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This thesis deals with a person of Karl Eusebius of Liechtenstein in a field of architecture. Karl Eusebius from Liechtenstein was interested in Architecture in many different poits of view. Firstly, he wrote a theoretical work, which is excerpted and analysed in first chapter. Second chapter summarises buildings (or interventions), which are shown in more detailed form in appendix. Chapter is divided in three parts. In first part are representative buildings at the areas, they traditionaly belonged to House of Liechtenstein, principal seat Valtice and summer residence in Lednice. The building activities are brought together in second part, taken through in manors he was not so strongly interrested. Last but not least, the chapter is about his one and only architectonical work, castle of Plumlov, where is very intensive connection with his theoretical work . This thesis aims to describe relations between theoretical work of Karl Eusebius from Liechtenstein and architecture donated or build by himself and aims to investigate different levels of his interrest.

自第七屆起立法委員減半為113席次，任期由3年改為4年，立法院已真正成為我國「單一國會」。隨之立法院的功能也就跟著大幅提升，所選出來的立法委員除了更具民意基礎之外，也得以充分反映民意和選民利益，同時隨著立法委員全面改選和席次增加後，除了依法編制的公務單位及行政人員襄助立法委員行使職權外，立法委員個人所聘用的公費助理人數較過去大幅提升，其能發揮的功能性，直接影響每一位委員的問政表現。 由於國會助理的聘期為一年一聘制，與立法委員同進退，因此，在非自願性離職的情況下，立法委員未連任或不再參選而離職的國會助理不在少數，另外也有因政治理念不合，或另覓更好的工作環境條件而自願離職的也佔大多數。然而第七屆立委減半後，直接衝擊最大的是近兩千名國會助理，面臨非自願性離職的失業潮，因此立法委員是否繼續連任，更是主要攸關助理們去留的命運。 本研究的主要動機，乃在於探討離職後的國會助理，在失去政治權力的環境下，應如何未雨綢繆做好生涯規劃？進而從非自願性失業的現象，深入探究國會助理制度的缺失。離職後的國會助理，從事哪方面的行業較容易得心應手？以及曾擔任國會助理工作的資歷，對轉業到底有多少的助益？將加以深入探討。 本研究目的主要是探討國會助理面對非自願性失業後，未來生涯規劃之情況；以及分析在失去國會權力光環的政治環境下，國會助理轉業後對目前的工作滿意；爾後根據研究結果，提供國會助理轉換跑道時之建議和參考。 本研究採質化研究之深度訪談法，總計訪談12位因委員未能順利連任當選第七屆立法委員，以致於非自願性失業的國會助理。經本研究結果發現如下： 一、雖有流動、不出委員範疇：第四屆至第六屆立委席次擴增為225席後，國會助理們會因為立委席次的增加，有多方面選擇委員辦公室的就業機會，因此助理流動率雖高，卻仍然始終在委員與委員辦公室之間流竄。 二、不適應者、回歸助理者眾：甚至有部分助理轉換至其他產業界後，在不能適應外界工作環境下，重返立法院繼續擔任國會助理工作的不在其數。 三、缺乏配套、助理權益難保：如今第七屆立委減半後，委員辦公室的選擇性減少，且由於委員辦公室助理流動率低，再加上立法院遲遲未能針對國會助理制度，訂定一套完整的配套措施，來保障國會助理應有的權益。 四、優勢蛻減、選擇不再戀棧：反觀之，在產官學界的工作條件（如：薪資、升遷、福利、教育訓練）優於國會助理的情況下，即使立委減半後，在僧多粥少的環境下，對於未來國會助理的評價與發展，仍抱持著悲觀的態度，助理們紛紛選擇不再戀棧立法院。 本研究根據研究發現，提出以下五點建議： 一、由於大多數國會助理認為此份工作並非長治久安，對於未來的生涯規劃，仍是需要按部就班的計畫。 二、卸任的立委諸公們，通常在自身難保的情況下，未能有計畫安排助理的出路，助理們只能自求多福，積極尋找適合何自己的下一個伯樂。 三、國會助理的行業雖不具有保障性，但在無形中所創造出自我的附加價值，將使其資歷在轉換其他行業時成為很大的助益。 四、國會助理所負責的工作內容複雜且繁瑣，可藉由工作接觸累積人脈，建立個人的人際關係。 五、未來可朝向「國會助理專業證照制度」發展，爾後再制定國會助理法治化之相關法令，來保障國會助理的權益，以提升立法委員問政。 / Legislative seats for the 7th Legislative Yuan were halved to 113 and the term was extended from original 3 to 4 years. The Legislative Yuan has ever since been the “Unicameralism”. As the congress is empowered in functions, the members of the Legislative Yuan will fully reflect the public’s opinions and voters’ interests. After the re-election and the increase in seats, aside from receiving help from the public service units and staff, the legislators also receive assistance from the increased numbers of publicly funded assistants. The function of those assistants will directly impact on the performance of the legislators. The term of assistants lasts one-year, and they lose their jobs if the