The benefits of an active lifestyle are undisputed, yet our understanding of the contribution of physical activity (PA) to the daily energy budget is limited. The prevailing model of a linear relationship between PA and total energy expenditure (TEE) has been challenged by models that predict an upper limit of TEE (constrained) or a compensatory decrease elsewhere in the budget in response to increased PA (compensated). The purpose of this study was to determine the equation of best fit between PA and TEE using linear and non-linear modeling in the light of existing models. Secondarily, we sought to explore relationships between PA and postulated means of behavioral (time sedentary) and physiologic (i.e. Immune, reproductive) compensation. We measured TEE in 57 healthy weight stable adults (18 to 58 yrs., F = 28) who ranged from being sedentary to ultra-endurance trained runners (0 to 78 mi/wk.) using the doubly labeled water technique and PA and sedentary time using a waist mounted triaxial accelerometer during the same 14-day period. We obtained fasting serum (albumin, cortisol, TNFα, C-reactive protein, free testosterone, TSH and T3), plasma (leptin) and whole blood (WBC with differential) concentrations. Using linear and non-linear modeling, we observed a positive linear relationship between PA (Vector Magnitude Counts per Minute ) and TEE (R2=0.313, Y = 1.427*X + 1930 and adjusted for fat free mass (FFM) R2=0.363, Y = 1.151*X + 2155). We identified no association between PA and RMR ( R2=0.015 and adjusted for FFM R2=0.010). In addition, we observed an association between higher PA and lower % time sedentary (R2=0.723). Although inconsistent, there was a general trend for higher PA but not TEE or its components to be associated with lower immune and reproductive biomarkers. These findings support a conventional linear model though intervention studies will be needed to further address this issue. / Doctor of Philosophy / The health benefits of being physically active are well known. At the same time there is much that is not understood about the relationship between physical activity and how much energy we spend in a day (total energy expenditure). It has been assumed for a long time that the amount of energy we spend is a simple matter of adding the calories burned at rest, digesting food, and exercising and as we exercise more we continue to add an equal number of calories to the daily budget. We call this the linear or additive model – energy spent increases in a straight line as physical activity increases. Because we have techniques for measuring total energy expenditure in people going about their usual lives that were not widely available until recently due to cost, scientists have developed new ideas about how increases in physical activity affect total energy expenditure. The constrained model suggests that there is a cap on how many calories we can burn in a day and that our bodies will save energy in other parts of the budget if our physical activity remains high enough to reach or exceed that cap. The second idea is called the compensated model like the constrained model predicts that the rate we spend energy slows down as we exercise more because the body has saved energy in other parts of the budget (compensation). Researchers don't know for sure if either of these models are correct, so we conducted a study to determine how physical activity and total energy expenditure are related and if our findings agree with either of these models. We were also interested in determining how physical activity is related to energy spent at rest (resting metabolic rate ) and energy spent being active (physical activity energy expenditure). Finally, we wanted to determine ways that the body might compensate. One way is to spend more time sedentary. Another way is to save energy on less urgent needs like the immune and reproductive systems. Our main goal was to create an equation that explain how higher levels of physical activity are related to total energy expenditure and other parts of the energy budget (RMR and physical activity energy expenditure). We also created equations that explain how physical activity is related to sedentary behavior and immune and reproductive markers in the blood. We recruited 57 male and female volunteers that represent a wide range of physical activity levels – from sedentary to ultra-endurance trained runners who routinely run as much as 80 miles per week. We measured the energy they spent and physical activity over 2 weeks. In our sample, we found that physical activity was related to total energy expenditure and physical activity energy expenditure in a linear way. We did not find a cap on the amount of energy spent (constraint). We found that participants who exercised more spent less time sedentary not more meaning that we did not find behavioral compensation. It is possible that there was compensation from the immune system because some of the markers of immune function were lower in people who were more physically active, but it was not consistent in all of the blood markers. A larger study using an exercise intervention is needed to assign causation to the correlation we found.

