Denna kvalitativa uppsats undersöker ungdomars upplevelser av att tvångsvårdas på Statens institutionsstyrelses särskilda ungdomshem (SiS). Syftet är att förmedla en bredare förståelse för hur ungdomarna upplever placeringen och sin livssituation. Studiens frågeställning är: Vilka centrala teman vad gäller känslor och upplevelser, kan identifieras bland tvångsvårdade ungdomars texter? Materialet i studien baseras på totalt 314 texter och dikter, publicerade på SiS hemsida, och som ungdomarna själva författat. Analysmetoden som har använts är tematisk textkondensering. Resultaten visar att de mest centrala teman som identifierades var: Insikt och lärdomar, anhörigas betydelse, framtidstro, negativa konsekvenser av tvång och isolering, samt hat och hopplöshet. Avslutningsvis diskuteras större prioritering av social återanpassning och eftervård för den unge, med slutsatsen att tvångsvård borde användas med försiktighet på grund av de negativa konsekvenser på individen som vården kan medföra. Det konstateras slutligen att det behövs mer forskning och uppföljning kring tvångsvårdens effekter på individen och dennes utveckling, ur ett mer långsiktigt perspektiv. / This qualitative essay investigates young people’s experiences of being placed at a social care institution against their will. The aim of this study is to mediate a better understanding for how these adolescents comprehend and feel about the compulsory care that they are given and all that it involves. The research question is: What feelings and experiences can be identified among adolescents who are placed at a social care institution and treated against their will? A total of 314 poems written by the adolescents themselves have been analysed. Which have all been published at The National Board of Institutional Care (in Swedish SiS.) The method that has been used is a thematic textual analysis. The results show that the most common themes among the adolescent’s poems were: Enlightenment and lessons, the importance of family, hope, damaging impacts caused by the institution’s coercion and isolation, hate and hopelessness. Conclusions made from this study, is that coercion care seems to be associated with a variety of negative effects on the individual and his or her future development. Recommendations are that there should be a broader focus on integration, rehabilitation and the life outside the institution, ad that coercion care should be used with caution. Further research needs to be done of the effectiveness of coerced treatment in a long-term perspective.

The study has illustrated how treatment assistants within Statens institutionsstyrelses (SiS) special residential homes for young people portray a professional approach together with how they viewed their possibilities and limitations based on their professional role. The collection of data has taken place through a qualitative method in the form of interviews with the use of structural analysis for processing empirical data. For analysis and interpretation of treatment assistants' experience of their professional role, role theory and newinstitutional organization theory was used with humanistic theory as frame of reference of a professional approach. The result demonstrated how thoughts about central values and approaches based on a professional role were consistent and strongly influenced by operational guidelines and the ideal image of supportive relationships. Furthermore the professional role can in many ways be described as contradictory as it is part of the role to ensure rules are followed based on one's authoritarian position of power into being a listening, empathetic fellow humanbeing. Significant variations in the experience of the professional role were to which degree treatment assistants were rule-based or more permissive. The possibility to influence youths in a positive way depends on how well treatment assistants manages to establish a sound relationship. The experience of what limited treatment relationships and therefore the possibility to influence youths in a positive way was considered to be mainly dependent on organizational shortcomings such as lack of space, lack of staff and therefore competence. The results also demonstrated how expectations on the professional role in some cases collide with actual practice. / Studien har belyst hur behandlingsassistenter inom Statens institutionsstyrelses (SiS) särskildaungdomshem beskriver ett professionellt förhållningssätt samt hur de såg på möjligheter ochbegränsningar utifrån sin yrkesroll. Insamling av data har skett genom kvalitativ metod i formav intervjuer med användandet av strukturanalys för bearbetning av empiri. För analys ochtolkning av behandlingsassistenters upplevelse av yrkesrollen användes rollteori ochnyinstitutionell organisationsteori samt humanistisk teori som referensram för ett professionelltförhållningssätt. Resultatet påvisade hur tankar om centrala värdeord och förhållningssättutifrån yrkesrollen var samstämmig och starkt präglat av verksamhetens riktlinjer samtidealbilden av stödjande relationer. Yrkesrollen kan vidare i många avseenden beskrivasmotsägelsefull då det ingår i rollen att utifrån en auktoritär maktposition se till att reglerefterföljs till att vara en inlyssnande, empatisk medmänniska. Framträdande variationer iupplevelsen av yrkesrollen var i vilken grad behandlingsassistenter var regelstyrda eller mer åtdet tillåtande hållet. Möjligheten att påverka ungdomarna till en positiv förändring sågs vidareavhängigt hur väl behandlare lyckas etablera en sund relation. Upplevelsen av det sombegränsade behandlingsrelationen och således möjligheterna att påverka ungdomarna till enpositiv förändring ansågs främst vara beroende av organisatoriska brister såsom platsbrist, bristpå personal och därav kompetens. Resultatet påvisade även hur förväntningar på yrkesrollen ivissa fall krockar med den faktiska praktiken.

