CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As convulsÃes dialÃpticas tÃm como principais alteraÃÃes ictais as alteraÃÃes de consciÃncia que sÃo independentes das manifestaÃÃes ictais no eletroencefalograma. Essa classificaÃÃo de convulsÃes epilÃpticas foi proposta por LÃders et al em 1998 e tem como base exclusivamente a semiologia ictal. O presente estudo avalia um total de 59 eventos dialÃpticos de 27 pacientes. Os eventos foram retrospectivamente avaliados e classificados em: crises dialÃpticas parciais complexas, crises dialÃpticas parciais simples, e eventos dialÃpticos nÃo epilÃpticos. à de amplo conhecimento que a regulaÃÃo cardiovascular à uma funÃÃo da atividade neuronal no cÃrtex cerebral, na amÃgdala e na formaÃÃo reticular do bulbo e que a ativaÃÃo seletiva dos centros cardÃacos nessas Ãreas produz aumento ou diminuiÃÃo da freqÃÃncia cardÃaca. Esse estudo analisou as alteraÃÃes da freqÃÃncia cardÃaca 1 hora antes, durante e 1 hora depois de cada evento dialÃptico. Foi observado que a freqÃÃncia cardÃaca do perÃodo basal era semelhante nos grupos de crises parciais complexas e de crises nÃo epilÃpticas. TambÃm foi observado que a freqÃÃncia cardÃaca basal està aumentada no grupo de pacientes com crises parciais simples (P<0,05). Por sua vez, a freqÃÃncia cardÃaca no perÃodo ictal nÃo aumentou no grupo de crises nÃo epilÃpticas, bem como no grupo de crises parciais simples. Foi observado um aumento da freqÃÃncia cardÃaca (taquicardia) em cada crise dialÃptica parcial complexa (P<0,05), com o retorno da freqÃÃncia cardÃaca aos nÃveis basais no perÃodo pÃs ictal. Esses achados indicam que a taquicardia mediada por vias centrais à uma caracterÃstica das crises dialÃpticas parciais complexas. Na segunda parte do estudo, foram analisada as alteraÃÃes da freqÃÃncia cardÃaca induzidas pelo movimento em crises epilÃpticas e nÃo epilÃpticas. Foi demonstrado que em nenhuma crise nÃo epilÃptica moderada houve um aumento da freqÃÃncia cardÃaca durante a fase ictal acima de 39,3%, comparando-se com a freqÃÃncia cardÃaca do perÃodo basal. NÃo houve aumento da freqÃÃncia cardÃaca em nenhuma crise nÃo epilÃptica leve acima de 16,3% durante a fase ictal, bem como nenhuma crise parcial simples apresentou um aumento da FC acima de 20,6%, comparando-se com o perÃodo basal. Foi verificado que a utilizaÃÃo de uma escala para gradaÃÃo da quantidade de movimento pode ser usada como ferramenta na verificaÃÃo de uma tendÃncia de alteraÃÃo da freqÃÃncia cardÃaca de acordo com a quantidade de alteraÃÃo de movimento. Assim, a anÃlise da freqÃÃncia cardÃaca pode ser usada como critÃrio para exclusÃo de eventos psicogÃnicos / Dialeptic seizures are characterized by ictal loss of consciouness, that is independent of the EEG correlate. This classification of epileptic seizures is based only on ictal semiology and was proposed by LÃders et al in 1998. We studied 59 dialeptic events of 27 patients. The events were retrospectively analyzed and classified in: dialeptic complex partial seizures, dialeptic simple partial seizures and dialeptic non epileptic events. It is well known that cardiovascular regulation is a function of neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex, amygdala, and reticular formation in the medulla, and that selective activation of cardiac centers in theses areas is responsible for changes in the heart rate. Our study analyzed the heart rate changes 1 hour prior, during and 1 hour after each dialeptic event. It was shown that the heart rate of the basal period was similar in the complex partial seizures group and in the non epileptic group. The basal heart rate was increased in the simple partial seizures group (P<0.05). The ictal heart rate did not increase in the non epileptic group, as well as in the simple partial seizures group. We showed an increase in the heart rate in each dialeptic complex partial seizure (P<0.05), and the heart rate returned to normal in the post-ictal period. Our study showed that central mediated tachycardia is a feature of dialeptic complex partial seizures. In the second part of our study, the heart rate changes secondary to movement in epileptic and non epileptic seizures were analyzed. It was shown that none of the moderate non epileptic seizures had an increase in the ictal heart rate above 39.3% when compared to the heart rate in the basal period. There wasnât any heart rate increase in any of the mild non epileptic seizures greater than 16.3% in the ictal period. None of the simple partial seizures showed heart rate increase above 20.6% of the basal period. We showed that a scale for movement quantification allow us to show a tendency of heart rate changes secondary to different degrees of body movement. Therefore, heart rate analysis can be used as an additional criterion for exclusion of psychogenic events