The rationale behind trademark law is to protect the goodwill and reputation of the business, but the ultimate beneficiary is the public. The trademark acts as a key badge to identify the quality of the products and thus helps the public to eliminate confusion about the source of the products.   Over the past two decades or so, trademark law has expanded significantly in many different ways in many parts of the world. Finally, to prevent competitive non-use by others, the scope of rights granted to the trademark owner has been increased, which may not confuse consumers but may reduce the uniqueness of the trademark owner's mark.   In view of the ongoing technological revolution in communication and the increasing process of globalization, businesses seem to be more interested in protecting obsolete symbols such as color symbols, shape symbols, odor symbols, sound symbols, trade dress, etc. Business competitive world market capture. Not only has this broadened the scope of trademark protection, it has also given business enterprises a variety of mark protection options. Thus, the scope of trademark protection has gained pioneering importance in trademark governance.   This thesis attempts to make a systematic analysis of the scope of trademark protection in different jurisdictions, with a reference to the effectiveness of trademarks and the purpose of trademark protection law.

From the very outset of the EU data protection legislation, and hence from the 1995 Directive, international data transfer has been subject to strict requirements aimed at ensuring that protection travels with data. Although these rules have been widely criticized for their inability to deal with the complexity of modern international transactions, the GDPR has essentially inherited the same architecture of the Directive together with its structural limitations. This research aims to highlight the main weaknesses of the EU data export restrictions and identify what steps should be taken to enable a free, yet safe, data flow. This research first places EU data transfer rules in the broader debate about the challenges that the un-territorial cyberspace poses to States’ capabilities to exert their control over data. It then delves into the territorial scope of the GDPR to understand how far it goes in protecting data beyond the EU borders. The objectives underpinning data export restrictions (i.e., avoiding the circumvention of EU standards and protecting data from foreign public authorities) and their limitations in achieving such objectives are then identified. Lastly, three possible “solutions” for enabling data flow are tested. Firstly, it is shown that the adoption by an increasing number of non-EEA countries of GDPR-like laws and the implementation by many companies of GDPR-compliant policies is more likely to boost international data flow than internationally agreed standards. Secondly, the role that Article 3 GDPR may play in making data transfer rules “superfluous” is analysed, as well as the need to complement the direct applicability of the GDPR with cross-border cooperation between EU and non-EU regulators. Thirdly, the study finds that the principle of accountability, as an instrument of data governance, may boost international data flow by pushing most of the burden for ensuring GDPR compliance on organizations and away from resource-constrained regulators.

Yes / Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the empirical reality of environmental scanning practices in sustainable supply chain management contexts. In particular it tests and extends a conceptual framework proposed by Fabbe-Costes et al. (2011). Design and methodology: The empirical data for this research were obtained from 45 semi-structured interviews with key informants, combined with a discussion of the main results with a focus group of supply chain experts. These data are compared with the literature and brought to bear on the framework. Findings - The research finds both breadth and depth in the scope of sustainability scanning practices of the respondents and provides evidence of multi-level scanning, with all respondents describing scanning activity at the societal level. It further demonstrates the adoption of multiple and diverse scanning targets at all levels in the conceptual framework. The articulation and ranking of scanning targets for sustainable SCM at all levels informs the development of priorities for practice. The paper also makes some observations about the boundaries of the scanning process. Practical implications: The results provide managers with guidance about what to scan in sustainable supply chain contexts. The validated framework can serve as a practical tool to assist managers with the organization and prioritization of their environmental scanning activities. Originality/Value: The paper is among the first to address the role of environmental scanning in sustainable supply chain contexts. It highlights the need for a multi-level framework for such scanning activities and opens up a debate about their implementation.