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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

A Quest for the Unseen : Surface Layer Formation on Li4Ti5O12 Li-Ion Battery Anodes

Nordh, Tim January 2017 (has links)
The electric vehicle itself today outlives its battery, necessitating battery replacement. Lithium titanium oxide (LTO) has, in this context, been suggested as a new anode material in heavy electric vehicle applications due to intrinsic properties regarding safety, lifetime and availability. The work presented here is focused on the LTO electrode/electrolyte interface. Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) has been applied to determine how and if the usage of LTO could prevent extensive anode-side electrolyte decomposition and build-up of a surface layer. The presence of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) comprising LiF, carbonates and ether compounds was found in half-cells utilizing a standard ethylene:diethylcarbonate electrolyte with 1 M LiPF6. Via testing of symmetrical LTO-LTO cells, the stability of the formed SEI was put in to question. Moreover, the traditional polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF) binder was replaced by more environmentally benign carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyacrilic acid (PAA) binders in LTO electrodes, and it was found that CMC helped to form a more stable surface-layer that proved beneficial for long term cycling. Following the half-cell studies, full-cells were investigated to observe how different cathodes influence the SEI of LTO. The SEI in full-cells displayed characteristics similar to the half-cells, however, when utilizing a high voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode, more electrolyte decomposition could be observed. Increasing the operational temperature of this battery cell generated even more degradation products on the LTO electrodes. Mn was also found on the anode when using Mn-based cathodes, however, it was found in its ionic state and did not significantly affect the composition or behavior of the observed SEI layer. Furthermore, by exchanging the electrolyte solvent for propylene carbonate, the thickness of the SEI increased, and by replacing the LiPF6 salt for LiBF4 the stability of the SEI improved. Thus is it demonstrated that such a passivation can be beneficial for the long-term surface stability of the electrode. These findings can therefore help prolong the lifetime of LTO-based battery chemistries.
12

Franz Liszt's Settings Of “was Liebe Sei?”: A Schenkerian Perspective

Vitalino, Michael 01 January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
No description available.
13

Regulation of p53, p21, ARF, BIM, and BAX by the Transcription Factor Trip-Br1

Lehmkuhl-Dakhwe, K. Virginia January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
14

Étude du silicium et du germanium sous forme de couche mince en tant qu’électrode négative de (micro)accumulateur lithium-ion / Study of silicon (and germanium) thin films as negative electrode for lithium-ion (micro)battery

Ulldemolins, Michel 10 December 2013 (has links)
Le silicium se présente comme un bon candidat d’électrode négative pour améliorer la densité d’énergie des accumulateurs Li-ion ou rendre les microaccumulateurs compatibles avec le procédé de brasure à refusion qui nécessite un recuit à 260 °C. En effet, il présente une forte capacité spécifique (3759 mAh.g-1) et sa température de fusion est élevée (1410°C). Néanmoins, de fortes variations volumiques se produisent lors du processus de lithiation/délithiation pouvant atteindre 280 %, ce qui constitue un frein majeur à son développement. Ces travaux de thèse se focalisent sur l’étude approfondie du comportement électrochimique du silicium préparé sous forme de couche mince par pulvérisation cathodique. Cette nanostructuration limite la décrépitation de la matière active, et évite l’utilisation de charges et de liants. Ainsi, elle permet d’étudier plus finement le comportement intrinsèque du matériau et révèle des phénomènes en général non détectables avec les électrodes composites. / Silicon which has a theoretical capacity of 3579 mAh.g-1 and low insertion/deinsertion potentials is one of the most promising candidates to replace graphite as a negative electrode in lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, silicon could replace lithium in microbatteries to make them compatible with the solder-reflow. However, this high capacity associated with a dense material leads to high volumetric variations which are a starting point to various issues resulting in poor cycle performances. During this thesis, electrochemical behavior of silicon is evaluated on thin films electrodes. This allows avoiding the use of binder and charges, and it leads to better cycle performances which emphasizes slow phenomenon, not yet measurable on conventional composite electrode.
15

As ações do(a) professor(a) no ensino fundamental I ao aplicar uma Sequência de Ensino Investigativa (SEI) / The teacher\'s actions in Primary Education when applying an Inquiry-based Sequence Teaching (SEI, the initials in Portuguese)