legislators lose the re-election. The assistants who leave also include those whose legislators did not get re-elected or they themselves no longer are candidates of legislators, this leads to the fact that many assistants involuntarily leave their jobs. Those leave voluntarily might be because of the different political ideas or they seek for a better working environment. But the tremendous impact came from the unemployment of those nearly 2000 assistants who lost their jobs non-voluntarily after the 7th Legislative Yuan. The main motive of this study was to explore how those assistants plan for their lives after leaving current job. And from the phenomenon of involuntary unemployment, the study focused on the shortcoming of the congressional assistant system. It explored which industry was easier for assistants who left their jobs to enter, and how their career as an assistant can be useful for their next job. The main purpose of this study was to explore how the assistants plan for their lives after leaving the job involuntarily. It also analyzed the job satisfaction of the ex-assistants after leaving the congress. The research provided some suggestions and advices for the assistants who change track in their career. This study adopted the qualitative, in-depth interviews, in total 12 assistants were interviewed, who left their job involuntarily. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. The increase in seats to 225 provided more job opportunities for the assistants, though the turnover rate was high, the assistant still worked in one of the offices in the congress. 2. There are many ex-assistants who could not adapt to the external environment returned to the congress. 3. The reduction of members of congress and the low turnover rate in the office after the 7th Legislative Yuan requires a supporting measure to protect the rights of assistants. 4. The external working conditions were better than the environments in congress. There were many assistants who chose not to stay in the Legislative Yuan. For example, in joining the academic, governmental or industrial community, the salary, benefits, promotion and training are better than what is offered in Legislative Yuan. Based on the research finding, the following five recommendations were proposed: 1. Since most assistants consider their current job is not a long-term career, they should plan their life in a more careful, step by step manner. 2. The non-incumbent legislators usually do not have a plan for the assistants while their own jobs are at risk. And assistants need to search for the next job by themselves. 3. The intangible added value of being assistants while they worked in the congress will help ex-assistants to adapt their next job. 4. The assistants’ job description includes being responsible for complex and tedious works, which will help them to develop personal relationships and connections. 5. In the future, the “Assistant Professional Certification” should be established. Relevant laws concerning the assistants should be passed to protect the rights of the assistants and to enhance quality of policy decisions made by the legislators.