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-24T13:56:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Noelise Martins Manfio.pdf: 3087043 bytes, checksum: 4dcbf5cc15ddae2ca312bb0b69f105e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-24T13:56:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Noelise Martins Manfio.pdf: 3087043 bytes, checksum: 4dcbf5cc15ddae2ca312bb0b69f105e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-17 / Nenhuma / A concorrência gerada pela globalização e a busca por produtos que satisfaçam os consumidores fazem parte da indústria de alimentos. Para tanto, os projetos de desenvolvimento de produtos são fundamentais para as empresas, uma vez que em 2012 as indústrias de alimentos geraram produtos ao equivalente a 9,5% do PIB brasileiro e faturaram R$ 431,9 bilhões. O setor alimentício se tornou líder, em valor bruto, entre as indústrias de transformação do Brasil. Contudo, identifica-se significativa quantidade de projetos de desenvolvimento de produtos que falham por razões diversas: a) escopo mal definido; b) mudanças do escopo durante o projeto; c) aumento de custo do projeto; d) elevado tempo de projeto. A literatura pertinente a essa temática apresenta alguns modelos de desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios. No entanto, não foca a definição de escopo, refletindo a informalidade dessa etapa em todo o processo. O objeto de pesquisa dessa investigação é o escopo dos projetos de desenvolvimento de produtos para a indústria alimentícia. Contrariamente à ciência tradicional, essa pesquisa não se limita à descrição, à explicação e à predição do fenômeno em tela. A pesquisa avança para a proposição de um artefato que melhor trate do objeto de pesquisa. Por essa razão, para a realização desse trabalho, foi utilizada a Design Science Research como condutora metodológica. Como resultado, se propôs um artefato, especificamente um método para a definição do escopo de projetos de desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios. O método proposto foi desenvolvido a partir da combinação e do refinamento de alguns passos: a) da pesquisa bibliográfica; b) da experiência prática; c) da pesquisa realizada com especialistas do setor de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de empresas da indústria alimentícia. O método e sua relevância para o setor de alimentos foram avaliados por especialistas, confirmando que, para uma definição adequada do escopo de projeto de desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios, é necessário um processo sistemático, flexível e de visão sistêmica, sugerindo, assim, o aumento das chances de sucesso, reduzindo custo e tempo do projeto. A contribuição desse trabalho é apresentar um método sistemático para definição do escopo de projetos de desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios. / The competition triggered by globalization and the pursuit of products that satisfy customers belong to the food industry. For that purpose, projects for product development are vital for companies in this segment, since in 2012 alone food companies were responsible for products that corresponded to 9.5% of Brazilian GDP and earned R$ 431,9 billion. The food segment has become the leader among transformation companies in terms of gross value. However, one can identify a significant number of product development projects that fail for several reasons: a) badly outlined scope; b) scope changes along the project; c) project cost increase; d) long project time. The literature concerning this theme presents some models for the development of food products. Yet, this literature does not focus on the definition of scope, thus reflecting the informality of this stage in this process. The research object of this investigation is the scope of projects in the development of products for the food industry. Unlike traditional science, this research is not restricted to describing, explaining and predicting the phenomenon on screen. This research advances towards proposing an artifact that best deals with the research object. Therefore, in order to carry out this study a Design Science Research has been used as a methodology guideline. As a result, an artifact has been proposed, in this particular, a method to define the scope of projects for product development in the food industry. The method proposed has been designed from the combination and refinement of some steps: a) bibliographical research; b) practical experience; c) research performed among experts in the sector of Research and Development of companies of the food industry. The method and its relevance for the food sector have been assessed by specialists, thus confirming that, for a proper definition of scope in product development of food products one needs a systematic, flexible, systemic-oriented, which increases the chances of success and reduces cost and project length. This study is intended to present a systematic method to define scope in the development of products in the food industry.

Der Einfluss sogenannter nutzergenerierter Inhalte im Web hat in den letzten Jahren stetig zugenommen. Auf Plattformen wie Blogs, sozialen Netzwerken oder Medienportalen werden durch Anwender kontinuierlich Textnachrichten, Bilder oder Videos publiziert. Auch Inhalte, die aktuelle gesellschaftliche Ereignisse, wie beispielsweise den Euromaidan in Kiew dokumentieren, werden durch diese Plattformen verbreitet. Nutzergenerierte Inhalte bieten folglich das Potential, zusätzliche Hintergrundinformationen über Ereignisse direkt vom Ort des Geschehens zu liefern. Diese Arbeit verfolgt die Vision einer Nachrichtenplattform, die unter Verwendung von Methoden des Information Retrievals und der Informationsextraktion Nachrichtenereignisse erkennt, diese automatisiert mit relevanten nutzergenerierten Inhalten anreichert und dem Leser präsentiert. Zur Suche nutzergenerierter Inhalte kommen in dieser Arbeit maßgeblich geographische Entitäten, also Ortsbezeichnungen zum Einsatz. Für die Extraktion dieser Entitäten aus gegebenen Nachrichtendokumenten stellt die Arbeit verschiedene neue Methoden vor. Die Entitäten werden genutzt, um zielgerichtete Suchanfragen zu erzeugen. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich eine geounterstützte Suche für das Auffinden nutzergenerierter Inhalte besser eignet als eine konventionelle schlüsselwortbasierte Suche.