Letta, Lucélia Aparecida 11 September 2014 (has links)
Este trabalho de pesquisa apresenta um estudo qualitativo sobre as ações do(a) professor(a) em aulas de Ciências do Ensino Fundamental I ao aplicar uma Sequência de Ensino Investigativa (SEI) (CARVALHO, 2011). Entendemos que as ações do(a) professor(a) são processos de diferentes estratégias pedagógicas e científicas em aulas investigativas ao aplicar uma SEI. Os dados utilizados para este estudo foram os mesmos dados coletados e utilizados por Sasseron (2008), constituídos por vídeos de aulas gravadas na íntegra e transcrições de falas, tanto do professor(a) quanto dos alunos, ao longo da implementação da SEI - \"Navegação e Meio Ambiente\". Sasseron propôs com essa pesquisa, os eixos estruturantes de Alfabetização Científica (AC) e os indicadores de Alfabetização Científica se debruçando sobre as interações discursivas entre professor e alunos com enfoque voltado para construção dos argumentos pelos alunos. Complementando tal itinerário de pesquisa, este trabalho analisou aulas desta SEI verificando essas interações e as ações do professor(a) nessas aulas. Os dados foram reanalisados e, para tanto, iniciamos os estudos de referenciais que discutem a interação discursiva em sala de aula, a Sequência de Ensino Investigativa (SEI), Argumentação em sala de aula de Ciências e Ações docentes. Este trabalho de pesquisa permitiu evidenciar que o(a) professor(a) desenvolve, para diferentes situações de aulas investigativas, ações características e integradoras tanto da área pedagógica quanto da área científica. Estas ações foram constituintes de uma proposição do que chamamos de Elementos do Ensino de Ciências por Investigação (EECI): um quadro matriz de categorias de Ações do(a) Professor(a) em aulas investigativas. As categorias presentes e definidas no quadro matriz foram construídas a partir das análises de cada aula, dando-nos evidências bastantes substanciais das ações do(a) professor(a) que contribuíram no processo de argumentação e no desenvolvimento da Alfabetização Científica (AC) dos alunos apresentados por Sasseron (2008) em seu trabalho. / This research paper presents a qualitative study of the actions of the teacher in Science classes in the Elementary School when applying an Inquiry-based Sequence Teaching (SEI, the initials in Portuguese) (CARVALHO, 2011). We understand that the actions of the teacher are processes of different teaching and scientific strategies in Inquiry-based lessons when applying a SEI. The data used in this study were the same data collected and used by Sasseron (2008), consisting of videos of entire recorded classes and transcripts of speeches, both from the teacher and the students, throughout the implementation of the SEI - \"Navigation and Environment\". Sasseron proposed, in this research, the structural axes of Scientific Literacy (AC, initials in Portuguese) and the indicators of Scientific Literacy, analyzing the discursive interactions between teacher and students, focusing on the construction of arguments by the students. Complementing this research itinerary, this study examined these SEI classes, observing these interactions and the actions of the teacher in the classes. The data were reanalyzed and, therefore, we initiated the studies of references that discuss the discursive interaction in the classroom, the Inquiry-based Sequence Teaching (SEI), Argumentation in the Science Classroom and Teachers activities. This research has highlighted that the teacher develops, for different situations of investigative classes, peculiar and integrative actions both in the pedagogical and scientific areas. Such actions were constituents of a proposition of what we call the Teaching of Science Elements through Research (EECI): a framework of categories of the Teacher\'s Actions in investigative classes. The defined categories under the framework were built from the analysis of each class, giving us substantial evidence of the teacher\'s actions which have contributed to the argumentation process and the development of the Scientific Literacy (AC) of the students presented by Sasseron (2008) in his paper.
16

Etude d’interfaces électrode/électrolyte dans des batteries Li-ion par spectroscopie photoélectronique à différentes profondeurs / Insights in Li-ion battery interfaces through photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling

