This research was based on ‘Catholic secondary education and identity reformation in Zambia’s Southern Province. Its main purpose was to explore the nature and scope of the undesired identity reformation experienced in Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province as well as suggest possible ways of how the problem can be resolved. The study was guided by the following main research question ‘How has a conflict of values between the evolving Catholic education policies and Zambian national education policies affected the identity of Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province?’ This question formed the main basis for the achievement of the study’s overarching purpose highlighted earlier. A qualitative methodology was utilized to gather data for this research. Data was gathered using semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews/discussions and documentary/content analysis. Research participants included: the Secretary of Catholic education, the PEO, school headteachers, teachers of RE, parents and grade twelve learners. Key documents analyzed using document analysis were Catholic education policies and Zambian national educational policies. The following findings resulted from the study: a conflict of values is non-existent between Catholic education policies and Zambian national education policies; there are four real/major causes of undesired identity reformation in Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province; the various contemporary challenges experienced by Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province are responsible for the undesired weakening of the school’s ‘academic’ and ‘religious’ mission; RE has experienced undesired changes at the levels of its nature, role and place in the Catholic secondary school curriculum over the years; Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province can be characterized as ‘partially Catholic’; realigning Catholic secondary schools with Catholic education policy involves returning such schools back to Catholic educational practice as recommended in Catholic education policies. The main conclusion of the study was that undesired identity reformation is present in Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province but it is not linked to a conflict of values in Catholic education policies and Zambian national education policies. To resolve the problem of undesired identity reformation in Catholic secondary schools, all study recommendations emphasized an urgent return by the schools to educational practice as recommended in Catholic education policy if they are to regain their lost desired total-Catholic character or identity. / Educational Foundations / D. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

This diploma thesis analyses the initial position of negation in present-day English. The theoretical part is divided into smaller units containing description of individual types of negation. Than the focus is aimed on double negation, inversion, scope of negation and polarity sensitive items. Contrastive approach is applied in the work, especially in the practical part. Analysis of selected language representatives in different genres and text types describes occurance of different kinds of negation in English language. Collected data are presented in the form of table. The frequency of occurrence is summarized at the end of the work.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3532.pdf: 2375674 bytes, checksum: 8220f9b2a43401bf9ab683fd67209099 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / From the Supply Chain Management (SCM), the logistic function expands its scope within the company, going to exert or support the management and operation of key business processes. Its performance leaves to reduce only the functional sphere ( silo or vertical area ), passing to reach horizontal sphere in such processes. Various sources of literature indicate changes in the logistic function but not characterize precisely or discuss the changes in its scope within the company. In particular, the benefits generated by the involvement of the logistic function on key business processes of SCM have been identified in the literature, but were not identified logistic activities that must execute in each of the processes so that these benefits are achieved. In front of this theoretical gap, the objective of this doctorate thesis was to propose logistic activities necessary for the efficacious operation of key business processes of SCM, generating a conceptual framework that assists in implementing these activities. Such a framework is a guide that can help companies identify, characterize and select the activities that the logistic function can develop in their key business processes. More specifically, this conceptual framework presents, besides the own logistics activities, a way of characterizing these activities, according to four criterions: a) obligatoriness of existence in the company (basic or optional), b) impact on the generation of value (efficiency, efficacy and/or differentiation), c) impact on the dimension of logistic service, d) the integration and coordination with other areas or processes. This thesis used the approach of qualitative research, of descriptive character, of exploratory nature and with experimental study of field. The research method was the multi-case study and the mechanism of data collection was the personal interview realized by a semi-structured questionnaire. This research is also of theoretical-conceptual nature, because it developed a conceptual framework generated from the theoretical review. In three case studies realized, observed consistency in the proposed logistic activities and in its form of characterization. Among the 25 proposed activities, the Company 1 realizes 21 of them, the Company 2 realizes 23 activities and the Company 3 realizes all 25 activities, and all