Orientador: Maria Filomena Ceolim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:08:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_MonicaBeatriz_M.pdf: 846205 bytes, checksum: 81b7b95867b460c059968f163a18ee4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O presente estudo é sobre a depressão e suas possíveis relações com o estresse e as alterações de sono no indivíduo idoso. Foram utilizados os dados do PENSA (Estudo dos Processos do Envelhecimento Saudável), a partir das informações fornecidas por uma comunidade de idosos residentes em Juiz de Fora/MG. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta das informações foram: questionário de características sócio-econômicas (idade, gênero, estado civil e escolaridade), Escala de Rastreamento de Sintomas Depressivos (Center for Epidemiologic Survey-Depression/ CES-D), The Elders Life Stress Inventory (ELSI) e Mini-Sleep Questionare (MSQ). Da sub-amostra de 898 participantes, entrevistada domilciliarmente entre 2002 e 2004, encontrou-se o predomínio de mulheres (646 mulheres ¿ 71,9% / 252 homens ¿ 28,1%), entre 60 a 69 anos (40,6%), 70 a 79 anos (40,0%) e mais de 80 anos (19,4%), casados (50%) e com filhos (90,3%), grau de escolaridade correspondente ao ensino fundamental e médio (81,9%), renda familiar de 3 a 8 salários mínimos (52,7%), mais de duas pessoas na casa (49,9%), pertencentes à classe social média (59,6%). Através da pontuação na CES-D, 66,0% não apresentavam sinais de depressão. Através do MSQ, houve variação de 10 a 49 pontos, com média de pontuação 23 pontos (± 7,7) e 62,3% apresentaram pontuação menor que 25. Entre as mulheres (n=646), 36,5% pontuaram para sintomas depressivos. Na comparação com os homens, a diferença foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,009). As mulheres apresentaram escore significativamente mais elevado do que os homens na CES-D (p<0,001), sendo as idosas mais acometidas do que os homens (p = 0,030) por alterações do sono. Através da escala ELSI, classificou-se os idosos em três grupos, conforme suas respostas sobre eventos estressantes: eventos estressantes ligados ao cuidado (319 ou 35,5%), outros eventos estressantes (todos os demais eventos do Inventário - 404 ou 45,0%), ausência de eventos estressantes - 175 ou 19,5%). O evento 14 (¿uma piora na saúde ou comportamento de um membro da família¿) apresentou relação significativa com a depressão (p = 0,004). Foi observada relação estatisticamente significante entre depressão e vivência do evento 14 (p < 0,001). Na análise de regressão logística multivariada, idosos com depressão apresentaram mais risco para alterações de sono, sendo isto mais acentuado nas mulheres. Concluiu-se pela existência da relação entre depressão e alterações do sono, sendo a maioria em mulheres e relacionado ao evento estressante do cuidado com o outro. Não há relação significativa entre eventos estressantes e alterações de sono, mas entre eventos estressantes (de qualquer tipo) e depressão / Abstract: The present work is about the depression and its possible relation with stress and sleeping alterations among aged individuals. PENSA were used, based upon datas obtained by aged community living in Juiz de For a/MG. The instruments used for the collected data such as: social economic characteristics (age, gender, civil state, schooling), depressive symptoms tracking scale (Center for Epidemiologic Survey-Depression/CES-D), The Elders Life Stress Inventory (ELSI) and Mini-Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ). Among the sub sample of 898 participants interviewed at home between 2002 and 2004 women predominance was found (646 women ¿ 71,9%/ 252 men ¿ 28,1%) between 60 to 69 years (40,6%), between 70 to 79 years (40,0%) and more than 80 years (19,4%), married (50%) and with children (90,3%), individuals with elementary school level (81,9%), family income of 3 to 8 minimum salary (52,7%), more than two people in the house (49,9%), belonging to the medium social class (59,6%). Threw the CES-D punctuation, 66,0% didn¿t present depression signs. Threw MSQ there was a 10 to 49 points variation with average punctuation of 23 points (+-7,7) and 62,3% presented lower punctuation than 25. Among women (n=646), 36,5% scored for depressive symptoms. Comparing to men, the difference was statically significant (p<0,009). The women presented significantly higher score than men in the CES-D (p<0,001), the aged women presented more sleeping alterations than men (p=0,030). Threw the ELSI scale, aged were classified into three groups by the answers given about stressing events: stressing events related to care (319 or 35,5%), other stressing events ( all other events of the inventory ¿ 404 or 45,0%), lack of stressing events ¿ 175 or 19,5%. The event 14 (a worsening in the health or behavior of a family member) presented significant relation with depression (p = 0,004). A statically significant relation was observed among depression and living event 14 (p<0,001). In the logistic regression univaried, aged with depression presented more risk for sleeping alterations this was more observed among women. It was concluded that there is a relation between depression and sleeping alterations, especially among women and related to stress events with one another. There is no significant relation among stressing events and sleeping alterations but among stressing events (of any kind) and depression / Mestrado / Mestre em Gerontologia