Devido à alta complexidade dos Sistemas Produtivos, o projeto de sistemas de controle adequados às exigências normativas vinculadas aos processos industriais que são executados, e seu impacto no ser humano e no ambiente demandam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de soluções de controle que sejam seguras e estáveis no sentido de não causar interrupções no processo produtivo e danos ao ser humano e ao meio. Uma abordagem para o desenvolvimento de sistemas que contemplem estes requisitos baseia-se no conceito de Sistemas Instrumentados de Segurança e na aplicação das normas IEC 61508 e IEC 61511. Entretanto, assim como o desenvolvimento de qualquer software, os programas de controle de SIS também estão sujeitos a erros de especificação e projeto, mesmo quando o desenvolvimento é feito conforme os critérios normatizados. Além dos erros de projeto, também deve ser levado em consideração que as camadas de prevenção e mitigação especificadas nas normas podem ser desenvolvidas separadamente e dessa forma podem ocorrer comportamentos não previstos ou indesejáveis quando da operação conjunta delas. Uma das formas para uma melhoria na confiabilidade desses programas e que também é um requerimento pertinente ao ciclo de desenvolvimento de um SIS - de acordo com as normas de segurança IEC 61508 e IEC 61511 - é a aplicação de técnicas de verificação formal dos modelos desses programas de controle bem como o uso de um ambiente unificado para modelagem desses sistemas de controle, onde suas interações possam ser mais bem compreendidas. Atualmente, umas das técnicas mais proeminentes para a verificação de sistemas é o Model Checking, que realiza uma busca exaustiva no espaço de estados de um sistema dirigido por eventos, verificando as propriedades especificadas a partir de proposições estabelecidas em lógica temporal. Para esse trabalho é utilizada a lógica TCTL devido a sua capacidade de expressar propriedades em domínio temporal denso. Como ferramenta computacional será usado o ambiente GHENeSys, que propicia um ambiente unificado para modelagem, simulação e verificação dos sistemas por conjugar os benefícios de rede de Petri para modelagem e as técnicas de Model Checking para verificação de modelos. / Due to the high complexity of the actual Productive Systems, the design of suitable control systems according to the applicable industrial standards, and the possible negative impacts on the human being, on the environment and on equipment, the development of control solutions that are be both secure and stable as some systems have to operate nonstop is much demanded. One approach for the development systems with such requirements is the use of Safety Instrumented Systems complying with the standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511. However, as on the development of any kind of software, SIS control programs are also prone to specification and design errors, even when the control programs are developed according to the applicable standards. Besides design errors, must be taken into consideration the fact that the SIS prevention and mitigation layers, as prescribed on the standards, can be developed individually and thus presenting unanticipated or undesirable behaviors when operating together. One way to improve the reliability of these control programs, which is also required by the safety standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 as part of the SIS development cycle, is the application of formal verification techniques on the control software models. Another way is to use a unified approach for modeling these control systems, and thus having the opportunity to understand their interactions better. Currently, one of the most prominent techniques for the verification of systems is the Model Checking. Such technique performs an exhaustive search in the space state of an event driven system, verifying the properties specified as established propositions in temporal logic. On this work, the TCTL logic is used due its ability to express properties in the dense time domain. As computational tool will be used GHENeSys environment, as it provides a unified environment for modeling, simulating and the verification of systems, which enjoys the benefits of modelling through Petri Nets and Model Checking techniques for formal verification.

