This research investigated the system by which the social effects of oil sands development on Fort McMurray, a city in northeastern Alberta, are assessed and managed. The research focused on Social Impact Assessment (SIA), Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), and the work of an industry initiative, the Regional Issues Working Group (RIWG). The oil sands industry, which involves large, labour-intensive mining and drilling operations in a boom-bust cycle, places considerable pressure on Fort McMurray, a city of approximately 50,000 inhabitants and the only urban area within 350 km of the oil sands. The social effects experienced there include exorbitant housing prices, shortages in service industry labour, insufficient social services, at times, to assist individuals and families who can no longer cope with the difficult conditions in the area, and a variety of other negative effects. Sixteen key informant interviews were conducted with urban planners, municipal politicians, provincial employees, a spokesperson for one of the First Nations in the area, community NGOs, and oil sands industry representatives. Data from the interviews were combined with a literature review and a document analysis. A modified McKinsey 7S Integrated Management Framework was used as a structure for describing and analyzing the Social Effects Assessment and Management System (SEAMS) in Fort McMurray. The SEAMS was found to be weak in comparison to the needs of the community. Project-by-project assessment of oil sands development was found to downplay the cumulative nature of social effects. Furthermore, no legislation or regulation existed that demanded action based on the findings of SIA. As a result, mitigation and management of social effects was insufficient, often occurring only when it was directly in the interests of the oil sands industry. While government and industry have plans in place to resolve some of the negative social effects, their actions were criticized by informants as being uncoordinated, inconsistent and often ineffective. The findings indicate that a strategy for exploiting Alberta's oil sands is necessary. The project-by-project evaluation of oil sands development proposals is not addressing the important long-term and regional social issues that arise as a result of construction and operation of the mines and facilities. A tool recommended for incorporating resolutions to long-term, regional social effects into the development plan is SEA with an explicit Strategic Social Assessment component. This strategic assessment and planning process should be undertaken by a publicly-accountable government body empowered to rationalize the pace of oil sands development based on social, environmental and economic effects, and to coordinate long-term responses by government and industry.

<p>The issue that is dealt with in this paper is the concept of values-led business. The idea behind the term is that businesses has a responsibility to the people and the society that make its existence possible and that social problems can not be solved unless business accepts taking on a leadership role which requires that business starts acting in the interests of the common good. This is specifically important since companies today are the main source of influence in people’s everyday life and the area is specifically interesting because of all the business scandals in recent years. (Cohen and Greenfield, 1997). The concept of values-led business arose mainly from the two companies the Body Shop and our chosen company; Ben and Jerry’s.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to explore the concept of values-led business and find out how it is different from the procedures at a non-explicitly values-led organisation. We also aim to find out if there would be any benefits of introducing values-led business into the latter.</p><p>In this paper we compare an explicitly values-led company, Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream, with a non explicitly values-led company, SIA Glass on their internal and external performance on the study areas of Marketing, Sourcing, and HRM and Organisational culture. A qualitative research method has been used as method. The collection of primary data was done with the help of interviews done at our companies’ main offices in Sweden. In the case of Ben & Jerry’s, additional secondary sources have been used. Theories used serve the purpose of both a tool of analysis but also of setting the stage of values-led business. Furthermore, the theory has been divided into the four areas of study mentioned above.</p><p>The first part of the conclusion states that we, throughout the thesis, have given a good overview of what the differences between values-led business and “ordinary” business really are. Also, we found that SIA Glass has the potential of becoming a values-led company as its foundation is not entirely based on financial goals but is to a large extent driven by a will to preserve something good for the local community. In order to develop a val-ues-led thinking a social mission should be formally put down in print and be held equal to the financial and quality missions. SIA Glass potentially has a lot to be gained especially in the marketing area as SIA Glass as it could create further leverage by using more creative marketing methods.</p>