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:26:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Pereira de Melo.pdf: 340519 bytes, checksum: 62c861355aa80df3ebe2a229edf8c649 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-18 / The objective headquarters of this dissertation is to present how it is possible, through exposition dialectic, to think the category been since the beginning of the Capital. The great challenge that the Capital presents is to understand your exposition method that subjects the emergence of the concept since the beginning - not only in the beginning of the work, but the whole time - as totality. In the totality, already known by us , the State is there the whole time and during the whole exposition dialectic of the capital. In that way, I try to show that Marx thinks the category been as logical-historical presupposition in the beginning of the work, and like this, the State would be already present-absent in the first chapter of the Capital. Starting from the moment in that the categories go being put dialectically, the concept of State goes being built slowly through the dialectic of the exposition. For that work, only the first three chapters of the Capital were analyzed, contained in the Section I that corresponds to the process of simple circulation of commodities. In the process of simple circulation, while the purpose is the value of use of the commodities, the State he appears as the oasis of the alienable rights of the property and it seems to work just as auxiliary support of the ideal structure of the market. In the alienated conscience it is as if the State was, seemingly, be absent of the market. If the purpose of the change, however, it is the valorization of the value, then, the State is there the whole time (present for us ), but just showing the face that better it interests him. The movement of the exposition does with that the appearance neutrality of the State in the market is overcome turning visible the invisible. The legitimate and concentrated violence of the State also appears from I begin him of the exposition dialectic of the Capital, but just as presupposed, for in the end to be put with all your determinations. The State is there , but still non position, just presupposition, in the ambit of the simple circulation of commodities. The historical development is presupposed under each logical category that comes in the Capital. Same not appearing (explicitly) in the Capital, the State is always present while presupposition report of the violence of the fight of classes that is put by the way of exposition dialectic of that work. That theory is only possible to be thought inside of a theory of the negation of the negation, where the category been it is put and at the same time denied by your logical and historical presuppositions. The conflicting dimension of the capital and the extra-economical power of the State send, like this, to the rigorous subject of the exposition dialectic of the capital. / O objetivo central desta dissertação é apresentar como é possível, por meio de uma exposição dialética, pensar a categoria Estado desde o início de O Capital. O grande desafio que O Capital apresenta é entender seu método de exposição que sujeita o aparecimento do conceito desde o início não só no início da obra, mas o tempo todo como totalidade. Na totalidade, já conhecida por nós , o Estado está ali o tempo todo e durante toda a exposição dialética do capital. Dessa forma, procuro mostrar que Marx pensa a categoria Estado como pressuposto lógico-histórico no início da obra, e assim, o Estado estaria presente-ausente já no primeiro capítulo d O Capital. A partir do momento em que as categorias vão sendo postas dialeticamente, o conceito de Estado vai sendo lentamente construído através da dialética da exposição. Para esse trabalho, foram analisados somente os três primeiros capítulos do Capital, contidos na Seção I que corresponde ao processo de circulação simples de mercadorias. No processo de circulação simples, enquanto a finalidade é o valor de uso das mercadorias, o Estado aparece como o oásis dos direitos alienáveis da propriedade e parece funcionar apenas como suporte auxiliar da estrutura ideal do mercado. Na consciência alienada é como se o Estado estivesse, aparentemente, ausente do mercado. Se a finalidade da troca, porém, é a valorização do valor, então, o Estado está ali o tempo todo (presente para nós ), mas apenas mostrando a face que melhor o interessa. O movimento da exposição faz com que a aparência neutralidade do Estado no mercado seja superada tornando visível o invisível. A violência legítima e concentrada do Estado também aparece desde o inicio da exposição dialética do Capital, mas apenas como pressuposta, para no final ser posta com todas as suas determinações. O Estado está lá , mas ainda não posto, apenas pressuposto, no âmbito da circulação simples de mercadorias. O desenvolvimento histórico está pressuposto sob cada categoria lógica que se apresenta no Capital. Mesmo não aparecendo (explicitamente) em O Capital, o Estado está sempre presente enquanto pressuposto histórico da violência da luta de classes que é posta pelo modo de exposição dialético dessa obra. Essa teoria só é possível ser pensada dentro de uma teoria da negação da negação, onde a categoria Estado é posta e ao mesmo tempo negada pelos seus pressupostos lógicos e históricos. A dimensão conflituosa do capital e o poder extra-econômico do Estado remetem, assim, à questão rigorosa da exposição dialética do capital.