Getinge AB is a global medical technology company. This master’s thesis is based on the outflow of capital equipments from Getinge’s factory in Växjö to four different sales and service units. The purpose of this thesis is to give Getinge a deeper insight of why the customers and the own organization do not know when they can expect their products. This makes most requests urgent and thus prohibits them from using the best environmental and cost efficient modes of transportation. Two sub-problems have been created in order to investigate this. Sub-problem 1 originates from an organizational perspective. The aim of this problem is to examine the possibilities to achieve less urgent transportations by improving the communication between sales and service units, factories and logistics services. This is evaluated based on semi-structured interviews containing both qualitative and quantitative questions with employees rep- resenting the different functions at the company. It appeared that different phrases, explaining the same thing, were used internally leading to confu- sion. Further, the different functions have harmonized follow-up sessions but do not share the information between each other. The resulting information vacuum creates trust issues and unnecessary time margins and buffers. Sub-problem 2 concerns the trade-off between the economic and environmen- tal impacts in relation to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Scope 3. This trade- off is evaluated by a multi-objective optimization model, where emissions are priced based on the EU ETS market valuation. Current research argues that the choice of transportation mode is the simplest emissions abatement option in terms of implementation. This study indicates that it is possible for Getinge, in the short-term, to decrease costs and emissions by just chang- ing between current transportation modes. However, a long-term strategy should include evaluation of consolidations, alternative fuels and electrified vehicles since the cost of decreasing one kilogram of emissions by changing between current transportation modes will increase. Finally, increased transparency and communication between sales and ser- vice units, factory and logistics services could be achieved via a one point of contact solution. This could avoid unnecessary time margins and buffers and hence open up the possibility of better over all lead time utilization. This could make it easier to use more environmental friendly transportation modes and thus lower emissions and costs, while still satisfying the customers.

To combat climate change multiple initiatives have been launched to steer the financial market towards a more sustainable and resilient path. For example the Montreal Pledge that have committed over 120 investors to measure and disclose their carbon footprints of their portfolios. ISS-Ethix Climate Solution provides climate change related services to investors. In order to evaluate companies’ sustainability ISS-Ethix Climate Solution estimates companies’ direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions. To simplify these estimations, the emissions from corporations are divided into three scopes, where scope 1 and 2 cover the emissions from the combustion of fuels used in the company and electricity generation. Scope 3 corresponds to all other emissions generated upstream and downstream the companies’ supply chain. The aim of this study was to help ISS-Ethix Climate Solution to develop a model that estimates the indirect scope-3-emission intensity for companies in the automobile sector, fossil fuel sector and utility sector. The first objective was to examine if the variations within the sectors could be explained and categorized. To carry this out each sector was defined and their emission sources identified. The emissions could be explained and categorized for the automobile sector and fossil fuel sector. However, the emissions for the utility sector could only partly be explained and categorized. The second objective was to examine which parameters and subcategories were relevant for estimating the emissions. Two methods were investigated to carry out the second objective; correlation analysis and the average-data method. No correlations could be found between any of the sectors and the selected parameters. The estimated emissions using the average-data method were verified to the companies reported emissions. For the automobile and the fossil fuel companies the estimated emissions followed the same trend as the reported data. However, no trend could be found for the utility companies. Estimating emissions using the average-data method requires a certain corporation structure. The method can be used for corporations with a specific output, but does not suit corporations with a more complex structure. The largest limitation with the models was the information shortages from the corporations. Therefore increased transparency from the companies is a necessity in order to develop the models. / För att minska klimatförändringen har ett flertal initiativ lanserats för att göra finanssektorn mer hållbar. Tillexempel