There is no doubt that the assessment of social impacts is as important, in some cases even more important, than the assessment of biophysical and economic impacts of development projects. Nonetheless, social impact assessment (SIA) has remained an "orphan" in the broader environmental impact assessment (EIA) context, both internationally and in South Africa, and is often neglected or treated as a less important aspect of an EIA. It was the aim of this study to measure perceptions of relative neglect of SIA in South Africa against the theory and practice of SIA as reflected in the literature. The basic hypothesis was that, whereas the theory and practice of SIA has reached a sophisticated level in the developed world, the practice of SIA in South Africa is not yet on a sound footing and that it does not receive the professional attention it deserves in a country beset by enormous social challenges. Thus the research problem was whether SIA is practiced at a satisfactory level of proficiency in South Africa. Social aspects of impact assessment in the North West Province of South Africa were investigated, with the aim to identify shortcomings and their possible causes and to make recommendations for improvement. The article format was used, and the main section of the study comprises two articles. The first article, a theoretical perspective based on a literature study, is a critical evaluation of SIA as part of the EIA process in South Africa against the background of international guidelines and best practices. The article includes sections on the historical background of the development of SIA in South Africa, the legal status and requirements of SIA in the country, and a critical evaluation of SIA regulation in South Africa. It was found that the persistent problems of SIA practice, experienced in other parts of the world, are also evident in South Africa. Apart from institutional, financial and professional constraints, there are also serious problems associated with approach and methods. The second article is an evaluation of and recommendations for the improvement of the practice of SIA in the North West Province. An empirical study of 26 EIAs, performed in the province between 1999 and 2002, was done. It was established that in terms of social baseline data, the identification of significant social impacts, specialist studies, public participation, recommended mitigation measures, and the attention paid to social impacts in records of decision (RODS) SIA practice in the North West Province is far from satisfactory. Apathy towards social impacts is associated with a general lack of SIA expertise. The following recommendations are made in the study to improve the level of SIA practice: a system of mandatory registration of SIA practitioners should be introduced; specialized SIA training programmes for SIA practitioners and officials should be developed and accredited; SIA specialists should be used to assess significant social impacts identified in EIAs; a policy framework and code of ethics for SIA practice should be developed; methodological guidelines for SIA should be supplied in or as a supplement to the new EIA guidelines; and the public participation process should be redesigned. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

There is no doubt that the assessment of social impacts is as important, in some cases even more important, than the assessment of biophysical and economic impacts of development projects. Nonetheless, social impact assessment (SIA) has remained an "orphan" in the broader environmental impact assessment (EIA) context, both internationally and in South Africa, and is often neglected or treated as a less important aspect of an EIA. It was the aim of this study to measure perceptions of relative neglect of SIA in South Africa against the theory and practice of SIA as reflected in the literature. The basic hypothesis was that, whereas the theory and practice of SIA has reached a sophisticated level in the developed world, the practice of SIA in South Africa is not yet on a sound footing and that it does not receive the professional attention it deserves in a country beset by enormous social challenges. Thus the research problem was whether SIA is practiced at a satisfactory level of proficiency in South Africa. Social aspects of impact assessment in the