This is a master thesis project in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology performed during the spring semester 2019 and with the goal to design a helmet for POC specialized for ski mountaineering.   To cope with new rules in ski mountaineering competitions, to widen the product catalogue of POC and to make ski mountaineering safer and more enjoyable, a double certified helmet was to be designed, meaning certified for both mountaineering and downhill skiing. The end goal with the project was a product concept fully ready to be prototyped and tested for both EN 12492 – mountaineering helmets and EN 1077 – ski helmets standards.   Theories relevant to the project has been researched, they include head injuries, manufacturing methods, anthropometry, and safety certifications. Some takeaways from these were that head injuries in ski mountaineering can be severe or deadly, but can be mitigated by using a helmet, helmets are usually produced by expanding plastic beads into a shock absorbing material, by expanding the beads more, the shock absorbing material gets a lower density, and by expanding them less the material gets a higher density, an easy way to design a helmet that fits well on most people’s heads is to use headforms, and that an easy way to design a helmet that can be EN1077 and EN12492 certified is to use similar dimensions as existing helmets with the same certifications.   Methods used in the project has been: a survey asking users for insight and opinions; analysis of the brand POC; competition research; observations; idea generation - including 6-3-5 and body storming; and creation and evaluation of prototypes.   The project has resulted in information about user’s experiences of SKIMO helmets, users wants and needs, an analysis of POC products, ideas, prototypes for testing functionality, clay models for exploring shape, a concept decision and last but not least, a CAD model and a prototype of the final concept. The survey results together with some observations could be summarized as three problems to solve and six features the helmet should have. 1. Temperature Change. 2. Ventilation holes makes goggle foggy when worn on the on the forehead. 3. The third problem is created as a combination of the EN 1077 standard penetration test for ski helmets and the users need for “extremely good ventilation”.   Requested features were: 1. The users want to be able to where sun glasses in a passive position on top of the helmet. 2. They want head lamp attachment. 3. It should look good. 4. Side straps for goggles are requested. 5. It should be colourful so that it’s easy to detect in the mountain terrain. 6. And of course, it needs to be lightweight.   The result is a SKIMO helmet I chose to call POC Ibex. It’s a helmet with a double layer EPS liner with multiple functions. It allows for ventilation to the forehead without fogging up the goggles and helps withstanding penetration tests while still having big ventilation holes. It has Magnetic removable ear pads, that can be attached without removing the helmet. It’s made from EPS and PC and on the top, it has an extra thick layer of PC for extra protection against rock fall.

Labour in our current dispensation can be understood by critically examining their embeddedness in their geographical spaces and their spatial connection to those geographical spaces. Meanwhile, it has been highly contested by famous economic geographers like Andrew Herod and Don Mitchell, who argues that although labour shapes their economic and political spaces, they do not do this by choice and, as such, their power to make structural changes had been overemphasised. Therefore, a further study into other structures in which labour works and live can help reveal the extent of their influence on structures of any kind. Mainly, working conditions are essential for workers, and this study contests their power of influence on them. Notably, working conditions are formulated by the employers basing their decisions on their societal values, morals, and other factors. In order to understand the interplay of these components in influencing the decision of employers on working conditions, ethical leadership at the workplace is necessary to be studied to uncover how employers' ethical stances influence the working conditions of their workers. Particularly, ethical leadership is a complex structure involving a leadership style and ethics that affect employers' decision-making process. This qualitative paper used purposive and snowball non-probability sampling techniques to select participants from Holiday Club Åre and Ski Star Åre. The results from this study show that ethical leadership influences working conditions and it existed within the two workplaces even during the pandemic; however, it is unevenly exhibited, and the reason for such disparities can be attributed to the personalistic characteristics of the managers. Namely, ethical leadership and good working conditions lead to a higher level of job satisfaction and trust in leadership, higher productivity, behaviour emulation and reduction in counterproductive behaviour at the workplace. Workers were also found to have a marginal structural impact on their working conditions because of their low bargaining power despite the support of their labour agency. / <p>2022-01-22</p>

