Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify incentives and discouragements thus providinga better understanding of how metal processing companies could set their Scope 3 boundary. Method: To achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative case study with an inductive approach was used. The studied company was a global metal processing company that was working towards setting a Scope 3 boundary, and the data consists of semi-structured interviews that were gathered from both internal and external stakeholders. Findings: Firstly, the findings presented, highlight incentives that affected companies in the metal processing industry to pursue setting a Scope 3 boundary, namely incentives that are categorised into 1) Improved corporate environmental reputation, 2) Increased competitive advantage, and 3) Financial gains. The discouragements found were categorised into 1) High uncertainty, 2) Immature industry/technical solutions, and 3) Low influence outside of the organisational boundary. These incentives and discouragements were analysed to show how they affected the Scope 3 boundary. This resulted in an industry-specific guideline on how companies in the metal processing industry could set their Scope 3 boundary. Theoretical contribution: The findings prolong earlier research by defining incentives and discouragements in a Scope 3 context. A theoretical contribution from this study was that regulations might inhibit some of the Scope 3 incentives. The findings indicate that drivers to benchmark against other stakeholders, such as differentiating from competitors and improved corporate sustainable reputation. A non-regulatory market environment is, therefore, fostering these incentives, which could be useful to acknowledge in further studies in a Scope 3 context. Practical implications: This study provides an enhanced understanding of how metal processing companies can set their Scope 3 boundary based on what set of incentives or discouragements that drives them. It is also important for companies to understand incentives and discouragements that may change (e.g., regulations towards Scope 3 emissions) in time, which would result in different Scope 3 boundaries. Also, this understanding of what incentives and discouragementsaffecting the boundary-setting could benefit policymakers in their work improving the Scope 3 discouragements.

Dans les dernières décennies, les taux de vaccination dans les différentes provinces canadiennes n’atteignent pas les objectifs fixés et stagnent. La pandémie de COVID-19 a mis en lumière la nécessité d’impliquer de nouveaux partenaires tels que les pharmaciens communautaires et de mieux rejoindre les « populations vulnérables ». Les pharmaciens québécois ont récemment acquis le droit de prescrire et d’injecter les différents vaccins du Programme québécois d’immunisation. La vaccination s’ajoute aux diverses responsabilités du pharmacien et les facilitateurs et les barrières qui influencent les pratiques vaccinales sont méconnus. L’objectif général de ce mémoire est de comprendre comment les pharmaciens communautaires québécois conçoivent et ciblent les « populations vulnérables » à travers leurs activités de vaccination. Nous avons d’abord réalisé une revue de littérature basée sur la méthodologie d’une étude de portée afin de décrire les populations visées par les diverses stratégies promotionnelles en pharmacie communautaire. Cette revue nous a permis de constater l’utilisation prédominante de critères biomédicaux et liés à l’âge pour cibler les clientèles vulnérables ainsi que la sous-utilisation de critères de vulnérabilité liés aux déterminants sociaux de la maladie. Par la suite, nous avons réalisé une série d’entretiens semi-structurés (n=14) auprès d’acteurs clé en vaccination afin de comprendre comment les pharmaciens collaborent avec le réseau public de la santé pour vacciner les « populations vulnérables ». Malgré un grand intérêt pour la vaccination, plusieurs obstacles au niveau de la chaîne d’approvisionnement, de la formation et de la connaissance des couvertures vaccinales locales ont été recensés. La pandémie de COVID-19 a accéléré l’émergence de collaborations entre le pharmacien et la santé publique. Toutefois, une meilleure intégration des pharmaciens dans les comités décisionnels et la clarification de leur rôle permettrait un meilleur alignement des pratiques en pharmacie avec les objectifs vaccinaux de la santé publique. / In recent decades, vaccination rates in the different Canadian provinces have not reached the established objectives and are stagnant. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to involve new partners such as community pharmacists and to better reach ‘‘vulnerable populations’’. Quebec pharmacists have recently acquired the right to prescribe and inject the vaccines of the Quebec Immunization Program (PQI), which brings a promising solution to increase vaccination coverage. Vaccination is added to the various responsibilities of the pharmacist and little is known about the facilitators and barriers that influence vaccination practices. The general objective of this thesis is to understand how Quebec community pharmacists view and target ‘‘vulnerable populations’’ through their vaccination activities. First, we conducted a scoping review that described the populations addressed in community pharmacy promotional strategies. This review showed a predominant use of biomedical and age-related criteria to target vulnerable clienteles as well as the under-use of vulnerability criteria related to the social determinants of the disease. We then conducted a series of qualitative interviews (n=14) to understand how pharmacists collaborate with the public health network in the vaccination of ‘‘vulnerable populations’’. Despite great interest in vaccination, several irritants in regard to the supply chain, training and knowledge of local vaccination coverage have been identified. The COVID-19 pandemic has thus accelerated the emergence of collaborations between pharmacists and public health. However, better integration of pharmacists in decision-making committees and clarification of their role would allow a better alignment of pharmacy practices with public health vaccination objectives.