North West Province of South Africa were investigated, with the aim to identify shortcomings and their possible causes and to make recommendations for improvement. The article format was used, and the main section of the study comprises two articles. The first article, a theoretical perspective based on a literature study, is a critical evaluation of SIA as part of the EIA process in South Africa against the background of international guidelines and best practices. The article includes sections on the historical background of the development of SIA in South Africa, the legal status and requirements of SIA in the country, and a critical evaluation of SIA regulation in South Africa. It was found that the persistent problems of SIA practice, experienced in other parts of the world, are also evident in South Africa. Apart from institutional, financial and professional constraints, there are also serious problems associated with approach and methods. The second article is an evaluation of and recommendations for the improvement of the practice of SIA in the North West Province. An empirical study of 26 EIAs, performed in the province between 1999 and 2002, was done. It was established that in terms of social baseline data, the identification of significant social impacts, specialist studies, public participation, recommended mitigation measures, and the attention paid to social impacts in records of decision (RODS) SIA practice in the North West Province is far from satisfactory. Apathy towards social impacts is associated with a general lack of SIA expertise. The following recommendations are made in the study to improve the level of SIA practice: a system of mandatory registration of SIA practitioners should be introduced; specialized SIA training programmes for SIA practitioners and officials should be developed and accredited; SIA specialists should be used to assess significant social impacts identified in EIAs; a policy framework and code of ethics for SIA practice should be developed; methodological guidelines for SIA should be supplied in or as a supplement to the new EIA guidelines; and the public participation process should be redesigned. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-11-19T18:18:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 jaqueline_oliveira_castro.pdf: 510206 bytes, checksum: 01d2978497434cc84e1169aaca04df54 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-11-19T18:18:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 jaqueline_oliveira_castro.pdf: 510206 bytes, checksum: 01d2978497434cc84e1169aaca04df54 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-19T18:18:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 jaqueline_oliveira_castro.pdf: 510206 bytes, checksum: 01d2978497434cc84e1169aaca04df54 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Com o objetivo de avaliar o ambiente t?rmico/ac?stico e aspectos comportamentais em instala??es com diferentes materiais de constru??o, um estudo avaliando um material alternativo para constru??o de celas maternidade de su?nos foi realizado em instala??o de maternidade localizada em Papagaio-MG. Os tratamentos foram os materiais utilizados para a confec??o das celas maternidade, sendo os tratamentos alvenaria e ard?sia. Foram monitoradas seis celas maternidade em cada tratamento, observando-se 12 matrizes e suas respectivas leitegadas (139 leit?es), sendo mensuradas a temperatura de globo negro, temperatura de bulbo seco e umidade relativa no interior de cada cela, a velocidade do vento e o n?vel de ru?dos no interior da instala??o. Os dados do ambiente t?rmico nos dias de avalia??o comportamental foram coletados ?s 09h e 15h e os dados do ambiente ac?stico e t?rmico nos dias de avalia??o ambiental foram coletados com intervalo de 60 minutos, com in?cio ?s 07h30 e t?rmino ?s 16h. Foram calculados os ?ndices de temperatura de globo e umidade e carga t?rmica radiante. Foi avaliada tamb?m a temperatura da superf?cie corporal de matrizes e leit?es ?s 09h e 15h, nos dias de avalia??o ambiental. Os dados foram submetidos a um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, no qual as parcelas eram os tratamentos e as subparcelas os hor?rios. O estudo do repert?rio comportamental de ambos os tratamentos realizou-se por meio do uso de etogramas espec?ficos com avalia??o de imagens digitais captadas a intervalo de quinze minutos. Os resultados foram digitalizados em planilha eletr?nica para confec??o de etogramas de frequ?ncia das atividades pr?