interviewed declared that the set of these proposed activities was complete and consistent. / A partir da Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos (Supply Chain Management, SCM), a função logística expande seu escopo dentro da empresa, passando a exercer ou dar apoio à gestão e operação dos processos-chave de negócio. Sua atuação deixa de se reduzir somente à esfera funcional ( silo ou área vertical ), passando a alcançar também a esfera horizontal de tais processos. Várias fontes da literatura apontam mudanças na função logística mas não as caracterizam precisamente nem discutem as modificações no seu escopo dentro das empresas. Em particular, os benefícios gerados pelo envolvimento da função logística nos processoschave de negócio da SCM já foram levantados na literatura, mas não foram identificadas as atividades que a logística deve executar em cada um dos processos para que esses benefícios sejam alcançados. Diante desta lacuna teórica, o objetivo desta tese de doutorado foi de propor atividades logísticas necessárias à operação eficaz dos processos-chave de negócio da SCM, gerando uma estrutura conceitual que auxilia na implementação destas atividades. Tal estrutura é um guia que pode auxiliar as empresas na identificação, caracterização e seleção das atividades que a função logística pode desenvolver nos seus processos-chave de negócio. Mais especificamente, esta estrutura conceitual apresenta, além das próprias atividades logísticas, uma forma de caracterização destas atividades, de acordo com quatro critérios: a) obrigatoriedade de existência na empresa (básica ou opcional), b) impacto na geração de valor (eficiência, eficácia e/ou diferenciação), c) impacto na dimensão do serviço logístico prestado, d) integração e coordenação com outras áreas ou processos. Esta tese utilizou a abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, de natureza exploratória e com estudo experimental de campo. O método de pesquisa foi o estudo multi-caso e o mecanismo de coleta de dados foi a entrevista pessoal realizada por meio de um questionário semi-estruturado. Esta pesquisa também é de natureza teórico-conceitual, pois desenvolveu uma estrutura conceitual gerada a partir de revisão teórica. Nos três estudos de caso realizados, observou-se consistência nas atividades logísticas e na sua forma de caracterização propostas. Dentre as 25 atividades propostas, a Empresa 1 realiza 21 delas, a Empresa 2, 23 atividades e a Empresa 3, todas as 25 atividades, sendo que todos os entrevistados declararam que estava completo e consistente o conjunto proposto dessas atividades.

L’anthropisation croissante des zones côtières induit le rejet dans les écosystèmes aquatiques d’Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP). En plus de la concentration et de la voie de contamination considérées, leurs effets dépendent du stade de développement de l’organisme. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les effets d’une contamination par voie trophique à des concentrations sublétales de HAP sur une espèce modèle, le poisson zèbre Danio rerio. Deux types de mélanges de HAP, pyrolytique et pétrogénique, représentatifs de ce qui est rencontré en milieu contaminé ont été testés via des expositions chroniques. Au niveau individuel, les réponses biologiques ont été évaluées au travers de performances physiologiques considérées comme des mesures indirectes de la fitness : la capacité métabolique aérobie, les performances de nage et la réponse de fuite. A l’échelle sub-individuelle, l’exposition aux HAP a été évaluée sur le cœur via la mesure du rythme cardiaque. Ces paramètres biologiques ont été mesurés (i) à différents temps d’exposition des poissons ainsi que (ii) sur leur descendance dans le but d’évaluer l’effet parental de la contamination. Les résultats mettent en évidence une diminution de la capacité métabolique aérobie chez la descendance de poissons contaminés aux HAP d’origine pyrolytique. Chez les poissons adultes directement exposés aux HAP de type pétrogénique, une réduction de la capacité métabolique a également été observée, associée à une réduction de la vitesse de nage critique. Cette étude contribuera à établir une vision globale des effets de l’exposition aux HAP et à mieux comprendre les mécanismes régulant des fonctions biologiques clés dans la survie d’un organisme tout au long de son cycle de vie. / The increase of anthropogenic activities on coastal areas induces discharges of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic ecosystem. PAHs effects depend on their concentration and the way of contamination, but also on the different developmental stages of the organism. In this context, the aim of our study was to observe the effects of an exposure to two PAHs mixes, pyrolytic and petrogenic, on the model species zebrafish Danio rerio. These chronicle exposures at sub-lethal concentrations were representative of contaminated areas. Biological responses of fish were estimated at individual levels through the assessment of aerobic metabolic scope, swimming and escape performance, which are considered to be relevant indirect measures of the fitness. Furthermore, measurements of cardiac frequency allowed observing PAHs impairments at sub-individual levels. These physiological performances were estimated (i) a several times of exposure (i.e. from 2-months juveniles to 6-months adults) and (ii) on their progeny, in order to observe parental effect of the PAHs exposure. An increase of aerobic metabolic scope was observed on the progeny of fish contaminated by pyrolytic mix. Regarding petrogenic PAHs exposure, the increase of aerobic metabolic scope was associated to increase of critical swimming speed in adults. This study will contribute to establishing a global vision of PAHs exposure impairments and to a better understanding of the regulating mechanisms of the main biological functions on which organism survival depends.