Ce travail décrit une étude expérimentale sur des tôles en Ni-Ti à température ambiante en cisaillement plan simple, et pour des vitesses de déformation de 10-4 à 103/s. En quasi-statique (10-4-10-2/s), la mesure optique du champ de déplacement est indispensable à cause du faible déplacement (0.3mm). Des essais à vitesse de déformation intermédiaire (10-1-101/s) ont été réalisés avec la Machine MTS modifiée, capable d'aller à 300mm/s. Une caméra rapide est nécessaire pour suivre ces tests. Enfin, des barres de Hopkinson sont utilisées pour les essais à haute vitesse (102-103/s).Les efforts se sont concentrés sur la méthodologie afin d'explorer les limites expérimentales. Au niveau mécanique, des efforts ont été apportés sur la conception des montages des mors pour combiner des exigences contradictoires. Au niveau mesure, des caméras optiques fonctionnant jusqu'à 5M images/s ont été utilisées. La texture des images, la peinture, la lumière, la taille d'élément et l'incertitude sont analysées. De plus, la caméra infrarouge est utilisée pour confirmer l'observation optique sous faibles vitesses de déformation.Finalement, des essais ont été réalisés pour 7 ordres de grandeurs de la vitesse de déformation, avec identification de la relation contrainte-déformation et observation de l'évolution de la bande de transformation. On observe : (i) Une augmentation de la contrainte avec la vitesse de déformation. (ii) Un champ de déformation non homogène, même en faible vitesse, avec une bande à 10 degrés par rapport à la direction de cisaillement. (iii) Deux bandes séparées à haute vitesse (102/s), ce qui indique que la bande de localisation dépend de la vitesse de chargement. / This work describes an experimental study on a NiTi alloy at the ambient temperature (Pseudoelastic behavior) under the double in-plane shear loading over strain rates from 10-4 to 103/s. Under quasi-static loadings (10-4-10-2/s), the optical full-field measurement is necessary because of the very small displacement (0.3mm). The intermediate loading rates (10-1-101/s) are realized with a modified MTS machine able to load at 300mm/s. Moreover, a high-speed camera is needed to follow such tests. Finally, the Split Hopkinson bars are used to perform tests at impact loading rates (102-103/s).The main effort has been made on the methodological study to explore the experimental possibility. For the mechanical level, the attention has been paid on the design of the clamping system to cope with the contradictory requirements. For the measuring level, different optical cameras with sampling rate till to 5M frames/second are used. The texture, the painting, the lightening, the element size and the uncertainty are analyzed. Furthermore, an infrared camera was used at lower loading rates to confirm the DIC measurement.The tests are continually performed over 7 decades of the strain rate. The nominal stress-strain curves and the detailed observation of the transformation band evolution are measured. The main findings are as follows: (i) Regular stress increase with the strain rate; (ii) an inhomogeneous strain field under in-plane shear condition, even at very low strain rates, with a band at 10 degrees from the shear direction under lower strain rates. (iii) Two separated bands at the strain rate of 102/s, which suggests that the localized transformation bands are rate dependent.