Philippe, Bertrand 24 May 2013 (has links)
Les éléments capables de former un alliage avec le lithium, tels que le silicium ou l’étain constituent des composés très prometteurs en tant que matériaux d’électrodes négatives pour la prochaine génération d’accumulateurs Li-ion. Un point important réside dans la compréhension des phénomènes se produisant aux interfaces électrode/électrolyte de ces nouveaux matériaux, la stabilité de la couche de passivation (SEI) se formant lors du cyclage en surface des électrodes constituant un élément primordial vis-à-vis des performances de la batterie. A côté des processus de lithiation et delithiation du matériau actif au cours du cyclage, il est important de mieux connaître la nature, la formation et l’évolution de la SEI de même que l’évolution des oxydes natifs de surface et la réactivité chimique de l’électrode au contact de l’électrolyte. Dans ce travail de thèse, pour mieux connaître et comprendre ces différents processus, nous avons développé une approche d'analyse non destructive à différentes profondeurs de la surface de matériaux d’électrodes. Les analyses ont été réalisées par spectroscopie photoélectronique à rayonnement X (XPS), la modification d’énergie du rayonnement incident permettant une variation de la profondeur d'analyse. Cette méthodologie a été utilisée pour sonder les phénomènes aux interfaces d’électrodes à base de silicium et d’étain. Les mécanismes se produisant lors du premier cycle électrochimique puis au cours d’un long cyclage d’électrodes à base de silicium cyclées avec le sel classique LiPF6 puis avec un nouveau sel très prometteur, LiFSI ont été analysés et discutés. L’étude a été étendue à un nouveau composé intermétallique à base d’étain: MnSn2. / Compounds forming alloys with lithium, such as silicon or tin, are promising negative electrode materials for the next generation of Li-ion batteries and an important issue is to better understand the phenomena occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces of these materials. The stability of the passivation layer (SEI) is crucial for good battery performance and its nature, formation and evolution have to be investigated. It is also important to follow upon cycling alloying/dealloying processes, the evolution of surface oxides with battery cycling and the change in surface chemistry when storing electrodes in the electrolyte. The aim of this thesis is to improve the knowledge of these surface reactions through a non-destructive depth-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the surface of new negative electrodes. A unique combination utilizing hard and soft-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allows by variation of the photon energy an analysis from the extreme surface to the bulk of the particles. This experimental approach was used to access the interfacial phase transitions at the surface of silicon or tin particles as well as the composition and thickness/covering of the SEI. Interfacial mechanisms occurring upon the first electrochemical cycle and upon long-term cycling of Si-based electrodes cycled with the classical salt LiPF6 and with a new promising salt, LiFSI were investigated as well as the interfacial reactions occurring upon the first cycle of an intermetallic compound MnSn2 were studied.
17

Etude du vieillissement de batteries lithium-ion fonctionnant à haute température par Spectroscopie Photoélectronique à rayonnement X (XPS). / Study of aging mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries operating at high temperature by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

Bodenes, Lucille 21 December 2012 (has links)
Les accumulateurs lithium-ion occupent aujourd’hui une place prédominante dans le domaine du stockage de l’énergie. Leur fonctionnement et les phénomènes impliqués dans leur vieillissement sont relativement bien connus, aux températures d’utilisation proches de la température ambiante. Cependant, leur utilisation dans le cadre d’applications dites « haute température », telles que le forage pétrolier, la stérilisation « in situ » ou la géolocalisation, nécessite la levée de certains verrous techniques : la stabilité de l’électrolyte et des liants d’électrodes, la compatibilité électrolyte/séparateur, le vieillissement des matériaux et l’évolution des interfaces. Les accumulateurs sélectionnés pour ces travaux de thèse sont constitués d’un matériau lamellaire de type Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2 pour l’électrode positive, et de graphite pour l’électrode négative. Afin de décrire les phénomènes de vieillissement associés à une telle utilisation, des analyses de surface ont été menées par Spectroscopie Photoélectronique à rayonnement X sur les électrodes issues d’accumulateurs cyclés à haute température. Ces analyses ont permis de mettre en évidence la dégradation du liant de l’électrode positive et l’évolution des interfaces électrodes/électrolyte à 85 et 120°C, et d’améliorer le choix des composants des batteries pour de meilleures performances à haute température. / Nowadays, lithium-ion batteries occupy a prominent place in the field of energy storage. Phenomena involved in their aging mechanisms are quite well known for operating temperatures close to room temperature. However, their use at high temperatures for applications such as oil drilling, "in situ" sterilization or freight tracking requires some technical issues to be improved: stability of the electrolyte and electrode binders, compatibility electrolyte / separator, aging of active materials and changes of the interfaces. The batteries selected for this thesis consist of a Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2 lamellar material at the positive electrode and graphite at the negative electrode. To describe aging phenomena related to high temperature, surface analyzes were carried out by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy on the electrodes of batteries cycled at 85 and 120°C. These analyzes reveal the degradation of the positive electrode’s binder, and the changes of electrodes/electrolyte’s interfaces at high temperature compared to ambient temperature.
18

Etude de l'effet des sels de lithium de la couche de passivation sur la cyclabilité d'un accumulateur lithium-ion / Effects of lithium sals from the solid electrolyte interphase on cycling ability of lithium-ion batteries