-determinadas. O desempenho dos leit?es foi avaliado com pesagens ao nascimento e ao desmame. Baseando-se nos dados ambientais obtidos, observou-se diferen?a significativa para todas as vari?veis observadas, exceto para a carga t?rmica radiante e temperatura da superf?cie corporal de matrizes. O tratamento alvenaria apresentou, de forma geral, melhores resultados; entretanto, nenhum dos tratamentos mostrou-se ideal ?s matrizes e aos leit?es. No per?odo da manh? observou-se condi??es ambientais mais pr?ximas ao conforto das matrizes e durante a tarde o ambiente foi mais confort?vel para os leit?es. Avaliando os n?veis de ru?dos emitidos, sup?e-se que o bem-estar dos su?nos foi maior na instala??o de alvenaria. Os leit?es que se encontravam nas celas de alvenaria passaram menos tempo mamando (25,62%) e mais tempo no escamoteador (38,91%) quando comparado ?queles mantidos nas celas confeccionadas em ard?sia (29,22% mamando e 24,90% no escamoteador). O fato de os leit?es mantidos em celas de ard?sia permanecerem mais tempo mamando promoveu ligeiro aumento, n?o significativo, no ganho de peso deles. Os animais mantidos em celas de ard?sia apresentaram melhora de 1,9% em rela??o ao manual da linhagem comercial utilizada, comportamento n?o observado naqueles mantidos em celas de alvenaria, que apresentaram desempenho de acordo com o manual. Os materiais utilizados na constru??o das celas n?o influenciaram o repert?rio comportamental das matrizes que permaneceram a maior parte do tempo deitadas (67,80% e 72,89%, respectivamente para alvenaria e ard?sia). A partir dos resultados encontrados, a ard?sia apresentou piores resultados quanto ? influ?ncia do material de constru??o sobre o ambiente, quando comparados ? alvenaria; entretanto, observou-se melhor desempenho dos leit?es que se encontravam alojados nas celas confeccionadas em ard?sia. Mediante os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que, a escolha do material de constru??o deve ser feita com base na economicidade oferecida por ele; entretanto, al?m do melhor desempenho dos leit?es, a ard?sia apresenta maior facilidade de limpeza e desinfec??o, por ser um material menos poroso e mais imperme?vel que alvenaria. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, [2010]. / ABSTRACT In order to evaluate thermal/acoustic environment and behavioral aspects in different housing constructions, a study analyzing an alternative material to build pens was carried out in a maternity located in Papagaio-MG. Treatments were masonry and slate, the materials used to build pens. In each treatment, six cages were monitored, being observed 12 sows and their respective litter (139 piglets). Temperatures at black globe and dry bulb, relative humidity inside cage, wind velocity and noise levels inside housing were measured. Thermal environment data at days of behavior evaluation were collected at 9:00 and 15:00, and data of acoustic and thermal environment were collected at intervals of 60 minutes, from 07:30 to 16:00. Globe temperature and humidity indexes and radiant thermal load were calculated. Body surface temperature of sows and piglets were evaluated at 09:00 and 15:00 during environmental evaluation. Data was under a split plot scheme, where treatments were splits and plots were the hours. Behavioral repertoires of both treatments were studied by using specific ethograms and evaluating digital images caught each 15 minutes. Piglets were weighted at birth and weaning in order to evaluate their performance. According to environmental data, it was observed significant difference for all variables observed, except to radiant thermal load and body surface temperature of sows. Masonry treatment showed better results, however, both treatments were not classified as ideal to sows and piglets. Morning period showed more comfortable environmental conditions to sows, while afternoon period was to piglets. Cause of noise level swine was better in masonry housing. Piglets in masonry housing spent little time sucking and higher time in the creep. On the other hand, they spent higher time sucking, when in slate housing. Animals in slate housing were 1, 2% better in relation to the manual of commercial line. Behavioral repertoire of sows was not influenced by the material used to build pens. Results show that slate was environmentally worse than masonry; however piglets showed better performance when in slate housing. To choose the material of construction it is important to think about economy, however, besides a better piglet performance, slates are better to clean and disinfect.