INTRODUÇÃO: O desemprego e o trabalho precário podem alterar o sono e comprometer a qualidade de vida e a saúde mental do trabalhador. O trabalho por safra na colheita de café expõe o trabalhador às condições climáticas, ao excesso de atividade física, ao ganho por produtividade e à falta de garantia de estabilidade do trabalho. São elementos que podem acarretar doenças e aumentar a busca por atendimento médico e psicológico, sobrecarregando os serviços de saúde. OBJETIVOS: 1) avaliar o padrão e a qualidade do sono de trabalhadores rurais safristas; 2) investigar a presença e o nível dos sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão; 3) avaliar a percepção da qualidade de vida (QV); 4) verificar possíveis associações entre o trabalho temporário e a presença de sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão e o prejuízo no sono; 5) comparar o padrão e a qualidade do sono, sintomas de ansiedade, de depressão e QV do grupo-estudo com os resultados do grupo-controle. MÉTODOS: O grupo-estudo foi composto por 40 pacientes, com idade média 37,43 (DP= 10,68), sendo sete homens e 33 mulheres, trabalhadores rurais safristas na agricultura cafeeira. Como grupo-controle 40 pacientes trabalhadores rurais fixos. Os dois grupos foram escolhidos entre agricultores do Sul de Minas, nas lavouras cafeeiras da região de Três Pontas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: entrevista inicial, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI ), Beck Anxiety Inventory-BAI, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) e World Health Organization Quality of Life ( WHOQOL Breve). RESULTADOS: a) houve prejuízo na qualidade do sono, sendo caracterizado como ruim, latência maior que 60 minutos, uso de medicação freqüente e sonolência diurna excessiva. Quanto à qualidade subjetiva do sono consideram muito boa; b) os sinais e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão foram elevados nos dois grupos; sendo maior nos trabalhadores safristas; c) quanto à QV os dois grupos apresentaram bons níveis, havendo perdas na área social entre os safristas; d) não houve associação entre o período de entressafra e o surgimento de sintomas de ansiedade, sintomas de depressão e prejuízo no sono; e) os distúrbios do sono influenciaram no surgimento de sinais e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, mas não interferiram na qualidade de vida. CONCLUSÕES: Os trabalhadores rurais detentores de trabalho fixo estão menos expostos aos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão acompanhados de distúrbios do sono que os trabalhadores safristas. Isso posto, o nível da qualidade de vida (QV) do primeiro grupo é maior que o do segundo. / INTRODUCTION: Unemployment and precarious work can promote sleep changes and compromise the quality of life and mental health of laborers. Coffee harvesting on a seasonal basis exposes laborers to the elements, physical overwork, productivity-based pay and lack of guarantee of a steady job. These factors can trigger disease and increase the need for medical and psychological care consequently overloading health services. OBJECTIVES: 1) to assess the pattern and quality of sleep in rural seasonal laborers;2) to investigate the presence and degree of anxiety and depression symptoms;3) to assess perceived quality of life (QOL);4) to explore possible associations between seasonal work and the presence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and impaired sleep;5) to compare the sleep patterns and quality of sleep, symptoms of anxiety, depression and QOL in the study group versus the control group. METHODS: The study group comprised 40 patients with mean age of 37.43 years (SD=10.68), consisting of seven men and 33 women, who were rural seasonal harvesters on coffee growing plantations. The control group consisted of 40 patients who were permanent rural laborers. The two groups were recruited from farms in the South of Minas Gerais state among the coffee plantations of the Três Pontas region. The instruments employed were: initial interview, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Anxiety Inventory-BAI, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL Brief). RESULTS: a) impaired sleep - characterized as poor, a latency of greater than 60 minutes, frequent use of medication, and excessive daytime drowsiness were observed. Patients rated subjective quality of sleep as very good; b) signs and symptoms of anxiety and depression were elevated in both groups, proving higher in the seasonal workers; c) concerning QOL, both study and control groups presented good levels of QOL, although losses in the social area were detected among seasonal workers; d) no association was found between the inter-harvest period and the emergence of anxiety, depression or impaired sleep symptoms; e) sleep disorders influenced the development of signs and symptoms of anxiety and depression, but did not interfere with the quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Rural laborers who held permanent positions proved less exposed to symptoms of anxiety and depression accompanied by sleep disorders- than seasonal laborers. Therefore, quality of life (QOL) was higher among permanent laborers than seasonal laborers.

