Since the 1970s there has been a rising trend in South Africa for legal professionals to use the services of psychologists in legal proceedings. Psychologists have therefore increasingly started to appear as expert witnesses in court cases. Despite this, the field of forensic psychology in South Africa has yet to be defined and delineated. Currently there are no set guidelines or regulations regarding who is qualified to do forensic work, and no standards against which this work can be measured. Psychology in the courtroom has begun to receive a notorious reputation as a result of this. The Professional Board for Psychology (PBP) of the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) is investigating the creation of a new category of registration, that of Forensic Psychologist, partly in an effort to manage and address this problem. However, to date little, if any, research has been conducted on the scope of the work presented to the courts by psychologists appearing as expert witnesses. This research aimed to address this gap by analysing a sample of forensic psychological reports. The following aspects were investigated: <ul><li>Who (category or registration, length of registration, etc.) is doing sentencing reports;</li> <li>How (interviews, collateral information, psychometric tests, etc.) these reports are compiled; and</li> <li>Whether these reports measure up to professional expectations as well as adhere to the guidelines of the HPCSA.</li></ul> It is clear from the results of this research that some of the psychologists doing forensic assessments and writing reports do so in an idiosyncratic way. Besides the fact that no uniformity exists, forensic work is sometimes done by psychologists who are not qualified to do so in terms of their registration category and thus their scope of practice. The reports analysed did not always measure up to guidelines or professional standards from abroad (in lieu of local standards or guidelines for reports) and/or transgressions were made in terms of HPCSA policies and guidelines. This situation is understandable in the light of two shortfalls in this field, namely training and regulation. The following recommendations can be made on the basis of this study: <ul><li>That psychologists who are adequately trained and have the proven experience in forensic work, be accredited by the PBP;</li> <li>That guidelines and standards for forensic work be drawn up by the PBP; in addition, that more complete ethical guidelines than those contained in chapter 7 of the PBP’s Rules of Conduct Pertaining Specifically to Psychology also be drawn up;</li> <li>That adequate training at MA level in basic forensic issues be made compulsory, with the option of advanced training for those wishing to specialise in the field; and</li> <li>That lawyers be trained in basic concepts of psychology so as to allow for better selection of an appropriate psychologist to assist them and also to assure effective cross-examination regarding psychological issues in court.</li></ul> If these recommendations were implemented, they could aid in regulating the field, thus producing forensic work of a consistently high quality. This will hopefully help to narrow the gap between the expected and actual interaction between law and psychology. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

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From the filing of an application to evict to the final execution of an eviction order is a long and complicated process. This raises questions about how the actors involved experience and act during this process. The general aim of the study was to describe and analyse this process from the respective perspectives of the landlords, the social services and the individuals (families) facing eviction in three municipalities in the county of Stockholm. The issues discussed are how the landlords and the social welfare offices are organised, their work procedures, respective scopes of action and resources, and how individuals facing eviction cope with their life situation. The material for the study consists of qualitative interviews with nine handling officers at six landlord offices, fifteen social workers at three social welfare offices, twelve individuals who were facing eviction and fifteen observations of conversations between social workers and individuals who were facing eviction. The analytic framework used consists of perspectives and concepts derived from organisation theory – Human Service Organizations and street-level bureaucrats – and theories on coping. A main result of the study is that the work procedures of the professionals are standardised in many ways and are characterised by similar procedures for classifying and categorising the individuals facing eviction, irrespective of how the three municipalities have organised their work. Another main result is that the primarily interests of the individuals facing eviction are to meet what they experience to be their children’s needs, and to avoid eviction. Further, the individuals experience as stressful their life situation marked by the threat of eviction in combination with reduced financial resources that make it difficult for them to meet their children’s needs. The study has identified two types of strategies that individuals facing eviction use in order to cope with their life situation and to achieve their interests. These are emotion-focused strategies and problem-focused strategies, which are described and discussed.

The United States experiences opioid addiction at epidemic levels. In 2012, the National Institute of Drug Abuse reported that 23.1 million Americans were in need of addiction treatment services, although only 2.5 million were enrolled in treatment. Following an amendment to the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-310), advanced practice nurses were qualified as providers who could bridge the healthcare gap in treatment access. The purpose of this project was to determine the interest of advanced practice nurses in (a) prescribing buprenorphine and (b) establishing guidelines that would allow them to do so. This quantitative project used a 10-question Internet-based survey with a convenience sample of 95 nurses (recruited online) who were currently practicing in advanced nursing roles. Social media platforms, including Facebook, were used to recruit participants. The survey included questions about expanding the scope of practice in addiction treatment and establishing guidelines that would allow nursing knowledge and expertise to be used in outpatient opiate addiction treatment. Critical social theory and Kingdon's theory of policy analysis were applied to support the project. The Survey Monkey data analysis tool was used to generate descriptive statistics, which demonstrated respondents' support for an expanded scope of practice. If the recommendations of this project are adopted by national legislation, increased accessibility to addiction treatment services will save millions of dollars in justice system, healthcare system, employment, and societal costs. Nursing policy advocates nationally can apply these results to support efforts to expand scope of practice to include prescribing buprenorphine.