Kulturen kring skidåkning i Sverige är väldigt stark, och utförsåkning är ett fritidsintresse som många svenskar delar. Sporten kan utföras på många olika platser runt om i landet, dock finns det vissa unika platser där just skidåkning är det främsta syftet med platsen. Dessa platser kallas skidorter och präglas av att de erbjuder unika möjligheter till skidåkning. För att möjliggöra besöken av dessa orter krävs det även att besökarna har någonstans att bo. De byggnader som upprättas på denna typ av plats kan ha karaktäristiska drag till följd av att de ska vara optimala för skidåkares upplevelse. Vidare kan processen med dess upprättande påverkas av flertal olika faktorer. Syftet med arbetet är att hitta juridiska och tekniska faktorer som påverkar byggandet av fritidsbostäder på skidorter, samt att analysera vilken effekt dessa kan komma att ha på projekt på denna typ av plats. Arbetet inleds med en litteraturstudie varpå områden inom fastighetsjuridik, fastighetsutveckling och omsättning på skidorter berörs. Därefter har det genomförts en fallstudie, varpå tre av de större skidorterna i Sverige har använts som grund för datainsamlingen. Insamlingen av data har gjorts genom analys av detaljplaner för utvalda områden på orterna, samt genom intervjuer med planarkitekter och exploatör som har en kollpling till orterna. Slutsatsen tyder på att det finns såväl juridiska som tekniska faktorer som påverkar exploateringen på skidorter, och att dessa har olika effekt och utgångspunkt. Det kan bland annat röra sig om riksintressen, terrängens utformning eller att marknaden efterfrågar något som exempelvis en bastu. För att erhålla ett optimalt projekt på denna typ av plats bör alla faktorer tas i beaktning. / The culture of skiing is very big in Sweden, and downhill skiing is a popular activity among swedes. The sport can be performed in a lot of different places around the country, but there are some unique places where skiing is the main purpose of the place. These places are called ski resorts and are characterized by the fact that they offer unique opportunities for skiing. To enable the visits of these places, it is also required that the visitors have somewhere to live. The buildings erected on this type of site can have characteristic features as a result of being optimal for skiers' experience. Furthermore, the process of its establishment can be influenced by several different factors. The purpose of the paper is to find legal and technical factors that affect the construction of recreational homes on ski resorts, and to analyze what effect these may have on projects in this type of place. The work begins with a literature study in which areas within real estate law, property development and sales of ski-passes are affected. The work has then been carried out through a case study, whereupon three of the larger ski resorts in Sweden have been used as the basis for the data collection. The collection of data has been done by analyzing zoning for selected areas of the resorts, as well as by interviews with plan architects and developers who have a cluster to the resorts. The conclusion suggests that there are both legal and technical factors that affect the development of ski resorts, and that these have different effects and starting points. In order to obtain an optimal project on this type of site, all factors should be taken into consideration.

Projektet omfattar produktutveckling av stavspets ämnad för användning på rullband. Genom utveckling av design och val av material förbättras stavens pendelrörelse. Intervjustudie med kompletterande litteraturundersökning används för att ta fram marknadens behov på en högpresterande stavspets. Underlaget används för att generera innovativa lösningar för att skapa möjliga koncept som analyseras och utvärderas med olika verktyg och digitala analyser. Rapporten beskriver framtagning av prototyper följt av fysiska tester i avancerade maskiner för att kontrollera konstruktionernas hållfasthet. Som avslutning på rapporten delges läsaren med slutliga resultat från tester på rullband samt hur väl projektet lyckats med att leverera en fungerande prototyp. / The project involves product development of a ski pole tip intended for use on a treadmill by improving the design and material selection to enhance the pole's pendulum motion. A conducted interview study with supplementary literature research is used to identify the market's needs for a high-performance ski pole tip. This information is used to generate innovative solutions to create potential concepts. The concepts are analyzed and evaluated using various tools and digital analyses. The report describes the development of prototypes, followed by physical testing to verify the strength of the designs leading to further testing on a treadmill. As a conclusion to the report, the reader is presented with the final results from treadmill tests and how well the project has succeeded in delivering a functional prototype. / <p>Betygsdatum 2023-06-28</p>