Orientador: Marcondes Cavalcante França Júnior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T03:00:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CynthiaBonilhada_D.pdf: 5479490 bytes, checksum: 024402553720f1d64b73e9db5fae2ab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Ataxia de Friedreich é a ataxia autossômiva recessiva mais frequente, causada por uma expansão de tripletos GAA em homozigoze no primeiro íntron do gene FXN, localizado no cromossomo 9. Trata-se de uma doença neurodegenerativa de início precoce, com curso progressivo. A patologia é caracterizada por perda neuronal nos gânglios das raízes dorsais, seguida por degeneração da coluna dorsal da medula espinhal e dos tractos espinocerebelares, atrofia da medula espinhal e do núcleo denteado de cerebelo. Os estudos clínicos prévios realizados na Ataxia de Friedreich focaram na incapacidade motora e muito pouco é conhecido sobre sintomas não-motores. Da mesma forma, estudos de neuroimagem prévios avaliaram coortes reduzidas e não incluíram avaliação longitudinal. Dessa forma, nosso estudo foi desenhado para caracterizar melhor a história natural da Ataxia de Friedreich. Avaliamos a presença de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e se há substrato anatômico para tais manifestações. Realizamos, ainda, estudo de neuroimagem multimodal e longitudinal, a fim de identificar possíveis marcadores evolutivos da doença. Os resultados mostraram que fadiga e depressão são freqüentes nos pacientes com Ataxia de Friedreich, enquanto que sintomas relativos ao sono são raros. Evidenciamos que a depressão apresenta correlação com alterações neuroanatômicas, especialmante com a atrofia do giro cingulado anterior. O tempo de relaxação T2 estava significativa e especificamente reduzido nos núcleos denteados dos pacientes. Este parâmetro apresentou progressão ao longo do tempo e de forma paralela à deterioração motora, sugerindo assim que o tempo de relaxação T2 nesta estrutura pode ser um marcador de evolução da doença. O estudo volumétrico evidenciou uma extensa atrofia de substância cinzenta e branca, incluindo regiões profundas do cerebelo, tronco encefálico e também estruturas supratentoriais, como os giros precentrais. Estas alterações se correlacionaram com parâmetros de gravidade da doença. Na avaliação longitudinal, houve piora da atrofia em regiões dos lobos temporais e frontais (incluindo os giros precentrais), além do lobo posterior do cerebelo. Nos pacientes, evidenciamos também extenso dano microestrutural à substância branca na FRDA. Além dos pedúnculos cerebelares superiores, constatamos alterações em parâmetros de difusão nos tratos piramidais e no corpo caloso. Embora estas alterações tenham se correlacionado com a incapacidade motora, não detectamos progressão ao longo do tempo / Abstract: Friedreich¿s ataxia is the most common autosomal recessive ataxia. It is caused by a homozygous triplet GAA expansion in the first intron of the FXN gene on chromossome 9. It is an early onset disease, with slowly progressive evolution. Pathology is characterized by neuronal loss in the dorsal root ganglia, followed by degeneration of the dorsal columms of the spinal cord, spinocerebelar tracts and atrophy of dentate nuclei of cerebellum. On clinical grounds, most studies have focused on motor disability and little is known about non-motor symptoms. Also, previous neuroimaging studies evaluated small samples of patients and did not include longitudinal analysis. Therefore, our study was designed to better characterize the course of the disease. In particular, we looked at neuropsychiatric manifestations and their structural substrate. We also performed multimodal MRI scans in a longitudinal setting, in an attempt to find reliable neuroimaging markers. Our results showed that fatigue and major depression are indeed frequent in patients with Friedreich¿s ataxia, but sleep complaints are rare. In these patients, depression was associated with neuroanatomical abnormalities, especially anterior cingulate cortex atrophy. The dentate nuclei T2 relaxometry was significantly shorter in patients, presented a progressive worsening over time and correlated with clinical parameters. These data suggest that dentate nuclei T2 might be a useful marker in this disease. The volumetric analyses showed widespread gray and white matter atrophy, including deep cerebellar nuclei, brainstem and also supratentorial structures, such as the precentral gyri. Such abnormalities correlated with disease severity. After 2 years of follow-up, we identified progressive volumetric reduction in parts of the temporal and frontal lobes (including the precentral gyri), as well as the posterior cerebellar lobe. We also found widespread microstructural damage to the white matter in Friedreich's ataxia. Such damage involved not only the superior cerebellar peduncles, but also the pyramidal tracts and the corpus callosum. Although these abnormalities did correlate with motor disability, we did not find progression over time / Doutorado / Neurologia / Doutora em Ciências Médicas