Atualmente, sabe-se que grande parte dos acidentes graves ocorridos envolvendo uma diversidade de sistemas como plataformas de petróleo, aeronaves ou plantas de processos industriais, poderiam ser evitados caso possuíssem dispositivos de controle projetados especificamente para manter a segurança durante a ocorrência de falhas no funcionamento dos mesmos. Por outro lado, observam-se complicações em realizar o controle de sistemas remotos em que é possível não haver garantia de monitoração em tempo real, como o caso de sondas espaciais ou robôs de exploração. Neste contexto, podem-se encontrar ambas as dificuldades no controle do funcionamento de um Dispositivo de Assistência Ventricular (DAV) que desempenha a função de auxiliar o bombeamento de sangue para o sistema circulatório de um paciente com insuficiência cardíaca. Este tipo de dispositivo, quando usado para terapia de destino, deve apresentar um elevado nível de segurança, pois, caso haja falha, o risco de morte é eminente. Por sua vez, o sistema deve apresentar um elevado índice de autonomia, já que as características comportamentais e fisiológicas de um paciente estão em constante mudança e afetam diretamente o modo como deve ocorrer a interação entre o DAV e o sistema cardiovascular do paciente. Sendo assim, há uma necessidade premente de aprimoramento do projeto de sistemas de controle de DAVs autônomos e seguros. A proposta do presente trabalho consiste em aplicar conceitos mecatrônicos para o projeto de um sistema de controle de DAVs e, considerando a natureza dos sinais que indicam a ocorrência de falhas, considerar a teoria de Sistemas a Eventos Discretos (SED), ferramentas de análise de risco e técnicas de diagnóstico e tratamento de falhas para a obtenção de modelos de controle considerando-se uma arquitetura modular e distribuída. Desta forma, foi desenvolvida uma arquitetura de controle supervisório para DAVs considerando características de variações de comportamento do sistema circulatório do paciente e do próprio DAV. Esta arquitetura de controle contempla o diagnóstico e tratamento de falhas desenvolvendo um método para a classificação de falhas e, de acordo com a severidade de cada uma delas é proposto um sistema de controle que atua na regeneração ou degeneração do DAV para um estado seguro, v observando, também, o cumprimento de normas médicas e técnicas de segurança. Para atingir este objetivo, propõe-se uma sistemática para o projeto do sistema de controle para DAVs considerando o aspecto multidisciplinar pertinente a este contexto. A base dessa sistemática consiste em realizar uma efetiva análise de risco do sistema utilizando a ferramenta de estudo HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Studies). A partir do conhecimento obtido sobre o comportamento do sistema em situações críticas desenvolvem-se modelos formais utilizando rede Bayesiana e rede de Petri para o diagnóstico e tratamento das possíveis falhas. O comportamento do DAV controlado pode ser analisado de duas formas: (i) a partir de ensaios in vitro utilizando técnicas de análise por simulação e ferramentas computacionais adequadas, além de testes em simuladores cardiovasculares físicos que emulam interação com o sistema circulatório humano; (ii) a partir de ensaios in vivo em animais que poderão ser utilizados para simular modelos físicos de insuficiência cardíaca e permitir uma avaliação fidedigna dos efeitos do implante do DAV. O procedimento proposto foi aplicado para um caso real de desenvolvimento de um DAV envolvendo uma equipe de pesquisadores da Escola Politécnica da USP e do Instituto Dante Pazanesse de Cardiologia. Assim, é possível obter-se um sistema de controle autônomo e seguro que atenda normas técnicas aderentes a esse assunto e os rigorosos requisitos de projeto impostos a essa classe de sistema. / Nowadays, it is kwon that the several of severe disasters compromising a great variety of systems such as oil platforms, aircrafts or industrial plants, could have been avoided if these systems had controllers designed specifically to maintain the safety levels in case of fault. On the other side, many complications are observed on performing the control of remote systems, where there is no guarantee of real time monitoring of the system, as in space probes or reconnaissance robots. In this context, both obstacles can be found on the control of ventricular assist devices (VAD), which have the role of assisting to pump the blood into the patients circulatory system, in case of irregular heartbeat or heart