The purpose of this study is to study how social workers experience their work with the children's perspective within financial assistance. A qualitative methodological approach has been applied with the aim of collecting empirical data through semi-structured interviews with four social workes in financial assistance. The data collection has in turn been analyzed based on previous research on the subject and Michael Lipsky's theory of street-level bureaucrats and their discretion. The study gives an indication that social workers see the importance of, and have the will to apply a child perspective in their work, but the conditions are not optimal. The results of the study show that factors such as high workload in the form of lack of time, high number of cases and unclear guidelines are the main limitations in the application of the child perspective and thus in the assessments of the best interests of the child.

No description available.

No description available.

This qualitative study investigates how the EU’s Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directives (CSRD) shape the decision-making processes that influence companies' supply chain design. Employing institutional theory to understand how different institutional contexts shape decision-making mechanisms. An abductive approach to feature both empirical observations and theoretical concepts. Moreover, with seven semi-structured interviews, the study aims to bridge the gap in understanding the impact of CSRD on the supply chain design of large Swedish-listed companies, as well as the potential opportunities they present. The study chose to emphasize double materiality and Scope 3 emissions through the report to provide an understanding of the foundation for these directives that influence the supply chain design. The study's findings, derived from semi-structured interviews, are organized around a conceptual model designed to illustrate the process and explain the impact of CSRD. This model depicts a four-step implementation process: Awareness of CSRD, Setting CSRD Strategies, Application of Set Strategies, and Supply Chain Impact. Furthermore, various factors including Institutional Pressure, Experience/Background, Institutional Barriers, Institutional Support, and Operational Challenges on CSRD Application influence the process. Through this model, the study makes four significant contributions toward addressing the gap in existing literature and the research question. The contributions are that strategic opportunities can arise from CSRD, institutions support rather than pressure, long-term realizations to successfully implement CSRD, and lastly, CSRD has and will impact supply chain design. This reveals that CSRD significantly drives tangible changes in the decision-making process regarding supply chain design, offering new perspectives on how companies perceive these directives in terms of operational opportunities emerging from sustainability transitions.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (L.L.M)" / Cette étude vise à définir et à préciser l'étendue ainsi que le contenu de la notion de compétence du tribunal arbitral dans l'arbitrage commercial. L'analogie des statuts du juge étatique et de l'arbitre nous permettra d'étendre l'application de certaines notions propres à la justice étatique, telles que «juridiction», «compétence» et «pouvoir», à l'arbitrage commercial. Ainsi, dans la première partie, à travers l'identification des principaux pouvoirs qu'un tribunal arbitral possède ou peut posséder, nous aurons à préciser la notion de juridiction arbitrale. L'étude sera axée sur la détermination du contenu et sur l'identification de la source de chacun des pouvoirs traités. Par ailleurs, dans la deuxième partie, l'identification des limites desdits pouvoirs nous permettra de préciser la notion de compétence arbitrale. L'étude nous permettra de conclure que, sauf exception, telle que le recours à la force, les pouvoirs d'un juge étatique sont les mêmes que ceux qu'un tribunal arbitral peut posséder. En fait, ce dernier, grâce à la volonté des parties, pourrait en avoir plus que le premier. Toutefois, le caractère hybride de l'arbitrage nous amènera à affirmer que, sauf exception, telle que la justice naturelle, les limites des pouvoirs du juge étatique diffèrent de celles du tribunal arbitral. / The objective of this study is to define and specify the scope as well as the content of the concept of arbitral tribunal jurisdiction in commercial arbitration. An analogy between the status of national judge and of arbitrator enables us to expand the application of certain concepts specifie to national justice, such as "jurisdiction", "authority" and "powers", to commercial arbitration. Thus, in the first part, by identifying the principal powers an arbitral tribunal has or could have, we specify the concept of arbitral authority. The study focuses on determining the content and identifying the source of each of the powers treated. Moreover, in the second part, identifying the limits of said powers enables us to specify the concept of arbitral jurisdiction. The study allows us to conclude that, with a few exceptions such as physical imposition, the powers of a national judge are the same as those of an arbitral tribunal. In fact, the latter, owing to the intention of the parties, may have more than the former. However, the hybrid character of arbitration leads us to assert that, with a few exceptions such as natural justice, the limits of the national judge's powers differ from those of the arbitral tribunal.