Most Brazilian students learning English face difficulty when studying thepresent perfect. It is one of the most challenging aspects of the Englishlanguage for Portuguese speakers due to the similar form with a divergentsemantic value. The Brazilian Portuguese present perfect forces iteration andthe student automatically transfers the same meaning when translating anEnglish sentence literally. Brazilian learners get confused about when and inwhat situations to use the English present perfect and frequently are not able todistinguish it from the simple past use. This study is comprised of two parts.First, a comparative study was done to investigate which Portuguese tensetranslators of famous literary books consider to be equivalent to the Englishpresent perfect according to the message which is being conveyed. Thedatabase used was the bidirectional parallel corpus of English and PortugueseCOMPARA. Second, textbooks developed to teach English in Brazil wereanalyzed in order to verify from what perspective students were beinginstructed concerning the present perfect and whether the semantic differencesbetween the two languages were pointed out. According to the translationcorpus, the English present perfect is mostly equivalent to Brazilian Portuguesesimple past. Adverbs are also often needed to express the English presentperfect meaning in Portuguese. The textbooks were found to present poorexplanations and seem not to call the learners’ attention to the source of the problems. Textbooks do not stress the importance of the semantic value and thecontext, and do not call attention to the different meanings between theBrazilian and the English present perfect.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / El contenido de la presente memoria está dirigido al análisis de la responsabilidad parental en la filiación adoptiva, esto es, al exámen de los derechos y deberes asumidos por quienes adquieren la calidad de padres e hijos en razón de la adopción, a través de las diversas formas que esta institución ha revestido en nuestra legislación.

La drépanocytose est la maladie moléculaire et héréditaire (transmission mendélienne récessive et autosomique) la plus répandue au monde. Elle est un problème de santé publique par sa gravité et ses implications socio-économiques dans de nombreux pays. Seuls les sujets homozygotes (SS) ou hétérozygotes composites (SC) sont malades, les hétérozygotes (AS) ne sont que des transmetteurs du gène S. Elle est la première cause d’OstéoNécrose de la Tête Fémorale (ONTF), douloureuse évoluant vers l’arthrose, en l’absence de traitement chez un patient jeune.<p>La Guadeloupe compte 450.000 habitants, dont 12% sont porteurs de l’hémoglobine S. Le nombre des drépanocytaires est estimé à 1.200 dont les 3/4 sont suivis au Centre Caribéen de la Drépanocytose (CCD), créé en 1990. Le centre assure la prise en charge médicale des enfants dès leur naissance et des adultes malades. Nos activités au CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, au CCD et à l’Unité INSERM-UMR S458 depuis juillet 1992 nous ont permis d’étudier:<p>- le diagnostic de l’ONTF;<p>- l’évaluation de l’hyperpression osseuse dans l’ONTF et l’évaluation du traitement par forage simple;<p>- l’étude de l’impact de la prise en charge orthopédique précoce sur la survenue et l’évolution de l’ONTF.<p>Notre étude concerne les patients drépanocytaires adultes homozygotes (SS) et double hétérozygotes (SC):<p>- une série rétrospective de 1993-1994 [E-1994] portant sur 115 patients (58 SS, 57 SC) identifiés en 1984,<p>sans suivi médical ni orthopédique;<p>- une série prospective de 1995 à 2008 [E-2008] portant sur 215 patients (94 SS, 121 SC) avec prise en<p>charge médicale et orthopédique.<p>L’IRM est l’examen de référence pour le diagnostic de l’ONTF comme dans la nécrose idiopathique. En absence d’imagerie moderne, la radiographie traditionnelle réalisée de façon complète (profil et, surtout, faux profil), permet le diagnostic avant toute déformation. Seules les lésions cliniquement symptomatiques et évolutives (examen clinique itératif, contrôle radiologique, tomographie, TDM ou IRM) ont une indication opératoire.<p>L’hyperpression intra osseuse, dans l’ONTF drépanocytaire, est significativement liée à la douleur (que les patients soient homozygotes ou hétérozygotes). Sa diminution a un effet antalgique objectif, observée après forage. Elle permet de confirmer le diagnostic d’ostéonécrose au stade précoce, dans les régions où l’IRM est inexistante.