failure. Devices such as the VAD must possess very high safety levels, as in case of fault, the consequences are severe and might result on the dead of the patient. Nevertheless, these systems must have high degree of autonomy, as the patients physiology and behavior are constantly changing, and these changes impact directly the interactions between the VAD and the patient´s cardiovascular system. Thus, there is a pressing need to improve the design of safe and autonomous control systems for VADs. The present work proposes applying mechatronic concepts to the development of control systems for VADs, considering the nature of the fault indicating signals, as well as the Discrete Event Systems (DES) theory and through the application of tools for risk analysis, and fault diagnostic and treatment techniques aiming the development of control models based on modular and distributed architectures. Thereby, a VAD supervisory control architecture was developed, where the behavior variations of the patient´s circulatory system as well as of the VAD were taken into consideration. This control architecture features the diagnostic and treatment of faults, where methods for faults classification where developed, and according to the severity each fault is proposed a control system that performs the regeneration or degeneration of the VAD to a secure state and is according to medical standards and safety techniques. To achieve this goal is proposed a systematic for the design of the VAD control system considering the multidisciplinary context of the device. The foundation of this systematic is the performance of an effective risk analysis through the use of the toolset known vii as HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Studies). From the knowledge acquired about the system behavior during critical conditions, formal models are developed employing Bayesian Networks and Petri Nets for the diagnostic and treatment of faults. The behavior of the controlled VAD can be analyzed in two possible ways: (i) from in vitro experiments, through the use of simulation analysis tools and proper computational tools, as well as tests on real cardiovascular simulators, where the interactions between the VAD and the human circulatory system can be emulated; (ii) from in vivo experiments, animals can be used to simulate physical models of irregular heartbeat or heart failure and allow reliable valuations of the VAD implant. The proposed procedure was applied on the VAD development, which was performed by a team of researchers from the Escola Politécnica da USP and from the Instituto Dante Pazanesse de Cardiologia. Thus, is possible to achieve an autonomous and safe control system that complies with the applicable technical standards, as well as the strict project requirements for this class of system.

The frequency of social dysfunctions in a general population sample and in different diagnostic groups was investigated by using the Social Interview Schedule (SIS). Based on the results of the general population sample, several of the a priori derived cut-off scores of the SIS were modified. The analysis of the general population sample revealed sex-specific relationships between age and different aspects of social functioning. Especially for younger women significantly more objective social restrictions, were found due to the burden of multiple role responsibilities. With regard to different diagnostic subgroups including patients and mostly untreated cases from the community sample with Affective Disorders and Anxiety Disorders, results indicate that the degree of social impairment and dysfunctions and the degree of satisfaction with different role areas are strongly dependent on type of disorder and on former treatment status. Specific findings are: (1) The highest number of social impairments and dysfunctions were found in cases and patients with affective syndromes and in schizophrenic patients, but not in schizoaffective patients. (2) Management difficulties and dissatisfaction in intimate relationships were primarily found in depressed women. (3) Unlike anxiety patients, anxiety cases, although mostly chronically ill, had significantly less objective impairments and a lower rate of dissatisfaction than depressed cases. The results are discussed with special reference to the possible key role of depression for the development of social dysfunctions, as measured by the SIS. (4) Problems were, however, acknowledged concerning the use of the SIS with severely disturbed chronic schizophrenic patients.