Las empresas pequeñas y medianas de construcción en la actualidad enfrentan un mercado de mucha competencia interna y externa, además de ello no cuentan con una metodología de control de sus costos por falta de conocimiento o interés. Por tanto, la introducción de metodologías y técnicas para gestionar sus proyectos es muy significativa, lo que mejorará su competitividad y rentabilidad, y así mantenerse en la industria de la construcción. Para el control de costos, tenemos a la técnica del Valor ganado EV, que representa una buena práctica de la gestión de proyectos, por lo que la Guía del PMBOK® 6ta Edición, lo establece como una herramienta de gestión, a usar para controlar y monitorear un proyecto. Con este fin en el presente trabajo se centró en el desarrollo de una metodología de aplicación de la técnica del valor ganado, en un proyecto de Saneamiento, aplicándose los procesos de planificación, ejecución y monitoreo y control del Valor Ganado, tomando en cuenta que la integración del alcance, tiempo y costo de un proyecto viene a ser la parte más importante al momento de planificar los trabajos, lo que nos resulta una línea base de medición de desempeño del proyecto (PMB) debidamente determinada para controlar y gestionar el desempeño del proyecto. De la aplicación de la metodología de la técnica del valor ganado EV, se resume que se puede obtener los datos necesarios para poder corregir o mejorar el desempeño de un proyecto. A pesar de que el indicador SPI, tiene una desventaja de control en la fase final del proyecto, y para superar ello, se complementará con la técnica del cronograma ganado. Con los resultados concluimos que adoptar los procedimientos plasmados no requiere de grandes modificaciones a las estructuras y políticas de organización que existe en una empresa. / Nowadays smalls and mediums enterprise (SME) of construction have a highly global competitive. In addition, they do not have methodologies of budget control, for lack knowledge or interest. So, introduction of methodologies and techniques for management your projects are much significate, getting better competitive and profit-earning capacity, and stay in the construction industry. For the costs control, we have technique of Earned Value (EV), represents a practice good in the project’s management, so that a Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® guide) 6ta Edition, define as tool management to monitoring and controlled a project. The objective the present work is development an application methodology of earned value for a project construction water drinking and sewerage service. Where the application of process planning, executing, monitoring and controlling of earned value, emphasizing with much important, the integration of scope, schedule and cost of project, establishing as result the performance measurement baseline (PMB) approved to manage and control project performance. The methodology application of Earned Value EV technique, in summary that can getting data necessary to improve or correct the performance in a project. Even though that the indicator SPI, have a disadvantage, this has disadvantages in the phases project end, and to overcome it, complement with earned schedule technique. With the results, conclude the procedures adopt not need big changes in the politics and structures organization of enterprise. / Trabajo de investigación

As the world grapples with the increasingly dire effects of climate change, companies are under more pressure than ever before to not just report on their environmental impact, but to actively work towards sustainability. Carbon accounting has emerged as a crucial aspect of this reporting, and the concept of Scope 3 emissions, introduced by the Greenhouse Gas Protocol a decade ago, is now a vital tool for assessing a company's environmental footprint. Focusing on 124 large Swedish companies that are aligned with the Science-based target initiative, this research aims to investigate the methods and data used to assess their Scope 3 emissions. Through a qualitative approach that includes content analysis of published sustainability reports and a comprehensive literature review. The findings of this study are illuminating, revealing a troubling lack of consistency and comparability in the data, methods, and numbers disclosed by the companies. This highlights the need for transparency, comparability, and sector-specific guidelines in sustainability reporting standards. Furthermore, the study calls for further research to evaluate the effectiveness of current Scope 3 data collection tools and explore the potential impact of emerging technologies on reducing emissions across a company's value chain. By shedding light on these crucial issues, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers, academics, and corporate actors alike.