<p>Un forage réalisé aux stades précoces de l’ONTF permet un arrêt rapide de l’évolution des lésions vers une arthrose, avec une efficacité certaine pour les stades I et II. Il garde une efficacité limitée pour le stade III. En plus de l’indolence apportée par la décompression, le bénéfice du forage se manifeste par l’allongement du délai avant arthroplastie (de 7,4 ± 2,7 ans). La technique est réalisable dans les régions sous équipées, où la drépanocytose est fréquente.<p>La description histologique aux différents stades radiologiques de l’ONTF montre toujours des lésions de nécrose médullaire et osseuse. A l’inverse des lésions idiopathiques, les lésions drépanocytaires sont caractérisées par la présence d’une inflammation, en dehors de tout processus infectieux.<p>Dans la littérature, la fréquente de l’ONTF drépanocytaire chez l’adulte est voisine de 40%, proche de celle observée dans [E-1994], notre population non suivie (36,5%). En comparant les études [E-1994] et [E-2008], la fréquence de l’ONTF passe de 36,5% à 14,4%. L’officialisation en 1992 d’une prise en charge médicale et d’un suivi orthopédique régulier au CCD et au CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, a permis la réduction de la fréquence de l’ONTF et d’autres morbidités.<p>Le rappel sur la drépanocytose révèle la complexité de la maladie, la variabilité de son expression clinique et de ses complications. L’amélioration de vie des patients nécessite une prévention primaire, secondaire et tertiaire, en l’absence d’un traitement spécifique de la maladie.<p>La prise en charge médicale, complétée par une prévention et un traitement précoce (orthopédique ou chirurgical) telle que réalisés au CCD en Guadeloupe, a permis une réduction significative de la survenue de la nécrose de hanche et de ses complications. Pour une prévention tertiaire des complications ostéo-articulaires, nous suggérons:<p>- une prise en charge médicale régulière des enfants et des adultes afin de réduire les crises vaso-occlusives;<p>- une éducation des patients à la recherche de signes d’appel de l'ONTF et, aussi, d’autres articulations;<p>- un examen clinique ostéo-articulaire lors des bilans annuels et après toute crise vaso-occlusive;<p>- une attention particulière à l’adolescence (passage enfant-adulte), après une grossesse;<p>- une prise en charge précoce, orthopédique ou chirurgicale conservatrice (forage ou ostéotomie) face à une<p>nécrose, afin de réduire les complications invalidantes de l’ONTF.<p><p>Sickle-cell anemia is the most widespread hereditary (autosomal recessive Mendelian transmission) molecular pathology in the world. It is a public health issue in many countries, due to its severity and socio-economic impact. Only homozygous (SS) and double heterozygous (SC) subjects are affected, heterozygous (AS) subjects merely transmitting the gene S. Sickle-cell anemia is the most frequent cause of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), a painful condition which evolves towards osteoarthritis if not treated at an early age.<p>Guadeloupe has a population of 450,000, 12% of whom are carriers of hemoglobin S. There are estimated to be 1,200 sickle-cell anemia sufferers, three-quarters of whom are followed in the Caribbean Sickle-Cell Center (Centre Caribéen de la Drépanocytose: CCD), which was set up in 1990. The Center provides medical care for adult patients and for children as of birth. Work has been ongoing since July 1992, in the Pointe-à-Pitre University Hospital, the CCD and the INSERM-UMR S458 research unit, focusing on:<p>- diagnosis of ONFH;<p>- bone hyperpressure measurement in ONFH and assessment of simple drilling treatment;<p>- the impact of early orthopedic treatment on the onset and evolution of ONFH.<p>The present study involved homozygous (SS) and double heterozygous (SC) adult sickle-cell anemia patients:<p>- a retrospective series, from 1993 to 1994 [S-1994], including 115 patients (58 SS, 57 SC) identified in 1984,<p>who had no medical or orthopedic care;<p>- a prospective series, from 1995 to 2008 [S-2008], including 215 patients (94 SS, 121 SC), with medical and orthopedic care.<p>MRI is the diagnostic gold-standard in ONFH, as in idiopathic necrosis. Where such modern imaging is not available, complete standard X-ray (lateral and especially false lateral) enables diagnosis to be made before deformity sets in. Surgery is indicated only for clinically symptomatic evolutive lesions on iterative clinical check-up, X-ray control, tomography, CT or MRI.<p>Intraosseous hyperpressure in sickle-cell ONFH shows a significant correlation with pain, in both homozygous and heterozygous patients. Pressure reduction is objectively pain-relieving, as seen after drilling, and can confirm diagnosis of ONFH at an early stage, in places where MRI is not available.