Varje år placeras över 1000 ungdomar inom Statens Institutions Styrelse (SiS), varav ungefär hälften placeras för behandling. Studiens frågeställningar är: I vilken grad uppfattar behandlingsplacerade ungdomar inom SiS att de får hjälp med sina familjeproblem? Finns det synliga samband mellan ungdomarnas könstillhörighet eller etniska ursprung och deras skattade upplevelse av hjälp med familjeproblem under placeringstiden? För att besvara frågorna har kvantitativ arkivdata analyserats, material som vid in- och utskrivning av ungdomar samlats genom strukturerade ADAD-intervjuer (Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis). Studien visar att ungdomarnas upplevelse av hjälp kan delas in i tre kategorier; ”över förväntan” 27%, ”motsvarar förväntan” 41%, ”mindre än förväntat”, 32%. Inskrivningsintervjuerna visar en signifikant skillnad (p<.05) att pojkarna i större grad ger uttryck för att inte behöva hjälp med familjeproblem, att flickorna i större grad önskar hjälp. Resultaten visar även en signifikant skillnad (p<.05), att utlandsfödda ungdomar i högre grad än svenskfödda uppger det vara viktigt att få hjälp med familjeproblem under placeringstiden. Vid utskrivning framträder ingen tydlig skillnad i nöjdhetsgrad avseende kön eller etnisk bakgrund. En diskrepans framträder mellan personals skattning av ungdomarnas hjälpbehov med familjeproblem vid inskrivning och ungdomarnas skattning av upplevd hjälp vid utskrivning. För 42% av ungdomarna skattade personal hjälpbehovet som ”litet” eller ”inget”, vid utskrivning skattade samma ungdomar att de fått ”ganska mycket” eller ”mycket” hjälp. För 10%, av ungdomarna skattade personal att de hade ”betydande” eller ”avsevärda” familjeproblem där hjälpinsatser var ”nödvändiga”. Vid utskrivning skattade ungdomarna graden av hjälp som ”liten” eller ”inte alls”. / Each year over 1000 adolescents are placed within the National Board of Institutional Care (SiS) of which half stay in the facilities for treatment. The essay is built from information gathered through ADAD interviews (Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis) performed during registration and discharge of adolescents from SiS. The questions that are meant to be answered are; “How do the treatment placed adolescents in SiS apprehend the help they get with their family related problems?” and “Are there visible connections between gender or ethnic origin and the adolescent’s experience of help with the family related problems during the placement period?” During the registration the boys gave an expression of not being in need of help, the girls gave an expression of being in need of help, significance (p<.05). At discharge no clear differences appears in degree of satisfaction. The results also show a significant difference (p<.05). that foreign-born adolescents greater than Swedish-born stated that it is important to get help with family problems during the investment period. At discharge no clear differences appears in degree of satisfaction.

Devido à alta complexidade dos Sistemas Produtivos, o projeto de sistemas de controle adequados às exigências normativas vinculadas aos processos industriais que são executados, e seu impacto no ser humano e no ambiente demandam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de soluções de controle que sejam seguras e estáveis no sentido de não causar interrupções no processo produtivo e danos ao ser humano e ao meio. Uma abordagem para o desenvolvimento de sistemas que contemplem estes requisitos baseia-se no conceito de Sistemas Instrumentados de Segurança e na aplicação das normas IEC 61508 e IEC 61511. Entretanto, assim como o desenvolvimento de qualquer software, os programas de controle de SIS também estão sujeitos a erros de especificação e projeto, mesmo quando o desenvolvimento é feito conforme os critérios normatizados. Além dos erros de projeto, também deve ser levado em consideração que as camadas de prevenção e mitigação especificadas nas normas podem ser desenvolvidas separadamente e dessa forma podem ocorrer comportamentos não previstos ou indesejáveis quando da operação conjunta delas. Uma das formas para uma melhoria na confiabilidade desses programas e que também é um requerimento pertinente ao ciclo de desenvolvimento de um SIS - de acordo com as normas de segurança IEC 61508 e IEC 61511 - é a aplicação de técnicas de verificação formal dos modelos desses programas de controle bem como o uso de um ambiente unificado para modelagem desses sistemas de controle, onde suas interações possam ser mais bem compreendidas. Atualmente, umas das técnicas mais proeminentes para a verificação de sistemas é o Model Checking, que realiza uma busca exaustiva no espaço de estados de um sistema dirigido por eventos, verificando as propriedades especificadas a partir de proposições estabelecidas em lógica temporal. Para esse trabalho é utilizada a lógica TCTL devido a sua capacidade de expressar propriedades em domínio temporal denso. Como ferramenta computacional será usado o ambiente GHENeSys, que propicia um ambiente unificado para modelagem, simulação e verificação dos sistemas por conjugar os benefícios de rede de Petri para modelagem e as técnicas de Model Checking para verificação de modelos. / Due to the high complexity of the actual Productive Systems, the design of suitable control systems according to the applicable industrial standards, and the possible negative impacts on the human being, on the environment and on equipment, the development of control solutions that are be both secure and stable as some systems have to operate nonstop is much demanded. One approach for the development systems with such requirements is the use of Safety Instrumented Systems complying with the standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511. However, as on the development of any kind of software, SIS control programs are also prone to specification and design errors, even when the control programs are developed according to the applicable standards. Besides design errors, must be taken into consideration the fact that the SIS prevention and mitigation layers, as prescribed on the standards, can be developed individually and thus presenting unanticipated or undesirable behaviors when operating together. One way to improve the reliability of these control programs, which is also required by the safety standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 as part of the SIS development cycle, is the application of formal verification techniques on the control software models. Another way is to use a unified approach for modeling these control systems, and thus having the opportunity to understand their interactions better. Currently, one of the most prominent techniques for the verification of systems is the Model Checking. Such technique performs an exhaustive search in the space state of an event driven system, verifying the properties specified as established propositions in temporal logic. On this work, the TCTL logic is used due its ability to express properties in the dense time domain. As computational tool will be used GHENeSys environment, as it provides a unified environment for modeling, simulating and the verification of systems, which enjoys the benefits of modelling through Petri Nets and Model Checking techniques for formal verification.