Le système cardio-respiratoire joue un rôle prépondérant au sein d’un organisme, en permettant notamment l’apport et la distribution du dioxygène et des nutriments à l’ensemble des cellules. Mieux comprendre les modifications du système cardio-respiratoire au cours de la vie est donc un élément central dans l’évaluation de la capacité de l’organisme à répondre à ses différents besoins énergétiques, ainsi que dans la compréhension du phénomène de mortalité naturelle liée à la sénescence. Cette étude a été réalisée sur un vertébré à durée de vie extrêmement courte (~6 mois), le poisson Nothobranchius furzeri. La température, en plus d’être considérée comme l’un des principaux facteurs environnementaux susceptibles d’influencer la physiologie des téléostéens, est connue pour son effet régulateur sur la longévité. Ainsi, les individus étaient acclimatés à deux températures, 26 °C considérée comme la température optimale chez cette espèce, et une température réduite de 22 °C. Au niveau individuel, les réponses biologiques ont été explorées au travers des performances physiologiques comme mesure indirecte de la fitness : la capacité métabolique aérobie (AS), la croissance, les performances de reproduction, de locomotion et de digestion. A l’échelle sub-individuelle, les mécanismes de régulation de la fonction cardiaque ont été examinés via une étude morpho-fonctionnelle des cardiomyocytes. Les résultats mettent en évidence la présence au cours de la vie de deux phases bien distinctes délimitées par un âge optimal : (1) une première phase d’élévation de l’AS des stades juvénile à adulte ; suivie (2) d’une seconde phase, synonyme de déclin de l’AS, des indicateurs cardiaques et des niveaux d’activités ciblés, associés probablement à l’entrée en sénescence. Une réduction de température accroit la longévité, et retarde les effets néfastes du vieillissement sur l’AS, et les performances cardiaques. Cette étude contribuera à établir une vision globale des effets du vieillissement sur la fonction cardio-respiratoire et à mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu lors d’un allongement de la longévité par une réduction de la température. / Cardio-respiratory system plays a key role in an organism by delivering oxygen and nutrients towards the cells. Exploring its age-dependant changes is therefore a corner stone for assessing the organism capacity to meet its energetic needs along its life cycle, and for the understanding of mechanisms involved in the mortality due to aging process. This study was realized in a vertebrate with an extremely short lifespan (~6 months), the fish Nothobranchius furzeri. Temperature is an external factor that regulates longevity. Here, fish were acclimatized at two temperatures, 26 °C considered as the optimal temperature for this species, and 22 °C. Biological responses of fish were evaluated at individual level through the assessment of aerobic metabolic scope (AS), growth, reproduction, locomotion and digestion, which are considered to be relevant indirect measurement of fitness. Furthermore, mechanisms involved in the cardiac function regulation were explored through a morpho-functional study of cardiomyocytes. Along the individual life cycle, two phases were emphasized: 1) the first corresponds to AS elevation from the juvenile to the adult stages, following by 2) a second phase reflecting the entrance in the senescent stage, characterized by the decline in AS, cardiac performances and in activity level. A temperature reduction increases the individual longevity and slows-down deleterious effect of aging on both AS and cardiac function. This study will contribute to provide a global vision of senescent effects on cardio-respiratory system, and a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in temperature-dependent increase in longevity.