<p>Drilling performed in the early stages of ONFH quickly arrests evolution towards osteoarthritis, with proven efficacy in grades I and II, and a certain degree of effectiveness in grade III. Over and above the pain-relief provided by decompression, drilling also enables hip replacement to be postponed, by 7.4±2.7 years. Moreover, the technique is feasible in those under-equipped regions in which sickle-cell disease is widespread.<p>Histologic description of radiologic ONFH stages consistently finds medullary and bone necrosis. In contrast to idiopathic lesions, sickle-cell related lesions show inflammation without any associated infection.<p>In the literature, the frequency of adult sickle-cell ONFH is reported to be nearly 40%, close to the 36.5% found in the S-1994 study of a non-treated population. In the S-2008 study of a population with medical and orthopedic care, ONFH frequency fell to 14.4%. The official provision of medical care and regular orthopedic follow-up in the CCD and Pointe-à-Pitre Hospital has reduced the frequency of ONFH and other morbidities.<p>A review of sickle-cell disease reveals its complexity: the variability of its clinical expression and associated complications. Improving patients’ quality of life requires primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, in the absence of specific treatment.<p>Medical care, supplemented by early prevention and treatment (orthopedic or surgical), as practiced in the Guadeloupe CCD, has significantly reduced the rates of ONFH and associated complications. We recommend the following CCD protocol for tertiary prevention of osteoarticular complications:<p>- regular medical care for children and adults, to reduce the incidence of vaso-occlusive crises;<p>- patient education in alarm signs of osteonecrosis of the femoral head and of other joints;<p>- systematic osteoarticular assessment at yearly check-up and after all vaso-occlusive crises;<p>- special focus on adolescence (child-to-adult transition) and following pregnancy;<p>- early care, both orthopedic and by conservative surgery (drilling or osteotomy), in case of necrosis, to reduce the rate of disabling complications of ONFH / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Par leur stabilité, leur petite taille et leur nature monomérique, les domaines variables des immunoglobulines à chaînes lourdes, ou Nanobodies (Nb), sont incontournables en diagnostic et recherche médicale. Pourtant, leur utilisation en agro-biotechnologies demeure confidentielle.Dans l'idée de les utiliser pour étudier et combattre le Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), responsable de la maladie du court-noué très préjudiciable à l'économie viticole mondiale, j'ai produit une collection de Nb spécifiques du GFLV.Fusionné à une protéine fluorescente et exprimé en plante de façon stable, un de ces Nb (alors appelé Chromobody, Cb) a conféré une haute résistance au GFLV inoculé mécaniquement ou transmis par nématodes.Le potentiel du Cb comme biocapteur a été validé par le suivi in vivo d’un isolat contournant la résistance mais toujours reconnu par le Cb. La structure du complexe Nb/GFLV a été résolue à 2,8 Å et révèle la zone occupée par le Nb à la surface de la capside.Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives innovantes pour la compréhension du cycle infectieux d'un phytovirus et l'élaboration de nouvelles stratégies de lutte antivirale. / Due to their small size, high stability and strict monomeric nature, Nanobodies (Nbs) deriving from camelids heavy chain only antibodies have proven very valuable as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. However their use in agro biotechnology remains limited.In order to apply Nbs to the study and the control of grapevine fanleaf degeneration, I produced acollection of Nbs against Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), the causal agent of this devastating disease worldwide.When fused to a fluorescent protein and stably expressed in plants, one of these Nbs (calledChromobody, Cb) conferred high resistance to GFLV, whether inoculated mechanically or by vector-mediated transmission.The identification of an isolate overcoming the resistance but still bound by the Cb allowed real-time tracking of the infection showing the high potential of Cbs as biosensors.The cryoEM structure of the Nb/GFLV complex was obtained at 2,8 Å and provides a clear picture of the footprint of the Nb on the surface of the GFLV capsid.These results pave the way for the innovative use of Nbs to unravel viral life cycle and to counter viral diseases.