Atualmente, sabe-se que grande parte dos acidentes graves ocorridos envolvendo uma diversidade de sistemas como plataformas de petróleo, aeronaves ou plantas de processos industriais, poderiam ser evitados caso possuíssem dispositivos de controle projetados especificamente para manter a segurança durante a ocorrência de falhas no funcionamento dos mesmos. Por outro lado, observam-se complicações em realizar o controle de sistemas remotos em que é possível não haver garantia de monitoração em tempo real, como o caso de sondas espaciais ou robôs de exploração. Neste contexto, podem-se encontrar ambas as dificuldades no controle do funcionamento de um Dispositivo de Assistência Ventricular (DAV) que desempenha a função de auxiliar o bombeamento de sangue para o sistema circulatório de um paciente com insuficiência cardíaca. Este tipo de dispositivo, quando usado para terapia de destino, deve apresentar um elevado nível de segurança, pois, caso haja falha, o risco de morte é eminente. Por sua vez, o sistema deve apresentar um elevado índice de autonomia, já que as características comportamentais e fisiológicas de um paciente estão em constante mudança e afetam diretamente o modo como deve ocorrer a interação entre o DAV e o sistema cardiovascular do paciente. Sendo assim, há uma necessidade premente de aprimoramento do projeto de sistemas de controle de DAVs autônomos e seguros. A proposta do presente trabalho consiste em aplicar conceitos mecatrônicos para o projeto de um sistema de controle de DAVs e, considerando a natureza dos sinais que indicam a ocorrência de falhas, considerar a teoria de Sistemas a Eventos Discretos (SED), ferramentas de análise de risco e técnicas de diagnóstico e tratamento de falhas para a obtenção de modelos de controle considerando-se uma arquitetura modular e distribuída. Desta forma, foi desenvolvida uma arquitetura de controle supervisório para DAVs considerando características de variações de comportamento do sistema circulatório do paciente e do próprio DAV. Esta arquitetura de controle contempla o diagnóstico e tratamento de falhas desenvolvendo um método para a classificação de falhas e, de acordo com a severidade de cada uma delas é proposto um sistema de controle que atua na regeneração ou degeneração do DAV para um estado seguro, v observando, também, o cumprimento de normas médicas e técnicas de segurança. Para atingir este objetivo, propõe-se uma sistemática para o projeto do sistema de controle para DAVs considerando o aspecto multidisciplinar pertinente a este contexto. A base dessa sistemática consiste em realizar uma efetiva análise de risco do sistema utilizando a ferramenta de estudo HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Studies). A partir do conhecimento obtido sobre o comportamento do sistema em situações críticas desenvolvem-se modelos formais utilizando rede Bayesiana e rede de Petri para o diagnóstico e tratamento das possíveis falhas. O comportamento do DAV controlado pode ser analisado de duas formas: (i) a partir de ensaios in vitro utilizando técnicas de análise por simulação e ferramentas computacionais adequadas, além de testes em simuladores cardiovasculares físicos que emulam interação com o sistema circulatório humano; (ii) a partir de ensaios in vivo em animais que poderão ser utilizados para simular modelos físicos de insuficiência cardíaca e permitir uma avaliação fidedigna dos efeitos do implante do DAV. O procedimento proposto foi aplicado para um caso real de desenvolvimento de um DAV envolvendo uma equipe de pesquisadores da Escola Politécnica da USP e do Instituto Dante Pazanesse de Cardiologia. Assim, é possível obter-se um sistema de controle autônomo e seguro que atenda normas técnicas aderentes a esse assunto e os rigorosos requisitos de projeto impostos a essa classe de sistema. / Nowadays, it is kwon that the several of severe disasters compromising a great variety of systems such as oil platforms, aircrafts or industrial plants, could have been avoided if these systems had controllers designed specifically to maintain the safety levels in case of fault. On the other side, many complications are observed on performing the control of remote systems, where there is no guarantee of real time monitoring of the system, as in space probes or reconnaissance robots. In this context, both obstacles can be found on the control of ventricular assist devices (VAD), which have the role of assisting to pump the blood into the patients circulatory system, in case of irregular heartbeat or heart failure. Devices such as the VAD must possess very high safety levels, as in case of fault, the consequences are severe and might result on the dead of the patient. Nevertheless, these systems must have high degree of autonomy, as the patients physiology and behavior are constantly changing, and these changes