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Tyvärr är det inte ovanligt att IT projekt misslyckas i att generera förväntat värde åt verksamheter. Denna kandidatuppsats behandlar den process som sker inför en IT-upphandling och vilken betydelse den har för om projektet lyckas leverera enligt förväntan eller ej. Det som undersöks är hur process, analys och underlag inför en IT-upphandling bör se ut. Vidare studeras även vilka processer som företag genomför inför en IT-upphandling. Något som också tas upp är på vilket sätt som processerna inför en IT-upphandling påverkar värdet som levererad IT-lösning genererat. Metoden som valts är dels att studera tidigare forskning och teori men även intervjuer har genomförts med respondenter på organisationer som varit ansvariga för IT-projekt.  Vid jämförelse mellan teori, det vill säga de rekommenderade processer som finns inför en IT-upphandling, och det som respondenterna anger att de gjort visar på att de som följt gällande rekommendationer har haft projekt som levererat enligt förväntan och de som inte följt dessa har dessvärre inte levererat enligt förväntan. Något som bör påpekas är att både teori och empiri även visar på att det de olika rekommendationerna som finns gällande den process som sker inför en IT-upphandling så är det vissa faktorer som är av större betydelse att ta hänsyn till än andra. Förankring av projektet till alla parter som berörs är en sådan faktor som är absolut kritisk för ett lyckat resultat medans exempelvis val av leverantör har betydelse men blir fullständigt irrelevant om projektet saknar förankring. Kontentan av denna uppsats kan sammanfattas enligt följande; Om det tilltänkta projektet saknar förankring hos de parter som kommer att beröras så ska det inte upphandlas tills så är fallet. / Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for IT projects to fail to generate expected value for businesses. This bachelor's thesis deals with the process that takes place before an IT procurement and what significance it has for whether the project succeeds in delivering as expected or not. What is being investigated is what the process, analysis and basis for an IT procurement should look like. Furthermore, the processes that companies carry out prior to an IT procurement are also studied. Something that is also addressed is the way in which the processes prior to an IT procurement affect the value generated by the delivered IT solution. The method chosen is to study previous research and theory but interviews have also been conducted with respondents at organizations that have been responsible for IT projects. When comparing theory, i.e. the recommended processes that exist before an IT procurement and what the respondents state that they have done, it shows that those who followed the current recommendations have had projects that delivered as expected and those who did not follow these have unfortunately not delivered as expected. Something that should be pointed out is that both theory and empirical evidence also show that the various recommendations that exist regarding the process that takes place before an IT procurement, there are certain factors that are of greater importance to take into account than others. Establishing the project to all parties involved is one such factor that is absolutely critical for a successful result, while for example the choice of supplier is important but becomes completely irrelevant if the project lacks establishing. The conclusion of this thesis can be summarized as follows; if the project lacks establishing with the parties that will be affected, it should not be procured until that is the case.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka skolkuratorers uppfattning om vad som kan hindra högstadieelever från att söka vidare stöd vid psykisk ohälsa. Författarna önskar även ta reda på vilka begränsningar i handlingsutrymmet skolkuratorer ser utifrån yrkesrollen att hjälpa högstadieelever vidare vid psykisk ohälsa. Studien har två frågeställningar, varav den första inkluderar vilka hinder skolkuratorer ser som bidrar till att högstadieelever inte söker vidare psykiatrisk vård vid psykisk ohälsa. Den andra frågeställningen berör vilka begränsningar den individuella skolkuratorn ser i att kunna påverka högstadieelevers vidare hjälpsökande vid psykisk ohälsa utifrån yrkesrollens handlingsutrymme. I studiens tidigare forskning fokuseras ungas egna upplevelser av hinder i hjälpsökande. Även empiri om genus, skolkuratorers och föräldrars uppfattningar om hinder i hjälpsökande samt tillgängligheten till barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin (BUP) har eftersökts utifrån frågeställningarna. Teoretiska utgångspunkter som studien valt att använda är ungdomars psykosociala identitet och skolkuratorers handlingsutrymme. Författarna har valt att använda sig av den kvalitativa metoden genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studiens resultat indikerar att det finns diverse hinder som påverkar högstadieelever i vidare hjälpsökande vid psykisk ohälsa. Hinder som finns, enligt skolkuratorerna, är stigma, avslöjande, bristande självinsikt samt könsnormer. Hinder utifrån handlingsutrymme visar sig utgå från otydliga yrkesroller, anmälningsplikt och yttre faktorer som påverkar skolkuratorn i sitt arbete. / The purpose of the study is to investigate school counselors' perception of what can prevent middle school students from seeking further support in case of mental illness. The authors also wish to find out what limitations in the scope of action school counselors see based on the professional role of helping middle school students further in case of mental illness. The study has two questions, the first of which includes what obstacles school counselors see as contributing to middle school students not seeking further psychiatric care in case of mental illness. The second question concerns what limitations the individual school counselor sees in being able to influence middle school students' further help-seeking for mental illness based on the scope of action connected to the professional role. In the study's previous research, young people's own experiences of obstacles in seeking help are focused on. Empirical data on gender, school counselors' and parents' perceptions of obstacles in seeking help, and accessibility to child and youth psychiatry have also been sought based on the questions. Theoretical starting points that the study has chosen to use are young people's psychosocial identity and school counselors' scope of action. The authors have chosen to use the qualitative method through semi-structured interviews. The results of the study indicate that there are various obstacles that affect middle school students in further help-seeking for mental illness. Obstacles that exist, according to the school counselors, are stigma, disclosure, lack of self-awareness and gender norms. Obstacles based on scope of action turned out to be based on unclear professional roles, reporting obligations and external factors that affect the school counselors in their work.

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