Montreal förbindelsen som har fått över 120 investerare att mäta och publicera klimatutsläppen i sina aktieportföljer. Företaget ISS- Ethix Climate Solution erbjuder klimatrelaterade tjänster för investerare. För att värdera hur hållbart ett företag är estimerar ISS-Ethix deras direkta och indirekta utsläpp av växthusgaser. För att förenkla dessa estimeringar är utsläppen indelade i tre så kallade scopes (områden), där scope 1 och 2 motsvarar emissionerna som genereras av att företaget förbränner fossila bränslen och deras elanvändning. Scope 3 motsvarar alla utsläpp som sker uppströms och nedströms företagens leverantörskedja. Syftet med denna studie var att hjälpa ISS-Ethix Climate Solution att utveckla en modell som estimerade scope 3 utsläppen från företag inom fordonssektorn, fossila- bränslen-sektorn och energisektorn. Det första målet var att undersöka om variationerna inom sektorerna kunde förklaras och kategoriseras. Detta utfördes genom att varje sektor först definierades och utsläppskällorna identifierades. Emissionerna kunde förklaras och kategoriseras för fordonssektorn och fossila-bränslen-sektorn. Däremot kunde utsläppen från energisektorn bara delvis förklaras och kategoriseras. Det andra målet var att undersöka vilka parametrar och sub-kategorier som var viktiga för att estimera sektorernas emissioner. För att göra detta undersöktes två olika metoder; korrelationsanalys och medelvärdesmetoden. Inga korrelationer kunde hittas mellan någon av sektorerna och de undersökta parametrarna. De estimerade emissionerna när medelvärdesmetoden användes, verifierades mot företagens självrapporterade utsläpp. För fordonssektorn och fossila-bränslen-sektorn följde de estimerade och rapporterade utsläppen samma trend. Däremot påträffades ingen trend för energibolagen. Att estimera växthusgasutsläpp med hjälp av en medelvärdesmetod kräver en viss typ av företagsstruktur. Metoden kan användas för företag med en specifik produkt, men är inte lämplig för företag med en mer komplex struktur. Modellernas största begränsning var informationsbristen från företagen. Därför behövs mer transparens från företagen för att kunna utveckla modellerna.

As part of the EU’s sustainable strategy in reducing emissions and combating climate change the EU introduced the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) in 2022. This directive requires the reporting of sustainability information from a significantly wider group of companies. The CSRD imposes higher demands on reporting and especially within a company’s Scope 3 transportation emissions. The study aims to identify and understand the challenges newly affected companies face in collecting and reporting scope 3 transportation emissions to comply with the CSRD. The study also intends to shed light on the resource and capability gaps that newly affected companies encounter and propose strategies and solutions to address these challenges. The study draws from institutional theory combined with are source-based view of a company to propose a hypothesis that companies face resource and capability gaps due to institutional pressure. The research methodology employed was exploratory multi-method qualitative research. The findings identified how companies, needing to adapt to the CSRD, perceived a regulatory institutional pressure in the form of new and higher requirements and demands now placed on them. In addition the exploration resulted in identification of external challenges, affecting companies ability to comply with the new legalization. Furthermore, internal and supplier challenges were discovered as factors within companies that affect their compliance. These highlighted the presence of resource and capability gaps within companies. In order to close these gaps, the study proposes several strategies and solutions together with a roadmap to address these challenges, ultimately guiding companies towards managing institutional pressures and enhancing their sustainable competitive advantage. Solutions regarding management and strategy as well as tangible operations were identified. These solutions and strategies include developing a sustainability culture within the organization, engaging with stakeholders through collaboration and communication efforts, and implementing technology solutions for data collection and analysis. The study can potentially be utilized by companies to navigate useful solutions when trying to comply with the CSRD. Additionally, the study contributes to guiding companies towards a future position of managing institutional pressure while enhancing their sustainable competitive advantage. Companies are encouraged to shift and transform their viewpoint of complying with the institutional pressure of CSRD from a compliance-focused approach towards a corporate social responsibility-driven sustainable approach with long-term value development. The study thus contributes with a new perspective by highlighting how complying with sustainability reporting can become a tool for advancing corporate responsibility and contributing to a more sustainable development and responsible business landscape.