Detta examensarbete utfördes på Karlstads universitet i samarbete med Volvo Car Group, en svensk tillverkare av premiumbilar. Arbetet är fokuserat på ett kvalitetsproblem på Volvos produktionslinje då ett tillverkningsfel uppstår när montörer sätter sig i bilarna för att utföra arbetsuppgifter. Detta gäller på andra generationen av XC90 och senare bilmodeller. Ett permanent instegsveck uppstår och återhämtar sig inte när kunden får sin bil levererad. Idag har Volvo inga provmetoder som kan efterlikna problemet och ett arbete sattes igång under 2015 för att komma fram till en ny provmetod. Arbetet fick avslutas mitt i projektet pga. andra prioriteringar, vilket resulterade i en prototyp som behövdes utvärderas vidare för att kunna bli en fullständig provmetod.   Målet för det här examensarbetet var att utvärdera prototypen med hjälp av designprocessen. En förstudie utfördes med fokus på information från det tidigare projektet, nuvarande provmetoder, läderteknik, granskning av sätesdesign, benchmarking och observationer på Volvos bilmodeller direkt från fabriken och ute hos återförsäljare. Efter förstudien påbörjades en utvärdering om prototypen kunde efterlikna problemet mellan Volvos olika varianter av stolar, såsom sportstolar. Genom att betygsätta resultatet med en betygsskala mellan 1–5 var det möjligt att se stor skillnad mellan stolarna med referens från produktion. Andra typer av slitage som nötningsskador uppstod innan det önskade resultatet, speciellt på stolar inriktade på god komfort. På sportstolarna var den avancerade geometrin ett problem att applicera efter provmetodens möjligheter.   Sista delen av projektarbetet utfördes det en bedömning av prototypen baserat på resultatet från mätningarna. Prestandan från prototypen bedöms vara svår att efterskapa på alla typer av stolar. Ett av de större problemen var att få lädret i ett skört tillstånd då prototypen hade en begränsad rörelse. För att projektet skulle fortlöpa så utfördes en kort granskning baserat på erfarenheterna där fokus låg på faktorer som hade påverkat resultatet mest, dessa var rörelse och material. Resultatet för att kunna efterlikna samma instegsveck i produktion är det optimalt med en tryckrörelse på 45° riktat mot sätets sidobolster samt ett mjukt PUR-skum. Detta gav ett optimalt resultat på alla stolar utan att andra slitage uppstod. För att lösa problemet är det nödvändigt för Volvo att titta på två områden, antingen åtgärder inom produktion med extra skydd eller tillämpa konstruktionsändringar i stolarna med en nyutvecklad provmetod som är framtagen på rätt premisser. / This thesis was carried out at Karlstad University and in corporation with Volvo Car Group, a premium car manufacturer from Sweden. The work focuses on a quality problem at the assembly line. A problem occurs on the front seats with the new generation of XC90 and further released car models. It is to Volvo Cars knowledge that an early wear occurs on the leather seats when assemblers ingress and egress the cars during work tasks and the wear then never recovers. To fix this problem and previous work has been carried out at Research & Development in 2015 but was unfortunately required to be held because of other priorities. The previous work resulted in a prototype which purpose was to become a new test method to this issue. However, the prototype needed further investigation to verify if it can replicate the early wear like the seats at the assembly line.   The goal of the research was to evaluate the prototype with a theory based on Engineering Design Process. A pre-study was performed focusing on collecting data from the previous project, current test methods, leather technology, seat design, benchmarking as well as an excursion of Volvo’s lineup of cars at the assembly line and dealerships. After the pre study, a measurement task was performed with the variety of different seat design. This was done to evaluate whether the prototype met the requested requirements or not. By grading the result with a number between 1-5 it was possible to see a difference between the seat design and to replicate the wear problem. Other attritional wear would occur before the desired outcome of wear, especially on comfort seats. It was hard to apply the sports seat to the benefits of the prototype because of the more advanced design.   The last part consisted of an assessment on the prototype and was based on its performance. The results show that the prototype does have a problem to replicate the wear and isn’t applicable on all available seats. One of the main issues was to get the leather in a brittle state based on the movement from the prototype. Furthermore, a short research was carried out on in-depth knowledge of this work to gain an understanding and cognition for continued work. For replicate the requested wear a pressure movement was required at a 45° angle and aimed to the seat side bolster with a soft polyurethane foam. It shows successfully results at every kind of seat design. To solve this issue it’s necessary for Volvo to consider precautions at the assembly line or changes in seat design with a newly developed test method based on the right premises.