A l’heure où la réforme du droit des obligations semble imminente, l'expansion de la responsabilité civile et l'identification des dangers qui lui sont attachés s'affiche comme un sujet récurrent en doctrine. La crainte d'un enrayement de notre système invite alors à réfléchir aux moyens propres à circonscrire l'étendue du droit de la réparation. L'intérêt protégé est parfois envisagé au titre de ces outils de rationalisation. Issu des droits étrangers, il suscite cependant autant d'enthousiasme que de méfiance en droit français. Les réticences s'estompent lorsqu'on observe que l'intérêt protégé pourrait constituer un instrument utile à la redéfinition des conditions de la responsabilité civile que sont la faute et le préjudice. Actuellement fuyantes, ces conditions ne permettent qu'un filtrage imparfait' des demandes en réparation. La précision de leur signification, par référence à la notion d'intérêt protégé, réhabiliterait la dimension sélective de telles exigences. L'attrait de l'intérêt protégé pourrait également se révéler au stade de l'analyse du mode de structuration de la responsabilité civile. Aujourd'hui organisé autour de la summa divisio des responsabilités contractuelle et délictuelle, notre droit laisse progressivement place à la mise en œuvre d'une protection différenciée des intérêts. Assumée, repensée, cette hiérarchisation des intérêts pourrait porter une rude concurrence à la distinction traditionnelle des ordres contractuel et délictuel, jusqu'à, peut-être, la faire disparaître. / The concept of "protected interests", which is well-known in many legal systems such as German or English law, is still widely ignored in French tort law. However, a recent concern has emerged in France, relating to the increasing scope of tortious liability. This is why it appears necessary to pay special attention to the tools which could help to reduce this scope of protection. Firstly, the concept of "protected interests" could be used as a way to clarify the definition of the conditions of liability, especially damage and fault. As French courts have sometimes suggested, the definition of damage could be specified by considering that it consists in the lesion of a protected interest, that is legitimate, personal and serious. The definition of fault could also be improved so as to include the concept of protected interests, through the implementation, in our legal system, of "la théorie de la relativité aquilienne" (scope of the rule theory). Thus, these two requirements could become a mean to "keep the floodgates shut". Secondly, the concept of protected interests could be used to reorganize the system of tort law. Indeed, it seems highly desirable to recognize the existence of a hierarchy between the various categories of protected interests, which is, for now, quite rudimentary. Should such a model be adopted, it could then challenge the summa divisio between tortious and contractual liabilities, on which the whole system currently rests.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Health Sciences in Radiography, Durban University of Technology, 2017. / Background The current scope of practice for diagnostic radiographers, does not allow them to administer intravenous contrast media (IVCM) since there are no formal training guidelines accredited by the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) (Koch 2014: 26). In selected countries abroad, radiographers are allowed to administer IVCM and have thus received the necessary and accredited training to do so. In view of this, the South African radiographer’s scope of practice is not on par with the selected countries. The radiologists in South Africa (SA) who are currently responsible for the administration of IVCM have issued a position statement which supports, in principle, the idea of radiographers administering IVCM should they receive the necessary and appropriate training to do so (RSSA 2011: 1-2). The aim of this research study was, therefore, to investigate the radiologists’ perspectives regarding the theoretical knowledge, clinical competencies and medico legal responsibilities required by radiographers in order to effectively administer IVCM. This research study provides input for the development of national training guidelines for radiographers to administer IVCM. Research Methodology A quantitative, descriptive study was conducted by targeting qualified radiologists residing and practicing within the province of KwaZulu Natal (KZN). Ethical approval was obtained from the Durban University of Technology’s (DUT) Institutional Research and Ethics Committee (IREC). All the participants were contacted in their personal capacity. The research tool was an online survey administered through SurveyMonkey which included questions and statements relating to the administration of IVCM and was structured so as to meet the study objectives. The research tool was evaluated and amended by an expert focus group to ensure reliability and validity. Confidentiality was maintained and all the data obtained during this research study was password protected. Results and discussion Fifty-nine radiologists (60.8 percent) participated in this study. Twelve respondents, however, were excluded due to incomplete surveys. The final response rate, therefore, was 48.5 percent (n=47) of which 72.3 percent of the respondents were from the private sector. Results illustrated the radiologists’ agreement regarding the theoretical, clinical/practical and medico legal training components for inclusion in the further training of radiographers to administer IVCM. Most respondents supported the inclusion of three assessments: theoretical (87.2 percent), clinical (93.6 percent) and a record of clinical competencies (95.7 percent). The assessments were considered equally important in terms of percentage weighting. The overall results compared favorably to the current international trends and practice standards of radiographers administering IVCM. Conclusion and Recommendations The study, in providing key data for the development of training guidelines for radiographers to administer IVCM, has demonstrated the importance of higher education (HE) and training in addressing transformation in health services with particular reference to professional scopes of practice. Furthermore, it reinforces the need for local research that will inform HE and training and hence a scope of practice that meets local needs. It was recommended that future studies should include those HE institutions offering training in Radiography as well as their stakeholders for the design and transformation of a national curriculum for radiographers to administer IVCM. / M