No description available.

This study evaluated the efficacy of a cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia among inpatients who met the diagnostic criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The cognitive behavioral treatment consisted of progressive relaxation, stimulus control, and thought stopping with cognitive restructuring.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva och syntetisera erfarenheter och effekten av olika interventioner för vuxna personer med sömnsvårigheter. Metoden som användes var en litteraturöversikt, genom en mixad metod av kvalitativ innehållsanalys och narrativ sammanställning av kvantitativ data. Litteratursökning genomfördes i fyra databaser, varav 12 studier identifierades motsvara studiens syfte för inkludering. Åtta RCT-studier och fyra studier med kvalitativ metod. Sju interventioner framkom för förbättrad sömnsvårighet vid insomni. Sex av interventionerna har visat ge signifikanta positiva effekter för förbättring vid sömnsvårigheter; Digital eller internetbaserad kognitiv beteendeterapi, Sömnrestriktion, Individanpassad Homeopathy, Sömnhygien, Dreampillow och IRest meditation. Positiva erfarenheter från deltagare med sömnsvårigheter och behandlare kunde kopplas till intervention Sömnrestriktion. Intervention Digital eller Internetbaserad Kognitiv Beteendeterapi var den intervention som föredrogs av vuxna med sömnsvårigheter. Utöver de sömninterventioner som arbetsterapeuter utför kan arbetsterapeuters kompetens gällande att öka aktivitetsbalans bidra till att stötta patienter att fullfölja sömninterventioner. Utifrån resultatet dras följande slutsats att multiprofessionella team bör utformas inom vården för att ta tillvara på professioners olika kompetenser kring sömninterventioner för att genom ett personcentrerat arbetssätt kunna erbjuda bästa möjliga behandling för personer med sömnsvårigheter. Denna litteraturöversikt bidrar till inspiration för vidare förbättringsarbeten för sjukvården för att främja hälsa i samhället genom att behandla sömnsvårigheter. / The purpose of the study was to describe and synthesize experiences and the effect of different interventions for adults with sleep difficulties. The method used was a literature review, through a mixed method of qualitative content analysis and narrative summery of quantitative data. Literature search was performed in four databases, of which 12 articles were identified corresponding to the study's purpose for inclusion. Eight RCT-studies and four studies with a qualitative method. Seven interventions emerged for improved sleep difficulties with insomnia. Six of the interventions have been shown to have significant positive effects for improving sleep difficulties; Digital or internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, Sleep restriction, Individualized Homeopathy, Sleep hygiene, Dreampillow and IRest meditation. Positive experiences from participants with sleep difficulties and therapists could be linked to intervention Sleep restriction. Intervention Digital or Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was the intervention preferred by adults with sleep disorders. In addition to the sleep interventions performed by occupational therapists, occupational therapists' competence in increasing the activity balance can contribute to supporting patients to complete sleep interventions. Based on the results, the following conclusion is drawn that Multiprofessional teams should be designed in healthcare to take advantage of professionals' different competencies regarding sleep interventions in order to be able to offer the best possible treatment for people with sleep difficulties through a person-centered approach. This literature review contributes to inspiration for further improvement work for healthcare to promote health in society by treating sleep difficulties.