Les athlètes, particulièrement ceux impliqués dans des sports d’endurance et ceux en contact avec des allergènes, des polluants et d’autres irritants présents dans l’air, sont plus à risque de développer des troubles respiratoires. En effet, ces athlètes d’élite sont couramment aux prises avec des symptômes respiratoires incommodants, semblables à ceux perçus par les asthmatiques (toux, sillements, essoufflement exagéré, oppression thoracique, sécrétions bronchiques), qui peuvent nuire à leurs performances sportives. La toux est un symptôme respiratoire fréquemment rapporté par les athlètes d’air froid. De courte ou de longue durée, elle survient habituellement après l’effort. Ce symptôme peut apparaître en réponse à différents facteurs environnementaux (air froid, allergènes, polluants, etc.) et physiologiques (bronchoconstriction, reflux gastro-oesophagien, infection respiratoire, etc.). Dans un premier temps, une introduction portera sur les effets directs et indirects de l’air froid sur la fonction respiratoire, les principales causes de la toux et les stratégies pour réduire les impacts de l’entraînement en air froid chez les athlètes d’hiver. Dans un second temps, une première étude portant sur la caractérisation des athlètes de ski de fond rapportant une toux induite par l’exercice sera présentée. Les résultats obtenus ont démontré que malgré leur prévalence élevée, l'asthme, la rhinite et l’atopie ne semblent pas être les principaux facteurs impliqués dans la toux induite par l’exercice chez les athlètes d'hiver. De plus, il a été observé que cette toux n’est pas causée par le reflux gastro-oesophagien ou une bronchoconstriction. Dans un troisième temps, une autre étude a démontré que l'inhalation d'ipratropium, un anticholinergique, ne permet pas de réduire l’intensité et le nombre de toux de manière significative après l’exercice en air froid, quoiqu’une forte hétérogénéité des réponses ait été observée. Par ailleurs, l'ipratropium ne semble pas influencer la perception de la toux après l'exercice.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 1er mai 2023) / Contexte En 2016, des médecins ont fait un signalement à la santé publique d'une région du Québec en raison d'une compétition de motocross où cinq enfants se sont blessés. L'INSPQ a reçu le mandat d'étudier le risque de blessures reliées à la pratique de motocross au Québec et de le comparer à d'autres sports. Ce mémoire a été réalisé dans le cadre de ce mandat. Objectifs Mesurer puis comparer les taux d'incidence de blessures lors de compétitions de motocross et de ski alpin au Québec selon l'âge (<16 ans, ≥16 ans) entre 2015 et 2019. Méthodologie Les cas de blessés ont été déterminés en comptabilisant les participants évacués en ambulance lors de compétitions. L'exposition a été déterminée à l'aide de relevés de résultats de compétitions, par nombre de départs et par unité de temps. Les taux d'incidence de blessés évacués ont été déterminés en utilisant les départs et le temps comme mesures d'exposition, puis comparés à l'aide de ratios de taux d'incidence. Résultats En mesurant l'exposition par nombre de départs, le taux d'incidence d'évacuation en ambulance est plus élevé dans les compétitions de motocross que dans celles de ski alpin chez les <16 ans et les ≥16 ans (ratios des taux d'incidence : <16 ans = 18,01 [IC95 % : 6,87-47,19], ≥ 16 ans = 5,67 [IC95 % : 2,60-12,37]). En mesurant l'exposition par unité de temps, il n'y a pas de différence statistiquement significative. Discussion Cette étude démontre un taux d'incidence d'évacuation en ambulance plus important en compétitions de motocross qu'en ski alpin lorsque l'exposition est mesurée par nombre de départs, mais non statistiquement différent lorsque l'exposition est mesurée par unité de temps. Les plus longues manches du motocross sont inhérentes à la discipline et cette plus longue durée d'exposition par manche augmente le risque de blessures. / Background In 2016, emergency physicians notified a regional public health bureau in Quebec, Canada, about a motocross competition where 5 children were hurt. The Quebec National Institute of public health (INSPQ) was mandated to study the injuries risks related to motocross practice in Quebec and compare it to other sports. This master's thesis is a part of that mandate. Objectives Quantify and compare incidence rates of injuries in motocross and alpine skiing competitions in Quebec according to age (<16 y/o., ≥16 y/o) between 2015 and 2019. Methods Injured cases were measured by ambulance evacuation reports in competitions. Exposures were measured with the competitions results sheets, by measuring the number of departures and the time spent in competitions. Incidence rates of ambulance-evacuated injured participants were calculated, by the number of departures and the time spent in competitions, and compared using incidence rate ratios. Results When measuring the incidence rate ratio with the exposure by the number of departures, the risk of being injured and evacuated by ambulance is higher in motocross competitions than alpine skiing competitions in both <16 y/o and ≥16 y/o groups (incidence rate ratios: <16 y/o = 18.01 [IC95%: 6.87-47.19]), ≥16 y/o = 5.67 [IC95%:2.60-12.37]. When measuring the incidence rate ratio with the exposure by the time spent in competitions, there is no statistically significant difference between motocross and alpine skiing competitions. Discussion Ambulance evacuation incidence rates are statistically higher in motocross competitions than alpine skiing competitions when measuring the exposures by the number of departures, but not statistically different when measuring the exposure by the time spent in competitions. The longer duration of the motocross rounds compared to the alpine skiing rounds is inherent to the discipline and this longer round duration increase the risk of injuries.