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-03-10T21:25:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoRonybertoCavalcanteRibeiro_DISSERT.pdf: 10659688 bytes, checksum: 7ec8ae4a93f2bbc61768b6aa5b4d8027 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-17T21:43:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoRonybertoCavalcanteRibeiro_DISSERT.pdf: 10659688 bytes, checksum: 7ec8ae4a93f2bbc61768b6aa5b4d8027 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-17T21:43:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoRonybertoCavalcanteRibeiro_DISSERT.pdf: 10659688 bytes, checksum: 7ec8ae4a93f2bbc61768b6aa5b4d8027 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / O litoral do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte ? caracterizada pela presen?a de dunas e fal?sias. Estas ?ltimas consistem em taludes com altura de at? 40 metros e inclina??o variando de 30o a 90o com a horizontal. Assim, esta disserta??o teve como objetivo a avalia??o da estabilidade da fal?sia da Ponta do Pirambu em Tibau do Sul/RN, e a realiza??o de um estudo param?trico sobre a estabilidade de uma fal?sia homog?nea considerando como vari?veis a coes?o do material, a altura da fal?sia e a inclina??o do talude. O estudo na Ponta do Pirambu considerou ainda a possibilidade da exist?ncia de uma cobertura coluvionar com espessura variando de 0,50 a 5,00 metros. As an?lises foram realizadas pelo m?todo de Bishop, utilizando o programa GEO5. Na an?lise param?trica foram produzidos gr?ficos que relacionam altura da fal?sia com a inclina??o, para fatores de seguran?a iguais a 1,00 e 1,50; al?m de gr?ficos onde ? poss?vel obter facilmente o menor fator de seguran?a a partir da coes?o, altura da fal?sia e sua inclina??o. Concluiu-se que esses gr?ficos s?o muito ?teis para an?lises preliminares, para a defini??o de ?reas cr?ticas em mapeamentos de riscos em ?reas de fal?sias e para determina??o de uma equa??o para obten??o do menor fator de seguran?a em fun??o dos par?metros de resist?ncia e da geometria de um talude. Em rela??o ? fal?sia da Ponta do Pirambu, os resultados mostraram que a fal?sia est? sujeita a deslizamentos superficiais localizados nos pontos onde pode haver a presen?a do col?vio com espessuras superiores a dois metros. Entretanto, a fal?sia se mant?m est?vel, apresentando fator de seguran?a global igual ou superior a 2,50 na condi??o saturada. / The coastline from Rio Grande do Norte state is characterized for the presence of dunes and cliffs. The latter consist of slopes with height up to 40 meters and inclinations ranging from 30? to 90? wich horizontal. Thus, this dissertation had as objective the evaluation of the stability of cliff from Ponta do Pirambu in Tibau do Sul/RN, and the realization of a parametric study on the stability of a homogeneous cliff considering as variables the material's cohesion, the cliff height and the slope inclination. The study in Ponta do Pirambu considered yet the possibility of the existence of a colluvial cover with thickness ranging from 0.50 to 5.00 meters. The analyzes were performed by Bishop method, using GEO5 software. In parametric analysis were produced graphics that relate height cliff with the inclination, to safety factors equals to 1.00 and 1.50; besides graphics where it is possible easily get the lowest safety factor as from the cohesion, cliff height and its inclination. It was concluded that these graphs are very useful to preliminary analyzes, for the definition of critical areas in risk mappings in areas of cliffs and for determination of an equation for obtaining the lowest safety factor function of the strength parameters and of slope geometry. Regarding the cliff from Ponta do Pirambu, the results showed that the cliff is subject to superficial landslides located in the points where may there be the presence of colluvium with thicknesses greater than two meters. However, the cliff remains stable presenting the global safety factor equal or superior to 2.50 in the saturated condition.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-11-03T20:42:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseEdsonDeAlmeidaJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 6070806 bytes, checksum: b15852e13e5be71af8ab041cf03063b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-17T00:14:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseEdsonDeAlmeidaJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 6070806 bytes, checksum: b15852e13e5be71af8ab041cf03063b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-17T00:14:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseEdsonDeAlmeidaJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 6070806 bytes, checksum: b15852e13e5be71af8ab041cf03063b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-18 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a avalia??o multitemporal de curto prazo da retra??o numa fal?sia da Forma??o Barreiras, na ?rea do Centro de Lan?amento Barreira do Inferno (CLBI), localizada no litoral oriental do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Os estudos foram conduzidos entre agosto de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017, com a utiliza??o do Laser Esc?ner Terrestre (LT), aparelho que utiliza o pulso laser para fazer o mapeamento da fal?sia. A primeira etapa do estudo usou os dados da nuvem de pontos levantada em 21 de agosto de 2016, para a constru??o de 10 Modelos Digitais do Terreno (MDT) em quatro diferentes softwares, para