L’importance du rôle de l’infirmière dans le système de santé autant au niveau de l’accessibilité que la qualité et la sécurité des soins et services donnés à la population est reconnue. Pour être en mesure d’exercer pleinement ce rôle, les infirmières doivent être en mesure d’exercer à leur pleine étendue de pratique. Les infirmières œuvrant dans le domaine de la santé mentale n’y font pas exception. Or, les recherches démontrent que les infirmières ne parviennent pas à mettre en oeuvre l’ensemble des activités pour lesquelles elles détiennent la formation et l’expérience. Cette recherche vise à mesurer l’étendue de pratique effective des infirmières oeuvrant en santé mentale ainsi qu’à identifier l’influence du niveau de formation sur cette étendue de pratique. Cette étude prend appui sur le SCOP model de Déry et al. (2015) qui mentionne que certaines caractéristiques de l’environnement et individuelles, telles que le niveau de formation, peuvent influencer l’étendue effective de la pratique des infirmières. Le déploiement de cette étendue de pratique a le potentiel d’influencer à son tour la satisfaction professionnelle des infirmières (Déry et al., 2013), la qualité des soins aux patients ainsi que d’autres variables organisationnelles telles que l’accessibilité, les durées moyennes de séjours et les coûts. Un devis corrélationnel descriptif a été retenu pour cette étude. Un questionnaire de type Likert a été complété par les infirmières (n=80) d’un Institut universitaire en santé mentale du Québec. Des analyses de la variance ont été utilisées pour comparer les moyennes d’étendue de pratique selon les ni-veaux de formation. Les résultats démontrent un déploiement sous-optimal de l’étendue de la pratique des infirmières (4,24/6; E.T.= 0,63). Cette étendue de pratique est tout de même supérieure à l’étendue de pratique des infirmières d’autres milieux qui a été mesurée à l’aide du questionnaire de l’étendue de la pratique infirmière (QÉPI). Les analyses effectuées concernant l’influence du niveau de formation sur l’étendue de pratique n’ont révélées aucune différence significative entre les niveaux de formation F (3, 77) = 0,707, p = 0,551. Le niveau de formation des infirmières, la présence d’un biais de représentation, le manque de puissance statistique et certaines caractéristiques de l’emploi peuvent expliquer ces résultats. Les résultats de cette étude semblent constituer une recherche empirique initiale puisqu'il s’agit à ce jour de l’unique recherche à avoir mesuré l’étendue de pratique des infirmières œuvrant en santé mentale à l’aide du QÉPI et à avoir tenté de connaître l’influence que pouvait avoir le niveau de formation sur l’étendue de leur pratique. / The importance of nursing in the health care system, both in terms of accessibility and quality and safety of patient care is well documented. In order to be able to fully exercise their role, nurses must be able to accomplish their full scope of practice. This applies to all nurses, including mental health nurses. However, research shows that nurses are unable to implement all the activities for which they have the training and experience. The aim of this study is to measure the actual scope of mental health nursing practice and to identify the influence of the level of training on this scope of practice. This study is based on the SCOP Model, from Déry et al. (2015), which states that certain job and individual characteristics, such as the level of training, can determine the actual nursing scope of practice. The deployment of this scope of practice can potentially influence professional satisfaction, quality of care and organizational factors such as accessibility, average lengths of stays and costs (Déry et al. 2015). A descriptive correlational design was used for this study. A questionnaire using a Likert scale was completed by nurses (n = 80) from a Quebec mental health Institute. Analysis of variance tests were used. The results show a sub-optimal deployment of the scope of nursing practice (4.24/6; E.T. = 0.63). The scope of practice results is the highest that has been measure with the ASCOP questionnaire. No significant differences were found between nurses with different levels of training F (3, 77) = 0.707, p = 0.551. These results can be explain by the nurses education level, the presence of a representation bias, a lack of statistical power or certain of the work characteristics. The results obtained in this study constitute initial empirical data on the subject. It is the only research measuring mental health nurses’ scope of practice with the ASCOP questionnaire and attempting to know the potential influence of level of training on scope of practice.