På grund av antropogena utsläpp av växthusgaser sker stora förändringar i klimatet. Dessa kan leda till förödande konsekvenser för både människor, djur och natur. För att olika företag och verksamheter ska kunna mäta, hantera och eventuellt reducera sina växthusgasutsläpp används Greenhouse Gas Protocol som standard för växthusgasrapportering. Röda Korset Sverige har påbörjat ett klimatbokslut enligt Greenhouse Gas Protocol men inte inkluderat sina cirka 600 lokalföreningar runt om i landet. Syftet med detta arbete är därför att identifiera och kategorisera vilka aktiviteter Röda Korsets lokalföreningar bedriver som är av relevans i en växthusgasrapportering. Detta sker enligt Greenhouse Gas Protocol Scope 3, som är uppdelat i 15 olika kategorier och innefattar de indirekta växthusgasutsläppen genererade av den rapporterande verksamheten. Arbetet ämnar även leda till en enkät med generella frågor som ska kunna ställas till olika lokalföreningar för att mäta deras utsläpp av växthusgaser.  För att besvara syftet studerades inledningsvis Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Vidare genomfördes ett studiebesök inkluderat en intervju med ansvarig vid Röda Korsets lokalförening i Örebro samt en intervju med ansvarig vid Röda Korsets lokalförening i Piteå. Informationen om lokalföreningarnas aktiviteter som anskaffades kategoriserades sedan enligt kategorierna som Scope 3 innefattar, vilket sammanställdes i en tabell. En enkät utformades baserat på de kategoriserade aktiviteterna.  Resultatet visar att lokalföreningen i Örebro bedriver aktiviteter som platsar i Scope 3 kategorierna 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 och 11, medan lokalföreningen i Piteå bedriver aktiviteter som platsar i kategorierna 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 och 9. Frågeenkäten som skapades innehåller frågor baserade på de aktiviteter som platsade i någon av kategorierna som ingår i Scope 3, det innebär alltså att aktiviteter som inte tagits i beaktande i samband med kategoriseringen inte heller behandlats i frågeenkäten. Slutsatsen är att det saknas mycket information för att göra en fullständig Scope 3 rapportering. Förbättringar som behövs göras är bland annat att kartlägga verksamheterna mer noggrant. Det borde också undersökas huruvida lokalföreningarna bör ingå i Scope 1 och 2 som innefattar de direkta växthusgasutsläppen, i stället för Scope 3. / Due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, major changes are taking place in the climate. These can lead to devastating consequences for both humans, animals, and nature. For various companies and businesses to be able to measure, manage and possibly reduce their greenhouse gasemissions, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol is used as a standard for greenhouse gas reporting. The Red Cross Sweden has started a greenhouse gas accounting according to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol but has not included its approximately 600 local associations around the country. The purpose of this report is to identify and categorize which activities the Red Cross local associations carry out that are relevant in a greenhouse gas accounting. This was done according to the Greenhouse Gas protocol, Scope 3 which is divided into 15 different categories that includes indirect greenhouse gasemissions generated by the reporting companies. The report also intends to lead to a questionnaire with general questions that can be asked to local associations to measure their greenhouse gasemissions.  To answer the purpose of the report, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol was initially studied. Furthermore, a study visit including an interview at the Red Cross Örebro was done and an interview with the Red Cross Piteå. Information about the local associations' activities that were acquired was then categorized according to the categories included in Scope 3, which were summarized in a table. The questionnaire was then designed based on the categorized activities.  The results show that the activities of the Red Cross Örebro fit in categories 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 11, while the activities of Red Cross Piteå fit in categories 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9. The questionnaire that was created contains questions based on the activities that were placed in at least one of the categories included in Scope 3, which means that activities not taken in account during the categorization were not included in the questionnaire. However, it can be stated that there is a lack of information in order to make a complete greenhouse gas accounting. Further improvements that need to be made are to map the activities more accurately. It should also be examined whether the local associations should be included in Scope 1 and 2, instead of Scope 3.