In the last decades there has been a growing interest in studying processes in improvement work. A particular interest has been the improvement process that the organisation undergoes and why events evolve in the way they do. By better understanding improvement processes and identifying supporting and hindering forces, the possibilities successfully to plan and implement improvement work in a systematic way increases. The focus of this thesis is organisation processes in schools and the relations that hold between planned and emergent improvement, when using a research-based strategy. The aim of the study is to describe and understand how processes are initiated, developed and completed when using a strategy called ‘Scope for Action Model’(frirumsstrategin). The empirical material of the study was organised and analysed according to Van de Ven’s and Poole’s four ideal types for process studies. Within each type, motors have been identified, which contain generative mechanisms that are a key to how actions, events and activities emerge and are driven forward. The results of the study show that the emergent initiatives are more frequent than the planned ones and that they are more likely to generate an improvement – in the study defined as something new in the organisation. However, on several occasions the planned improvement work inspires emergent initiatives for improvement and in some cases seems to be a fundamental condition for their existence. The different motors, which in the analysis are seen as driving forces, support or challenge each other, making the process develop and produce a result. The study shows that the participants reshape the strategy to make it fit into the organisation of the school. The results also show that teachers and principals have to be well-informed of how to work with a strategy in a practical and constructive way. They have to be able to translate crucial moments in the strategy to stimulate the participants to creative actions. The strategy for school improvement is not shown to be a solution which itself can create improvement, but in combination with the participant’s creative goal settings it can be a contributory factor. / Denna avhandling riktar intresset mot skolförbättring och de processer som uppstår när en planerad förändring genomförs på skolor med stöd av en forskningsbaserad strategi. Syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva och förstå hur dessa processer - i arbetet med frirumsstrategin - initieras, fortlöper och avslutas. Studien visar att det finns relationer mellan planerade och framväxande processer. De framväxande processerna är mest frekventa och har sin grund i deltagarnas egna målformuleringar. De förmår skapa utveckling i skolverksamheterna, något de planerade processerna inte lyckas med. Det planerade förbättringsarbetet tycks bidra genom att vara en inspirationskälla eller i vissa fall en förutsättning för de framväxande initiativ som tas av deltagare från olika delar av organisationen. Studien pekar på att en strategi kan vara igångsättare av förbättringsarbete och utgöra en grund för skolor att utgå från. Av resultatet framgår att det är viktigt att rektorer och lärare har goda kunskaper om förbättringsarbetets processer för att kunna använda strategin på ett konstruktivt sätt. Genom att ha insikt i vilka mekanismer som påverkar processer kan ett förbättringsarbete ledas medvetet samt tillåtas innehålla både de konflikter och den samstämmighet som kan bidra till att utveckling sker.

In this diploma thesis I deal with methods of valuation of easements according to current legislation and methodology. The easements, as a tool for limiting or extending the rights to real estate, are dealt with in a general way, I will state the methods for their valuation and subsequently apply these methods to specific easements.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / After the democratic elections of 1994, the South African government embarked on radical reforms to the apartheid education system, which included the development of a policy that is committed to human rights and social justice. The inclusive education policy, entitled: Education White Paper 6: Special Needs Education: Building an Inclusive Education and Training System (Department of Education, 2001) was released in July 2001. This inclusive education policy brought with it the prospect of changing the structures that promoted exclusionary and discriminatory practices in the education system. While the inclusive education framework is characterised by explicit policy directives, well-defined outcomes and a firm commitment to human rights and social justice, there is a growing realisation that a considerable gap exists between this framework and its effective implementation. The main aim of this study was to understand the factors that facilitate or constrain the implementation of inclusive education in the South African context. These factors were explored through a qualitative case study. A documentary analysis, as well as unstructured and semi-structured interviews was used to collect the data within the context of the research aims, questions, and a framework of categories, drawn from relevant literature, was used to analyse the data. The first major finding of this study was that the implementation of inclusive education policy in South Africa has been facilitated by the school communities' beliefs, values and norms relating to the inclusion of learners with disabilities. The second major fmding of this study is that the designers of the inclusive education policy underestimated the deep-seated socio-economic factors that inhibit effective learning in certain contexts. Poverty was identified as a major constraining factor in the study, followed by the complexities of the National Curriculum Statement, a lack of capacity to implement the policy, lack of support for policy implementation, and the limitations of the Education White Paper 6 itself. Given the facilitating and constraining factors emerging from this study, the recommendations made have been based on the assumption that the implementation of inclusive education policy is a worthwhile endeavour. These recommendations are proposed within three broad areas, namely policy implementation, inclusive education policy, and inclusive education practice. Of these recommendations the following are critical: • The Department of Education should develop differentiated inclusive education guidelines that address inclusion of learners in poverty stricken contexts. • The Department of Education, in conjunction with schools, should create formal and informal communication channels through which stakeholders can raise their views and concerns about the policy of inclusive education and how it should be implemented. • The Department of Education should take full responsibility for the advocacy, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of inclusive education policy, rather than relying on the services of independent providers. • The Department of Education should address the complexities that prevent districts and schools from establishing support structures.