Les travailleurs impliqués dans la gestion des matières résiduelles domestiques sont continuellement exposés à des bioaérosols pouvant entrainer des problèmes de santé de nature infectieux, allergène et cancérigène. Le but de cette étude était d’évaluer l’exposition aux bioaérosols des éboueurs et des chauffeurs de camion durant la collecte des déchets et des matières résiduelles à Montréal par une analyse multimétrique et multimédia. Les conditions de travail ont été évalués dans six camions (2 recyclages, 2 organiques et 2 domestiques). Pour chaque camion, des mesures ambiantes (cabine du chauffeur) et des mesures dans la zone respiratoire d’un collecteur et d’un chauffeur ont été réalisées. Des prélèvements sur la surface des sièges des chauffeurs ont aussi été effectués et les filtres à air de l’habitacle des camions ont été évalués. Les échantillons ont été analysés au laboratoire microbiologique de l’IRSST selon la méthode par culture microbienne et la méthode moléculaire Droplet Digital PCR. Les résultats indiquent que les collecteurs sont généralement les plus exposés aux bioaérosols. Les collecteurs des déchets domestiques étaient notamment les plus exposés avec des concentrations moyennes pour les bactéries (27 000 UFC/m3), les endotoxines (100 UE/m3) et les moisissures (5 900 UFC/m3) excédant les recommandations sanitaires. Néanmoins, les collecteurs du compost étaient les plus exposés aux moisissures (6 800 UFC/m3). E.coli et A.fumigatus ont été détectés dans tous nos échantillons avec des expositions plus importantes pour les travailleurs du domestique. De plus, les sièges des chauffeurs des camions domestiques avaient les niveaux de contamination les plus élevés. La concentration moyenne de A.fumigatus (2 500 UG/m3) dans l’air de ces camions était supérieure à celle des camions de recyclage et de compost. Les résultats des filtres n’ont pas permis de tirer de conclusions quant à l’exposition des chauffeurs aux bioaérosols. Les résultats de cette recherche ont permis de mettre en évidence que l’exposition des travailleurs lors de la collecte des déchets pourrait être influencée par le type de déchets, le poste de travail ainsi que les tâches exécutées. Cette étude confirme le potentiel élevé d’exposition aux bioaérosols des travailleurs attitrés au transport des matières résiduelles et des déchets. Elle valide aussi le besoin de réduire les expositions professionnelles par diverses stratégies, y compris les procédures de nettoyage de la cabine et l’utilisation d’équipement de protection respiratoire lors de tâches génératrices de bioaérosols (nettoyage des camions au jet, déchargement des camions). / Workers involved in the management of household residual materials are continuously exposed to bioaerosols which can cause them health problems of an infectious, allergenic and carcinogenic nature. The purpose of this study was to assess the exposure to bioaerosols of collectors and trucks drivers during the collection of domestic waste and residual materials in Montreal by a multimeric and multimedia analysis. A sampling campaign was conducted on six drivers and six collectors. A total of 6 trucks that collect recyclable (2), organic (2) and compost (2) waste were evaluated. Samples were also taken from the surface of the drivers' seats, and the cabin air filters were recovered. Samples were analyzed at the microbiology laboratory of the IRSST using the microbial culture method and the molecular method of Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR). The results indicate that collectors are generally the most exposed to bioaerosols. Domestic waste collectors were in particular the most exposed with average concentrations for bacteria (27,000 CFU/m3), endotoxins (100 EU/m3) and fungi (5,900 CFU/m3) exceeding health recommendations. However, the compost collectors were the most exposed to fungi (6,800 CFU/m3). E. coli and A. fumigatus were detected in all of our samples, but exposures were greater for workers collecting domestic waste. In addition, the seats of drivers involved in domestic waste collection had the highest levels of contamination. The average concentration of A. fumigatus (2,500 UG/m3) in the air of the cabin of domestic waste trucks was higher than that of recycling and compost trucks. The results of the filters did not allow us to draw any conclusions on their role in terms of drivers exposure to bioaerosols. The results of this research highlighted that workers exposure to bioaerosols could be influenced by factors such as the type of waste, the workplace and workers’ tasks performed. This study confirms the high potential for exposure to bioaerosols of workers assigned to the transport of household residual materials and waste. It also validates the need to reduce workers exposures by various strategies including, cabin cleaning procedures and the use of respiratory protection equipment for specific tasks generating bioaerosols (water jet cleaning of trucks, unloading of trucks).