a sele??o do m?todo interpolador que melhor representa a superf?cie estudada. A segunda etapa consistiu na caracteriza??o da fal?sia quanto ao seu principal indutor erosivo, atrav?s da utiliza??o de 30 perfis transversais a face da fal?sia obtidos a partir dos MDTs, gerados na etapa anterior, resultando numa subdivis?o da fal?sia em 5 setores de acordo com esta caracteriza??o. As avalia??es e quantifica??o da eros?o total e da taxa de retra??o foram conduzidas a partir da compara??o entre os MDTs e perfis transversais gerados em cada um dos levantamentos. Os resultados mostraram que a fal?sia apresentou uma retra??o de aproximadamente 6 cm com uma eros?o total de 333 m? no per?odo de estudo. O resultado tamb?m mostrou a import?ncia de se avaliar a confiabilidade da nuvem de pontos com rela??o a presen?a de vazios, ocasionados por sombreamentos durante os levantamentos, que podem ser fontes de erros significativos. O estudo desta fal?sia se faz importante por ser o primeiro a utilizar o LT neste tipo de forma??o, como tamb?m por representar uma nova ferramenta para o entendimento da din?mica costeira. / This research aims a short-term multi-temporal evaluation of the seacliff retreat of the Barreiras Formation, in the Barreira do Inferno Launch Center (CLBI, in Portuguese) located in the eastern coast of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. The studies were conducted between August 2016 and February 2017 through a Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), which is equipment that utilizes a pulsed laser to map seacliffs face. The first phase of the study used the point cloud generated on August 21, 2016, for the construction of 10 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) via four different softwares for selecting the interpolation method that best represents the studied surface. The second phase was the description of the seacliff according to its main erosive cause through 30 transversal seacliff face profiles obtained through the DEM generated in the previous phase. It led to a subdivision of the seacliff in 5 segments according to its description. The evaluation and quantification of the net erosion and the retreat rate were conducted through comparing the DEMs with the transversal profiles generated. The results expressed that the seacliff had a retreat of approximately 6 centimeters with a net erosion of 333 m? during the study period. It was also observed the importance of evaluating the reliability of the point cloud because of the presence of blanks due to the shading during the data collection, which may cause significant errors. The evaluation of this seacliff was relevant not only because it was the first to be done through TLS in this type of formation, but also because it represents a new way for understanding the coast dynamic.

I nyligen utgivna rapporter finns det indikationer på att den psykiska ohälsan bland barn och unga ökat samt att många ungdomar idag upplever en låg självkänsla. Att ha en låg självkänsla har visat sig vara en riskfaktor för utveckling av andra psykiska problem men trots detta är forskningen kring behandling av låg självkänsla hos ungdomar bristfällig och det finns i dagsläget heller ingen etablerad metod. Således är det motiverat att utforma och studera behandlingar specifikt riktade mot låg självkänsla. Forskningsprojektet SIA utformade och testade därför en helt ny internetbaserad kognitiv beteendeterapi (iKBT) som kom att ligga till grund för denna studie. Då det fanns en stor variation i psykiskt mående hos ungdomarna som sökte sig till en behandling för låg självkänsla blev uppsatsens syfte att kartlägga psykiatrisk belastning inom gruppen samt undersöka huruvida graden av psykiatrisk belastning kunde predicera behandlingsutfall. Ett nytt index, psykiatriskt svårighetsindex (PSI), bestående av sex indikatorer togs fram och användes för att gradera och mäta psykiatrisk belastning hos respektive deltagare. I ett första steg genomgick indexet statistiska analyser för att undersöka dess psykometriska egenskaper samt hur fördelningen såg ut. I nästa steg undersöktes samband mellan PSI och eftermätnings- respektive förändringsvärden samt om PSI predicerade behandlingsutfall. Resultatet visade att PSI med fördel kunde användas i vidare statistiska analyser vilka i sin tur visade på samband mellan PSI och eftermätningsvärden på depressions- och ångestmått men att PSI inte kunde predicera behandlingsutfall. Detta indikerar alltså att psykiatrisk belastning har ett samband med kvarvarande symptombörda efter behandling men att huruvida psykiatrisk belastning predicerar förbättring inte går att fastslå då stickprovet i studien var väldigt litet - men resultaten pekar på att det inte gör det. Vidare forskning behövs därför för att undersöka och avgöra vilken påverkan psykiatrisk belastning har på behandlingsutfall.