Chrétien, Fabien 28 January 2015 (has links)
Limiter le vieillissement des accumulateurs lithium-ion est un challenge pour optimiser leur utilisation notamment dans le domaine spatial. La qualité de la couche de passivation (SEI), formée à la surface de l’électrode négative de graphite lors des premiers cycles de vie de la batterie, est déterminante pour ses performances futures. Celle-ci est composée de polymères et de divers sels de lithium dont la dissolution, la précipitation et la migration affectent les performances. Cette étude vise à comprendre l’impact de ces composés sur la cyclabilité et de proposer des solutions à l’effet néfaste de ces sels sur le bon fonctionnement et le vieillissement de l’accumulateur Li-ion. La première partie de ce travail aborde l’impact de divers sels de lithium de la SEI (LiF, Li2CO3, LiOH, LiOCH3, LiOC2H5) sur le comportement en cyclage des accumulateurs. Par la suite, nous avons proposé des solutions pour améliorer le comportement qu’engendre la présence de ces sels sur les performances à travers deux approches. La première concerne l’utilisation de co-solvants complexants de la famille des glymes. La seconde approche consiste à modifier les propriétés interfaciales électrodes/électrolyte par l’ajout d’additifs tensioactifs à l’électrolyte. Les résultats montrent dans les deux cas des améliorations notables de la cyclabilité des dispositifs en demi-pile et en cellule complète. / Limiting the lithium-ion batteries ageing is a challenge to overcome in the field of spatial applications. The quality of the solid electrolyte interfaces (SEI), created at the electrode surface during the first cycles of the battery, is decisive for its future performances. The SEI is composed of polymers and several lithium salts which are able to dissolve, precipitate and migrate in the electrolyte and hence modify the battery performances. This study aims to understand the impact of the dissolution of these compounds on the cell cycling ability and to propose solutions to avoid the harmful effects of these salts on the battery ageing. The first part of this study is devoted to the study of the effect of dissolved SEI lithium salts (LiF, LiOH, Li2O, Li2CO3 , LiOCH3, LiOC2H5) on the cycling ability of half and full cells.In order to improve the battery performances in spite of the presence of these SEI salts in the electrolyte, two solutions have been examined. The first one is to add a co-solvent belonging to the glyme family which is able to form complexes with lithium ions and the second to use a surfactant additive which will modify the interfacial electrode/electrolyte properties. Results show that in both cases an improvement in half-cell or full-cell cycling ability was achieved.
19

Propriétés de transport des sels de lithium LiTDI et LiFSI : application à la formulation d'électrolytes optimisés pour batteries Li-ion / Transport properties of LiTDI and LiFSI and the use of these lithium salts in the formulation of promising electrolytes for Li-ion batteries