impact directly the interactions between the VAD and the patient´s cardiovascular system. Thus, there is a pressing need to improve the design of safe and autonomous control systems for VADs. The present work proposes applying mechatronic concepts to the development of control systems for VADs, considering the nature of the fault indicating signals, as well as the Discrete Event Systems (DES) theory and through the application of tools for risk analysis, and fault diagnostic and treatment techniques aiming the development of control models based on modular and distributed architectures. Thereby, a VAD supervisory control architecture was developed, where the behavior variations of the patient´s circulatory system as well as of the VAD were taken into consideration. This control architecture features the diagnostic and treatment of faults, where methods for faults classification where developed, and according to the severity each fault is proposed a control system that performs the regeneration or degeneration of the VAD to a secure state and is according to medical standards and safety techniques. To achieve this goal is proposed a systematic for the design of the VAD control system considering the multidisciplinary context of the device. The foundation of this systematic is the performance of an effective risk analysis through the use of the toolset known vii as HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Studies). From the knowledge acquired about the system behavior during critical conditions, formal models are developed employing Bayesian Networks and Petri Nets for the diagnostic and treatment of faults. The behavior of the controlled VAD can be analyzed in two possible ways: (i) from in vitro experiments, through the use of simulation analysis tools and proper computational tools, as well as tests on real cardiovascular simulators, where the interactions between the VAD and the human circulatory system can be emulated; (ii) from in vivo experiments, animals can be used to simulate physical models of irregular heartbeat or heart failure and allow reliable valuations of the VAD implant. The proposed procedure was applied on the VAD development, which was performed by a team of researchers from the Escola Politécnica da USP and from the Instituto Dante Pazanesse de Cardiologia. Thus, is possible to achieve an autonomous and safe control system that complies with the applicable technical standards, as well as the strict project requirements for this class of system.

"SiS is not a good place for children" is a qualitative study aimed at investigating institutional care and the treatment work that takes place with criminal and convicted youth in Sweden. The study is focused on investigating the importance of the treatment work at the institutions and what impact it has for the target group. The study also examines how the target group is being prepared to return to society with the aim of minimizing recidivism in crime. The empirical material is based on three semi-structured interviews with previously institutionalized youth and three support workers. The study is based on Goffman's research on total institutions and Travis Hirschi's theory on social bonds. The study's general results and conclusions show that there is a rough jargon, destructive adaptation behaviors and a specific social culture at the institution, that can make treatment difficult. Strong external factors in the youth’s environment may be a reason why the youth has developed a social disruptive behavior and these factors are not taken into account in the treatment, which indicates the difficulties in dealing with the complex problem of juvenile delinquency. / “SiS är inte en bra plats för barn att vara på”, är en kvalitativ studie som har i syfte att undersöka SiS behandlingsarbete med LVU-placerade och LSU-dömda ungdomar. Studien fokuserar på att undersöka betydelsen av behandlingsarbetet på institutionen och vilken förändring arbetet har för målgruppen. I studien undersöks även hur målgruppen förbereds för en återgång till samhället, med syfte att minimera återfall i brott. Det empiriska materialet bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre tidigare placerade ungdomar och tre behandlingsassistenter. Studien utgår från Goffmans forskning om totala institutioner, samt Travis Hirschis teori om sociala band. Studiens generella resultat och slutsatser visar på att det existerar en hård jargong, destruktiva anpassningsbeteenden och en egen social kultur på institutionen som i sig försvårar behandlingsarbetet. De starka yttre faktorerna i ungdomens miljö, som kan vara orsak till att ungdomen utvecklat ett socialt nedbrytande beteende, visar sig inte beaktas i behandlingsarbetet, vilket indikerar på svårigheterna att hantera den komplexa problematiken kring ungdomsbrottslighet.