Objectif : Explorer la corrélation entre a) l’état d’anxiété et la variabilité du rythme cardiaque (VRC), b) la perception de fatigue et la VRC et c) l’état d’anxiété et la perception de fatigue. Méthode : treize étudiants (5 hommes, 8 femmes, n=13) ont été suivis pendant dix jours lors d’une expédition de ski hors piste en autonomie totale où leur état d’anxiété (STAI-Y), leur perception de fatigue (POMS-SF) et leur VRC ont été mesurés quotidiennement. La méthode d’estimation du coefficient de corrélation pour mesures répétées par modèle d’effets mixte a été utilisée (Roy, 2006). Résultats : Les corrélations entre l’anxiété et la VRC ont été estimées à -0.20 (intra sujets) et -0.20 (inter sujets). Les corrélations entre la perception de fatigue et la VRC ont été estimées à -0.31 (intra sujets) et -0.28 (inter sujets). Les corrélations entre l’anxiété et la perception de fatigue ont été estimées à 0.52 (intra sujets) et 0.65 (inter sujets) Conclusion : Les corrélations supportent la théorie que la VRC est un indicateur de la capacité d’adaptation du cœur face aux besoins sanguins immédiats et que l’augmentation de la perception de ces besoins à travers l’état d’anxiété ou la perception de fatigue est reliée à une diminution de ce potentiel d’adaptation.

The thesis is focused on the origin and history of ski societies, clubs and ski centres in the Ore Mountains. For finding those facts and the events I had used and studied chronicles, annual reports, literature, start lists and photographs that document skiing in the Ore Mountains. The relevant part of this thesis are visits to ski museums and especially conversations with contemporaries and participants of ski competitions. The dissertation deals with the history of skiing as a whole and subsequently focuses on the sphere of the Karlovy Vary part of Ore Mountains, especially the region of Abertamy and its vicinity.

The diploma thesis deals with the construction of a new sports center in Jeseník in the Olomouc Region. This work is aimed at elaborating project documentation for construction work. The building is completely basement, two-storey. The perimeter walls together with the ceiling structure are made up of the Porotherm masonry system. The roof is designed as a green vegetation roof on a monolithic reinforced concrete slab. The building is designed primarily for the maximum use and as a background of the local ski club taking into account all their needs and requirements.

The Swedish Winter Olympic team is one of the strongest Olympic teams in theworld, and the majority of the team’s success comes from ski-related sports. So howcan the Swedish team remain, and maybe even accelerate, its competitive advantage? The answer is science. In order to narrow down the broad field that is equipment development, this thesishad the purpose to examine the stone grind’s impact on friction between the ski andthe snow. To achieve this purpose, the project was designed to answer these threequestions: • How does the ski base impact the friction between the ski and the snow? • How do the stone grind’s parameters impact the ski base? • How do the stone grind’s parameters impact the friction between the ski andthe snow? To answer these questions, a total of three pilot tests were done before the finalfull-scale experiment. The method to strategically test the parameters of the stonegrind was to use a full two-level factorial design, with a total of three stone grindparameters being investigated. Those parameters were: Cutting Depth, Line Density,and Wheel Pressure. The skis were tested in Arctic Fall’s indoor facilities where theskis were tested with a winch set-up to get the skis up to a desired speed, and thedata collected from the test were speed data from each of the skis. This speed datawould then be used to calculate the coefficient of friction acting between the ski andthe snow. To understand the stone grinds parameters on the ski base, the ski basesurfaces were measured after the skis were grounded, to build a regression modelconsisting of stone grind parameters as independent variables, and surface parametersbeing the dependent variables. A model was created suggesting that in the conditions the tests were executed, thesurface parameters Sa should be minimized and Sm should be maximized to achievea minimized coefficient of friction. A more generalisable model to impact the surfaceparameters Sa and Sm was also generated. It suggests that to impact Sa and Sm, itis the stone grind parameter Cutting Depth and Line Density that should be adjustedto achieve a desirable ski base structure.