The main purpose of this work is to investigate if the US ́s killing of Osama bin Laden on 2 May 2011 in Abbottabad in Pakistan was lawful. The background to the killing is what happened on 11 September 2001 when four US airplanes were hijacked and crashed into World Trade Center and Pentagon. Al Qaeda, a terrorist organisation led by Osama bin Laden, was immediately suspected for the attacks, which led to the starting point of the US ́s ‘global war on terror’. This work tries to give a short brief on ‘global war on terror’ and answer if there is a global war on terror and/or if a new category of war is needed. In order to get an answer to the main question of this work I had to investigate if US is in an international armed conflict or in a non-international armed conflict with Al Qaida. Another important question to investigate is if an armed conflict in one State can spill over to another State and still be consider as an armed conflict. Other important questions to answer are, if Osama bin Laden was a legitimate target under international humanitarian law, if he was a civilian or if he had a continuous combat function and what level of participation in hostilities he had? Not less important is also to investigate if human rights law is applicable when Osama bin Laden was killed, especially the fundamental right to life. Lastly I end my investigation with a quick review of the laws of jus ad bellum in order to get an answer if US had a right to resort to force in Pakistan. My conclusion is that the US was not involved in an armed conflict with al Qaeda in Pakistan where the killing took place. The conflict between the US and al Qaeda in Afghanistan is to be categorised as a non-international conflict. This conflict cannot be described as a conflict that has spilled over to Abbottabad where Osama bin Laden was killed. All people, including Osama bin Laden, has a right to life. Because of lack of information on what happened in Abbottabad when Osama bin Laden was killed it is impossible to give a clear legal answer if the US had the right to kill him. It could be lawful, but it could also be considered as a crime against international human rights law.

Cette étude vise à définir et à préciser l'étendue ainsi que le contenu de la notion de compétence du tribunal arbitral dans l'arbitrage commercial. L'analogie des statuts du juge étatique et de l'arbitre nous permettra d'étendre l'application de certaines notions propres à la justice étatique, telles que «juridiction», «compétence» et «pouvoir», à l'arbitrage commercial. Ainsi, dans la première partie, à travers l'identification des principaux pouvoirs qu'un tribunal arbitral possède ou peut posséder, nous aurons à préciser la notion de juridiction arbitrale. L'étude sera axée sur la détermination du contenu et sur l'identification de la source de chacun des pouvoirs traités. Par ailleurs, dans la deuxième partie, l'identification des limites desdits pouvoirs nous permettra de préciser la notion de compétence arbitrale. L'étude nous permettra de conclure que, sauf exception, telle que le recours à la force, les pouvoirs d'un juge étatique sont les mêmes que ceux qu'un tribunal arbitral peut posséder. En fait, ce dernier, grâce à la volonté des parties, pourrait en avoir plus que le premier. Toutefois, le caractère hybride de l'arbitrage nous amènera à affirmer que, sauf exception, telle que la justice naturelle, les limites des pouvoirs du juge étatique diffèrent de celles du tribunal arbitral. / The objective of this study is to define and specify the scope as well as the content of the concept of arbitral tribunal jurisdiction in commercial arbitration. An analogy between the status of national judge and of arbitrator enables us to expand the application of certain concepts specifie to national justice, such as "jurisdiction", "authority" and "powers", to commercial arbitration. Thus, in the first part, by identifying the principal powers an arbitral tribunal has or could have, we specify the concept of arbitral authority. The study focuses on determining the content and identifying the source of each of the powers treated. Moreover, in the second part, identifying the limits of said powers enables us to specify the concept of arbitral jurisdiction. The study allows us to conclude that, with a few exceptions such as physical imposition, the powers of a national judge are the same as those of an arbitral tribunal. In fact, the latter, owing to the intention of the parties, may have more than the former. However, the hybrid character of arbitration leads us to assert that, with a few exceptions such as natural justice, the limits of the national judge's powers differ from those of the arbitral tribunal. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (L.L.M)"