As the direct descendants of the first human beings, African people are the supreme witnesses of Creation itself, and senior authorities regarding the earthly Creations. African people bear supreme witness to humanity, and the most effective methods of being human: the biology and chemistry of life, the physiological and metaphysical aspects of earthly existence, and the science of the cosmic Creations--observing all that is above and what exists there, beyond the sky. By definition humanity is African: the first human beings were African and the first defining innovations of humanity were birthed in Africa. Since history is necessarily a study of the origins of humanity, and the first humans were African, history then must initiate at the emergence of humankind, which took place in Africa. The records left and maintained by the oldest humans on earth--written, memorized, or otherwise--provide amazing clues as to the initial Creation and subsequent development of humankind. As each successive generation works to strengthen the collective memory of their own people's past before conquer, the struggle to remember memories and to keep traditions intact becomes even more evident. As with every epic turn of events, the conquered are forced to decide if they will remain as such or not. This paper explores the ways in which the African worldview provides a critical and otherwise impossible analysis of human history, by exploring the oldest contributions of the first human beings--who were African. I argue that the ancient Kemetic worldview--Mdw Ntr--provides a prototypical blueprint for every African's self-liberation, creating a context through which contemporary freedom struggles can ultimately be assessed and achieved. In particular, this paper examines how the ancient Kemetic worldview has, since its inception, presented a working method of thinking and doing--seeing with Sia--which not only inspired successive African generations, but also the freedom struggles of contemporary African communities. Mdw Ntr is both a theory and a methodology: it encompasses a way of seeing reality, while also providing exact methods for how to go about this process. I propose that the notion of Sia--or "exceptional clarity"--is an actionable blueprint exemplified in the Shabaka Text and The Great Hymn to Aten. Both texts provide a methodology for achieving Sia; both texts speak to the fundamental processes of Mdw Ntr; and both texts exhibit a working model for self-liberation through the ancient Kemetic worldview. In order for human beings to manifest power--to be empowered--they must ultimately think with "exceptional clarity" and speak their intentions into existence. To be effective, one cannot speak without thinking, or do without first thinking and speaking. According to the ancient Kemites, thinking is the first step in speaking and also doing. Thinking initiates all actions: the more exceptional the clarity, the better. Hence, self-liberation emerges and subsequently, the collective liberation of African people. / African American Studies

Esta tese demonstra a aplicação da análise por injeção seqüencial (SIA) para determinação de sulfeto utilizando a química da formação do azul de metileno, a qual se baseia em dois reagentes: solução de cloridrato de dimetil p-fenileno diamina (DMPD) 3,63 mmol L-1 em meio de HCI 1,1 mol L-1 e solução de cloreto de ferro (III) 19 mmol L-1, também em meio de HCI 1, 1 mol L-1. Estas soluções foram aspiradas para dentro de uma bobina coletora do sistema SIA como duas zonas de reagente, entre as quais aspirava-se a solução da amostra. Em condições otimizadas o limite de detecção foi calculado em 40 &#181;g L-1 de S2-, com uma faixa dinâmica de resposta linear entre 0,05 e 2,0 mg L-1 . Esta faixa linear pode ser ampliada até 32 mg L-1 utilizando-se uma etapa de diluição in-line para concentrações maiores do que 2,0 mg L-1 de S2- . As características de robustez do sistema SIA