My work is a corpus-based investigation of the use and development of temporal subordinators and clauses in Early Modern British English (EModE).  The focus of the project is on the forms, structure, meanings, and history of these subordinators and clauses. My primary aim is to analyse stability and change in temporal subordinators and clauses across the EModE period; second comes the study of linguistic features, such as aspect, tense, mood and modality, ellipsis and non-finite forms, positions, coordination, and subordination of the temporal clauses. In addition, I examine the progress of these subordinators, and WHEN in particular, across text categories, text types, and the sub-periods. Regarding temporal subordinators, I account for the use of simple, complex, and correlative forms. I also address alternative expressions of temporal subordinators such as the repetition and replacement of temporal subordinators. The influence of negation on the choice of subordinators, and the modification patterns of subordinators are also treated. Primary meanings of anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority as well as secondary meanings of temporal subordinators are studied. I uncover the evolution of temporal subordinators and trace their various forms, as far back as possible to the Old English and Middle English periods. I also make some comparisons with Present-day English. The investigation is based on the EModE section of the computerized Helsinki Corpus of English Texts and the manual literary Major Authors Corpus which I designed for the purposes of the study. Consequently, my study is carried out within corpus linguistics methodology. All in all, the primary material yielded 3,269 instances of 17 different prototypical temporal subordinators, called sub-types.

This thesis introduces chosen works of contemporary German literature, which connects the historical milestone "Wende". The analysed authors and works are Claudia Rusch - Aufbau Ost, Ingo Schulze - Simple Storys, Yadé Kara - Selam Berlin and Wladimir Kaminer - Russendisko. It is an interdisciplinary literary-historical thesis, which compares the literary fiction (use of single literary tools) with the historical reality and its adaptation in technical publications. The historical insight and the inclusion of chosen works to the contemporary developmental trends of literature represent the theoretical introduction of thesis. The actual analysis of two pairs of writers and their works (Rusch - Schulze and Kara - Kaminer) takes the authors origin into consideration, mentions shortly their biography and relation to the work. The structural analysis of works follows, with the focus on literary interpretation of social and political events of the year 1989. The goal of the thesis was to point out the historical context, which determines understanding of analysed literary works. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

L’originalité du manuscrit de thèse est basée sur une preuve de concept selon laquelle il peut être possible de générer IN SITU des matériaux plaquettaires au sein même d’une matrice polymère à renforcer. Cette approche est basée sur une nouvelle voie de préparation de matériaux hybrides à base d’hydroxydes lamellaires. Cette méthode combine une voie de synthèse par polyol et la génération IN SITU de plaquettes inorganiques, en présence d’oligomères BOLA à caractère amphiphile. La voie polyol consiste en l’hydrolyse en milieu alcoolique d’un ou de plusieurs sels acétate métalliques comme précurseur, en vue de former les phases LSH et HDL suivantes, LSH-Zn, LDH-Zn2Al ;-LiAl2. Les BOLA possèdent des segments téléchéliques composés de chaînes hydrophobes terminées par deux groupes anioniques hydrophiles, l’ensemble est neutralisé par un cation ammonium. L'impact de la voie de synthèse IN SITU, les systèmes plaquettaires choisis ainsi que les contre-ions organiques à partir de la morphologie des phases hybrides obtenues, est étudié en comparaison aux mélanges physiques correspondants (EX SITU). Ce manuscrit présente une étude structurale des différents nanocomposites formés ; par le biais d’analyses DRX, complétées par du SAXS (ligne de lumière SWING à Soleil) et de l’imagerie MET. Des bilans matière sur les différentes synthèses IN SITU sont aussi réalisés pour déterminer les rendements de formation et taux de conversion des précurseurs en matériaux lamellaires. Concernant l’approche EX SITU ; les chaines polymère diffusent entre les plaquettes inorganiques, ceci principalement lié à une réaction d’échange entre les anions acétate des phases lamellaires et les fonctions carboxylates des chaines polymère, conservant