Inledning: Varje år får ca 30 000 barn och unga vård utanför hemmet, drygt 1000 av dem placeras på SiS. SiS, statens institutionsstyrelse är en statlig myndighet som bedriver tvångsvård i Sverige. Tvångsplaceringar på institution är en av de mest ingripande åtgärder samhället gör för barn, ungdomar och deras familjer. Placeringen syftar till att ge skydd och stöd för utsatta barn och ungdomar när de frivilliga alternativen inte räcker till.                   Syfte: Syftet  med uppsatsen är att beskriva ungdomars och yrkesverksammas upplevelser av tillvaron på SiS ungdomshem för att undersöka om det finns några genomgående teman och på det sättet få en djupare förståelse av tillvaron på SiS, genom att beakta bådas perspektiv. Uppsatsen utgår från följande frågeställningar, 1. Vilka centrala teman går att urskilja i tillvaron på SiS utifrån ungdomars perspektiv. 2. Vilka centrala teman går att urskilja i tillvaron på SiS utifrån yrkesverksammas perspektiv. 3. Hur beskriver ungdomar och yrkesverksamma de teman som går att urskilja i tillvaron på SiS.   Metod: Uppsatsen är en litteraturstudie där det empiriska material består av vetenskapliga artiklar och en doktorsavhandling. Uppsatsens analys baseras på Goffmans teori ”totala institutioner”, Goffmans teori om stigma och Antonovsky teori om KASAM och tidigare forskning.                     Resultat: Resultatet presenteras fyra genomgående teman, vilka är makt och kontroll, delaktighet, relationer och instabilitet i vården. Resultatet visar att ungdomar och yrkesverksamma beskriver att tillvaron på SiS består av makt och kontroll och det finns en brist på delaktighet hos de placerade ungdomarna. Vården består av instabilitet och avbrott. Resultatet visar att både de placerade ungdomarna och yrkesverksamma beskriver att relationen dem emellan är viktig och har stor betydelse för hur placeringen upplevs. / Introduction: Every year, about 30,000 children and young people receive care outside the home, just over 1,000 of them are placed at SiS. SiS, The National Board of Institutional Care is an independent Swedish government agency that delivers individually tailored compulsory care for young people with psychosocial problems in Sweden. Compulsory placement in an institution is one of the most intrusive measures society takes for children, young people and their families. The placement aims to provide protection and support for vulnerable children and young people when the voluntary alternatives are not enough.                      The purpose of the essay is to describe young people and professionals' experiences of life at SiS youth homes in order to investigate whether there are any consistent themes and in that way gain a deeper understanding of life at SiS, by considering both perspectives. The following research sub-questions which focused our work. 1. Which central themes can be distinguished in life at SiS from the perspective of young people. 2. Which central themes can be distinguished in life at SiS from the perspective of professionals. 3. How do young people and professionals describe the themes that can be distinguished in life at SiS                      Method: A literature study,  the empirical material of the study consists of scientific articles and a doctoral dissertation. The analysis for the work was based on Goffman's theory “total institutions”, Goffman's theory of stigma and Antonovsky's theory of KASAM as well as selected studies.                       Results: The results present four consistent themes, which are power and control, participation, relationships and instability. The results show that young people and professionals describe that life at SiS consists of power and control and there is a lack of participation among the placed young people. Care consists of instability and interruptions. The results show that both the placed young people and professionals describe that the relationship between them is important and has great significance for how the placement is experienced.