La tesi ha lo scopo di individuare le coordinate fondamentali delle dinamiche di trasformazione che la città di Milano conobbe tra il VI ed il XII secolo dal punto di vista topografico, insediativo e monumentale. Attraverso l'analisi combinata di fonti scritte ed evidenze materiali vengono sistematicamente esaminati i quattro principali elementi caratterizzanti il fenomeno urbano in età medioevale: la topografia delle difese, la topografia cristiana, la topografia del potere e la topografia dell'insediamento. / The thesis aims to identify the fundamental coordinates of the transformation dynamics that the city of Milan underwent between the Sixth and the Twelfth Centuries from a topographical, settlement and monumental point of view. Through the combined analysis of written sources and material evidences, the four main elements characterizing the urban phenomenon in the Middle Ages are systematically examined: the topography of the defenses, the Christian topography, the topography of power and the topography of the settlement.

過去由於我國立法委員選舉所採用的「複數選區單記非讓渡投票制」，常造成選風敗壞、偏激取向、派系政治等諸多負面影響。有鑑於此，立法院於2004年8月23日通過「席次減半」及「單一選區兩票制」的修憲案，並於2005年6月7日經國民大會複決通過，自第七屆開始，立法委員任期改為4年，席次減半為113人。2008年1月12日第七屆立法委員選舉首次實施「單一選區兩票制」，而本文將檢視此次立委選舉結果相關資料，探討選制改變後對我國政黨體系之影響，並從過去的理論評析與實際運作層面相互驗證，探討理論與實務之間異同，及其可能之影響因素，然而，由於僅是一次實施的結果，因此相關後續發展仍須持續觀察。 / In the past, our national elections of members of Legislative Yuan adopted “multi-member-district, single non-transferable vote.” It usually caused negative influences such as deterioration of election, extreme trends, and faction politics. Therefore, Legislative Yuan passed constitution-amending bills “seats reduction in half” and “single-district two votes system” on August 23rd, 2004. These bills were passed by National Assembly on June 7th, 2005. The term of service for the seventh legislators was prolonged into four years and the seats were reduced in half to 113 seats. The seventh legislator election adopted “single-district two votes system” for the first time on January 12th, 2008. The essay will survey information related to the outcome of the legislator election, discussing the influence of changing election systems on the systems of political parties. Through the mutual demonstration between past theory criticism and practical operation, it discusses common and different points between theories and practices and finds out possible influential elements. However, it is just the outcome of single practice so it’s following development requires constant observations.

Le développement des relations économiques internationales et la construction d’un espace européen intégré tant d’un point de vue économique que politique a relancé le débat sur la nationalité des sociétés. La question n’est pas tant de savoir si les sociétés commerciales disposent d’une nationalité au même titre que les personnes physiques – les solutions en la matière sont depuis longtemps acceptées par la doctrine et la jurisprudence internationales – mais plutôt de déterminer comment cette notion a évolué et s’adapte aux contraintes d’une part, d’une économie de marché mondialisée et d’autre part, du droit de l’Union européenne qui bouleverse les solutions traditionnellement admises en matière de nationalité des sociétés dans les droits internes des Etats membres. Ainsi, les critères de rattachement juridique d’une société à un Etat déterminés par les règles de droit international privé de chaque Etat s’orientent inéluctablement vers le critère anglo-saxon de l’incorporation. L’apparition de nouvelles personnes morales de droit de l’UE comme la Société européenne (SE) ou la future Société privée européenne (SPE) posent également la question de la nationalité et de la loi applicable à ce type de groupement européen. Il en est de même s’agissant des groupes de sociétés dont une réglementation de leurs activités pourrait être relancée dans le cadre du droit de l’UE. / The development of international economic relations and the construction of an integrated European area, both from an economic and a political point of view, has revived the debate on the nationality of trading companies. The question is not so much whether trading companies have a nationality on an equal footing with natural persons – solutions have long been accepted by international doctrine and jurisprudence – but rather to determine how this notion has evolved and adapted to the constraints on the one hand, of a globalized market economy and, on the other hand, of European Union law which overturns the traditionally accepted solutions of nationality of trading companies into the legal systems of Member States. Thus, the criteria for the legal connection of a company to a State determined by the rules of private international law of each Member State are inevitably directed towards the Anglo-Saxon criterion of incorporation. The emergence of new European Union legal entities such as the European Company or the future European Private Company also raises the issue of nationality and the law applicable to this type of European legal entities. The same applies to groups of companies whose regulation of their activities could be revived under European Union law.