende-se analisar os dramas vivenciados e compartilhados e expor as tramas resultantes daquele processo migrat?rio. O esfor?o empreendido nesta pesquisa foi o de investigar como se constroem as representa??es de desenvolvimento numa ?rea de fronteira.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-03-24T12:51:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Isis Leite Ferreira.pdf: 3031489 bytes, checksum: fecbfa5d860bdc4ec1dfbe07ecf912ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T12:51:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Isis Leite Ferreira.pdf: 3031489 bytes, checksum: fecbfa5d860bdc4ec1dfbe07ecf912ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The current debate about the food regimes seeks to reflect, in general, the transformation of the food system over time and space. This concept allows to place, historicizing and identify the main actors and stabilizing elements of each historical context, while allowing point periods of instability, which, in turn, drive changes towards overcoming a regime with another. Among the different approaches to the emergence of so-called 3? regime, one issue was highlighted in this research: the politicization of consumption and the emergence and expansion of alternative food networks. In this process, different types of organization, and food market are established at the same time that consumers is centrality. In Brazil, the process of formation of alternative food networks culminated in the construction of the National Network of Responsible Consumer Groups, that did emerge different paths, processes and dynamics of various groups. Among them, we analyze the case of the Rural-Urban Integration Movement ? MICC ? which since the 80s, has been articulating small farmers and working classes of consumers of S?o Paulo east zone around the marketing of organic food and non-organic, also called conventional food. The study examined the performance of the MICC from the concepts of governance, market and embeddedness. As a result pointed that MICC experience is specific because is related to the classic struggles of reducing inequality and social injustice because the emergence of the movement is closely related to the work of the Catholic Church in the context of political mobilization for land reform. However, on the initiative of another actor, the Kairos Institute, MICC expands agenda and form of action, adopting the narrative responsible consumption / O atual debate acerca dos regimes alimentares busca refletir, de maneira geral, as transforma??es do sistema agroalimentar ao longo do tempo e do espa?o. Este conceito permite situar, historicizar e identificar os principais atores e elementos estabilizadores de cada contexto hist?rico, ao mesmo tempo em que permite apontar os per?odos de instabilidade, que, por sua vez, impulsionam transforma??es em dire??o ? supera??o de um regime por outro. Dentre os diversos enfoques sobre a emerg?ncia do chamado 3? regime alimentar, uma quest?o mereceu destaque nesta pesquisa: a politiza??o do consumo e o surgimento e expans?o de redes alimentares alternativas. Neste processo, diferentes formas de organiza??o, rela??o e comercializa??o de alimentos s?o estabelecidas, ao mesmo tempo em que o consumidor ganha centralidade. No Brasil, o processo de forma??o de redes alimentares alternativas culminou na constru??o da Rede Nacional de Grupos de Consumo Respons?vel, que fez emergir diferentes trajet?rias, processos e din?micas de diversos grupos. Dentre eles, analisamos o caso do Movimento de Integra??o Campo-Cidade (MICC) que, desde a d?cada de 80, vem articulando pequenos produtores e consumidores de classes populares da Zona Leste de S?o Paulo em torno da comercializa??o de alimentos org?nicos e n?o org?nicos, chamados tamb?m de alimentos convencionais. O trabalho analisou a atua??o do MICC a partir dos conceitos de governan?a, mercado e enraizamento. Como resultado, apontou que a experi?ncia do MICC guarda especificidades por estar relacionada ?s lutas cl?ssicas de redu??o da desigualdade e da injusti?a social, pois seu surgimento est? fortemente relacionado ? atua??o da Igreja cat?lica em um contexto de mobiliza??o pol?tica pela reforma agr?ria. No entanto, a partir da iniciativa de outro ator, o Instituto Kair?s, o MICC amplia sua agenda e forma de a??o, passando a adotar a narrativa do consumo respons?vel

This thesis attempts to identify what the barriers to building a trusted police service in China and India are through answering the questions: How has economic modernisation impacted upon policing? To what extent are the two police forces trusted by its citizens? Do the police carry out their duties in a fair and unbiased fashion? What do police corruption/malpractices look like and why does it persist? And what are the influencing factors in decision-making at the moments-of-truth? There is very limited research into the Chinese Police generally and even less on factors affecting organisational culture, practices, and decision making. There is no comparative study between the Chinese and Indian Police. This thesis found that the Chinese Police are held in higher esteem than the Indian Police by their respective citizenry. Both the Chinese and Indian police use stereotypes and are biased against certain section of society in the way they carry out their duties and that corruption and malpractices are tolerated and engrained in its culture but is subtler in China than in India. However, one surprised finding is that India is more at risk of the rule by man than China, even though India is said to be the world's largest democracy grounded on the principles of the rule of law.

Objective: To examine systematically the literature on the effect of geographical location variation on breast cancer stage at diagnosis, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Methods. Eight electronic databases were searched using combination of key words. Of the 312 articles retrieved from the search, 36 studies from 12 countries were considered eligible for inclusion. Results. This review identified 17 (47%) of 36 studies in which breast cancer patients residing in geographically remote/rural areas had more late-stage diagnosis than urban women. Ten (28%) studies reported higher proportions of women diagnosed with breast cancer resided in urban than rural counties. Nine (25%) studies reported no statistically significant association between place of residence and stage at diagnosis for breast cancer patients residing in rural and urban areas. Conclusions. Cancer patients residing in rural and disadvantaged areas were more likely to be diagnosed with distant breast metastasis. Efforts to reduce these inequalities and subsequent mortality are needed.