que utiliza uma bomba de pistão, confere alta estabilidade para as curvas analíticas (precisão de 4%), minimizando a trabalhosa preparação de padrões de S2-. O método foi aplicado na determinação de sulfeto volatilizável por ácidos (AVS) em sedimentos coletados em reservatórios da região metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e no reservatório de Barra Bonita no rio Tietê, localizado 270 km a jusante em relação à cidade de São Paulo. As concentrações de AVS foram 9 a 14 mg kg-1 nos sedimentos de Barra Bonita e entre 1,2 e 14 g kg-1 nos sedimentos dos reservatórios Billings, Pirapora e Rasgão. Esta tese também descreve o acoplamento da análise por injeção seqüencial com análise por fluxo monossegmentado (SI-MSFA) para determinação de sulfeto em níveis de concentração típicos de águas residuais. As curvas analíticas foram construídas por diluição in-line de uma única solução padrão. A robustez do método proposto foi verificada construindo-se curvas analíticas em diferentes dias de trabalho e comparando-se os coeficientes angulares, os quais apresentaram um desvio padrão relativo de 5,2% (n=5) para uma faixa de concentração entre 0,17 e 1,0 mg L-1 de S2-. A freqüência de amostragem foi de 38 análises por hora, com um limite de detecção de 40 &#181;g L-1. A adequabilidade do método SI-MSFA para realizar adições de padrão para determinação de S2- também foi descrita. Amostras simuladas foram analisadas pelo método proposto, apresentando taxas de recuperação entre 70 e 115%, demonstrando a adequabilidade do método SI-MSFA para realizar análise in-situ de S2- em estações automáticas de monitoramento. / This thesis demonstrates the application of sequential injection analysis (SIA) to perform sulfide determination using the methylene blue chemistry, based on two reagents: 3.63 mmol L-1 N,N dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine hydrochloride in 1.1 mol L-1 HCI solution and 19 mmol L-1 FeCl3, also in 1.1 mol L-1 HCI. These solutions are aspirated inside the holding coil of the sequential injection system as two reagent zones sandwiching the sample zone. Under optimized conditions, the detection limit was calculated at 40 &#181;g L-1 S2-, with a linear dynamic range from 0.05 to 2 mg L-1 S2-. This linear range can be extended up to 32 mg L-1 using in-line dilution for sulfide concentrations greater than 2 mg L-1. The robust characteristic of the SI system with syringe pump leads to very stable analytical curves (precision of 4%), minimizing the laborious preparation of sulfide standards. The method was applied in the determination of acid volatile sulfide in river sediments collected at the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) City and at the Barra Bonita reservoir, located in the Tietê River, 270 km down river from São Paulo City. The concentrations of acid volatile sulfide were 9 to 14 mg kg-1 in the Barra reservoir and between 1.2 and 14 g kg-1 in sediments from Billings, Pirapora and Rasgão reservoirs. This thesis also describes the coupling of Sequential Injection with Monosegmented Flow Analysis (SI-MSFA) for determination of sulfide at typical concentrations in wastewaters. The analytical curves were constructed by in-line dilution of a single stock standard solution. The robustness of the proposed method was checked constructing analytical curves in different working days and comparing the slopes, which had a relative standard deviation of 5.2 % (n = 5) for a concentration window inside the monosegment between 0.17 and 1.0 mg L-1 S2-. The analytical throughput was 38 samples per hour and the limit of detection was 40 &#181;g L-1. The feasibility of the SI-MSFA approach to perform standard additions for S2- determination was also described. Simulated samples analyzed by the proposed method showed recoveries between 70 and 115%, demonstrating the feasibility of the SI-MSFA method to perform in-situ analysis of S2- in automatic monitoring stations.