Berhaut, Christopher Logan 09 December 2016 (has links)
La plupart des batteries Li-ion aujourd’hui utilisent des électrolytes à base de LiPF6 un sel de lithium connu pour son instabilité chimique au-delà de 60°C car il se dégrade en libérant PF5 et LiF. En présence de traces d’eau il génère en plus des composés oxyfluorophosphorés et du HF qui peut être dommageable à la fois pour les performances et pour le vieillissement de l’accumulateur. Plusieurs sels sont candidats au remplacement de LiPF6, notamment ceux basés sur les anions fluorosulfonylamidures et les anions de Hückel. Ce travail concerne l’étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et de transport des électrolytes à base de 4,5-dicyano-2- (trifluoromethyl)imidazolide de lithium (LiTDI) et bis(fluorosulfonyl)amidure de lithium (LiFSI) pour une utilisation au sein d’accumulateurs de type Li-ion. Dans ce travail il a d’abord été montré que LiTDI n’est que faiblement dissocié dans les mélanges de carbonates d’alkyles utilisés dans les batteries Li-ion tels que le binaire (EC/DMC) ce qui limite sa conductivité. Pour pouvoir remédier à cet inconvénient, une étude des phénomènes de solvatation et d’associations ioniques a été menée et a conduit à proposer un mélange ternaire de solvants (EC/GBL/MP) dans lequel LiTDI est plus dissocié. Le mélange ternaire proposé améliore à la fois les propriétés de transport et les caractéristiques thermiques de l’électrolyte sans compromettre le domaine de stabilité chimique et électrochimique. Enfin, le nouvel électrolyte EC/GBL/MP contenant LiTDI, a été testé en accumulateurs dans les conditions opératoires usuelles (régime C/10 et température ambiante) et sévères (régime 10C et des températures allant de -20 °C à 60 °C). Le problème de corrosion de l’aluminium de LiFSI a aussi été pris en compte. Un électrolyte prometteur à base d’un mélange LiTDI/LiFSI montrant de meilleures performances que chaque sel utilisé séparément dans EC/DMC a été présenté. Les conclusions de cette thèse prouvent que LiTDI ou LiFSI peuvent être utilisés comme sels de lithium dans les électrolytes pour accumulateurs Li-ion. / Most of the Li-ion batteries used in electrical devices contain a solution of LiPF6 in alkylcarbonate solvents with the risk of releasing PF5 at elevated temperatures and HF in the presence of water. Several salts are candidates for the replacement of LiPF6, including those based on fluorosulfonylamides and Hückel anions. This work concerns the study of physicochemical and transport properties of lithium 4,5-dicyano-2- (trifluoromethyl)imidazolide (LiTDI) and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI) based electrolytes and their use in Li-ion battery. First it was revealed that LiTDI is only weakly dissociated in alkylcarbonate mixtures used in Li-ion batteries such as EC/DMC limiting its conductivity. To overcome this disadvantage, a study of the solvation phenomena and of ionic association within the electrolytes was conducted. This study led to a ternary mixture of solvents (EC/GBL/MP) in which LiTDI is more dissociated. This new solvent mixture improves both the transport properties and the thermal stability of the LiTDI based electrolyte without compromising its chemical and electrochemical stability. Finally, the new LiTDI in EC/GBL/MP electrolyte was tested in NMC/graphite batteries under normal (C/10 rate and room temperature) and severe (10C rate and temperatures varying from - 20 ° C to 60 °C) operating conditions. The aluminium corrosion problem encountered by LiFSI based electrolytes was taken into account and a LiTDI/LiFSI salt mixture based electrolyte showing promising results was presented. The findings of this thesis show that LiTDI or LiFSI can be used as lithium salts in electrolytes for Li-ion batteries.
20

Etude d'électrolytes à base de dinitriles aliphatiques pour des batteries Li-ion / Study of electrolytes based on aliphatic dinitriles for Li-ion batteries

Farhat, Douaa 20 July 2017 (has links)
En raison de leur faible pression de vapeur et de leur stabilité électrochimique (5~6 V) et thermique, les dinitriles N≡C-(CH2)n-C≡N sont proposés comme solvants d’électrolytes alternatifs aux carbonates d’alkyles habituellement utilisés dans les batteries Li-ion. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier le comportement physico-chimique de ces électrolytes alternatifs (viscosité, conductivité ionique, comportement thermique, propriétés volumétriques, etc.) et leur compatibilité avec une application dans les batteries Li-ion. Deux systèmes de batteries sont étudiés en utilisant une électrode positive d’oxyde lamellaire (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) associée à une électrode négative à bas potentiel (graphite) ou à plus haut potentiel (Li4Ti5O12). La cyclabilité des électrodes en demi-pile et en pile complète est étudiée en fonction de la composition de l’électrolyte et de la nature du dinitrile utilisé. Les techniques de caractérisations suivantes : spectroscopie d’impédance électrochimique, microscopie électronique et spectroscopie de photoélectrons aux rayons X, sont utilisées pour suivre le processus de passivation des électrodes par formation d’une interface solide (SEI). L’effet de la présence d’additifs favorisant la formation de la couche de passivation a été étudié et leur efficacité est ainsi clairement mise en évidence. / Due to their low vapor pressure as well as their electrochemical (5~6 V) and thermal stability, dinitriles N≡C-(CH2)n-C≡N are proposed as alternative electrolyte solvents to alkyl carbonates commonly used in Li- ion batteries. The objective of this thesis is to study the physico-chemical behavior of these alternative electrolytes (viscosity, ionic conductivity, thermal behavior, volumetric properties, etc.) and their use in Li-ion batteries. Two battery systems are studied using a lamellar oxide (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) as positive electrode associated with graphite or Li4Ti5O12 as negative electrodes. The cyclability of electrodes in half-cell and full-cell is studied according to the electrolyte composition and the nature of the dinitrile used. Characterization techniques like: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electron microscopy and X-Ray photoelectrons spectroscopy, are used to study the passivation of the negative electrode and the stability of the positive electrode. The effect of adding specific solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) builders is investigated and their efficiency is hence clearly demonstrated.

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