l’intégrité des feuillets à par un processus topotactique. L’efficacité du processus d’intercalation a été trouvée décroissante suivant LDH-Zn2Al > LDH- LiAl2 >> LSH-Zn. Dans le cas du LSH-Zn, un ensemble stratifié à plusieurs échelles a été observé alliant charpente inorganique initiale intercalé acétate et une partie diffusée du BOLA, conduisant à une structuration dite biphasique. Contre intuitivement, dans le cas des HDL, la voie EX SITU, basée sur la réaction topotactique d'échange, et la voie IN SITU, basée sur la réaction de templating ont donné dans de nombreux cas des résultats similaires en terme d'états de dispersion, et ceci indépendamment du polymère ou du BOLA utilisé ainsi que de la composition des plaquettes. L’observation de plaquettes isolées LSH-Zn, n’a jamais été reportée dans la littérature, ce qui rend alors le processus de synthèse polyol/IN SITU intéressant pour l’obtention d’état de dispersion exfolié pour ce type de particules. La combinaison polyol/IN SITU permet la génération de plaquette LSH ou LDH de taille latérale comprise entre 10 à 200 nm. Cependant, les plaquettes générées se sont révélées poreuses, un inconvénient pour les propriétés de type barrière. Ce résultat ouvre toutefois des perspectives nouvelles en intégrant ces plaquettes 2D poreuses avec des particules de type 1D pour une approche en architecture « tectonique ». / Layered particle based nano-composites have recently been shown to impart stone impact resistance to automotive coatings by making use of polymer intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) platelets in a variety of different film morphologies. However the LDH particles used were obtained via coprecipitation of the metal salts in the presence of small organic anions in order to render the Layered Hydroxide particles organophilic and to facilitate the intercalation of carboxylate group bearing matrix polymers. Thus anion exchange in the course of colloidal processing and during film formation leads to the release of ionic species which may deteriorate the coatings barrier function. In order to circumvent objectionable counter ions (involved in the synthesis and the coatings formulation), a novel preparation route for layered hydroxide based hybrid phases has been here investigated combining the polyol route with the IN SITU generation of inorganic platelets, in the presence of amphiphilic polymer as well as bola-amphiphiles. The polyol route consists in hydrolysis in an alcoholic medium containing acetate metal cation as precursor(s), to yield LDH (Zn2Al, LiAl2 cation composition) or LSH-Zn (Layered Single Hydroxide). Bola amphiphile descripts as being some hydrophobic polymer segment-telechelic-chains terminated by two anionic hydrophilic end groups, using of volatile ammonium cation as counter ion. The impact of both process conditions as well as the chosen system with regard to the metal hydroxide framework and the organic counter ions on the morphology of the obtained hybrid phases are presented, discussed and compared to corresponding physical mixture. For the EX SITU approach, the diffusion of large cumbersome polymers or amphiphilic bolas between the inorganic platelets was found to be efficient, mostly driven by an anion exchange reaction between interleaved acetate anions and carboxylate functions of the molecular backbones, and keeping intact the inner-sheet integrity through a topotactic process. The efficiency of the intercalation process was found decreasing to range as LDH-Zn2Al > LDH-LiAl2 >> LSH-Zn, more or less regardless of the guest organic species. Aggregation may happen and cannot be discarded especially when using LiAl2 type platelets and non-neutralized bola. In particular with LSH-Zn, a multi stratified assembly has been observed combining acetate pristine structure and partly bola diffused structure, leading to a biphasic structure, aggregated and intercalated. To the best of our knowledge, observation of LSH-Zn single platelets has never been reported, making of the combined process Polyol/IN SITU an interesting new route in reaching exfoliation. Indeed, it yields to the generation of platelets either LSH or LDH of lateral size ranging between 10 up to 200 nm. However, the platelets were found to be porous; it is considered as a drawback for barrier properties. It is our belief that such porosity may open new insights in “tectonic” architecture by intertwining 2D and 1D-type filler. Rather counter intuitively, EX SITU based on topotactic exchange reaction matches the IN SITU templating reaction in many cases as a function of the dispersion state regardless of the polymer or bolas as well as the platelets cation composition.