Disruption of sleep causes adverse health outcomes and poor quality of life. People with sleep disruption have higher levels than people without disrupted sleep of depression and anxiety and increased rates of cardiovascular diseases. Women have a higher incidence than men of insomnia and depression related to poor sleep. The types of complaints differ significantly between the sexes. Women are more likely than men to complain of insomnia, headache, irritability, and fatigue than the "typical" symptoms of loud snoring and breathing cessation during sleep. Hormones play an important role in sleep in women. Reproductive hormones were found to have a protective effect on sleep apnea in women of premenopausal age. Pregnancy is another period when the prevalence of sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome increases from hormonal effect. Cardiovascular mortality is high in women with obstructive sleep apnea. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy improves outcomes in most cases of obstructive sleep apnea. The epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and therapies for the three most common sleep disorders (insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome), along with effects of menopause, pregnancy, and social factors on sleep in women, are key considerations for clinicians caring for female patients across the adult life span.

Disruption of sleep causes adverse health outcomes and poor quality of life. People with sleep disruption have higher levels than people without disrupted sleep of depression and anxiety and increased rates of cardiovascular diseases. Women have a higher incidence than men of insomnia and depression related to poor sleep. The types of complaints differ significantly between the sexes. Women are more likely than men to complain of insomnia, headache, irritability, and fatigue than the "typical" symptoms of loud snoring and breathing cessation during sleep. Hormones play an important role in sleep in women. Reproductive hormones were found to have a protective effect on sleep apnea in women of premenopausal age. Pregnancy is another period when the prevalence of sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome increases from hormonal effect. Cardiovascular mortality is high in women with obstructive sleep apnea. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy improves outcomes in most cases of obstructive sleep apnea. The epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and therapies for the three most common sleep disorders (insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome), along with effects of menopause, pregnancy, and social factors on sleep in women, are key considerations for clinicians caring for female patients across the adult life span.

Bakgrund  Sömn är ett grundläggande behov hos människan då det utgör en viktig del av den fysiska och psykiska återhämtningen. En bristande sömn har visat sig kunna ge en rad olika följder, kortsiktiga såväl som långsiktiga. Bland annat kan immunförsvaret påverkas negativt av otillräcklig sömn. Intag av alkohol, nikotin och koffein samt brist på motion är exempel på faktorer som kan försämra förutsättningarna för god sömn. Forskning har visat att patienters sömn kan påverkas av att vara inlagd på sjukhus. Syfte Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av sömn på sjukhus. Metod Detta arbete är utformat som en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt. Översikten grundades på 17 vetenskapliga originalartiklar, som alla inhämtats via databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Både artiklar utförda med kvalitativ- och kvantitativ metod inkluderades. Samtliga artiklar genomgick en kvalitetsgranskning och endast artiklar som bedömdes ha hög- och medelhög kvalitet inkluderades. Materialet analyserades utifrån en integrerad analys och sorterades med hjälp av färgkodning. Resultatet av litteraturöversiktenredovisades utifrån fyra huvudkategorier med tillhörande subkategorier, som alla identifierades under dataanalysprocessen.  Resultat Resultatet visade att patienters upplevelser av sömn på sjukhus var varierande. Patienter upplevde generellt att sömnen påverkades av sjukhusvistelsen och i många fall uppgavs en störd och försämrad sömn. Bland annat påverkades sömnen av faktorer i vårdmiljön samt av olika psykologiska- och fysiologiska faktorer. Olika ljud, nattliga omvårdnadsåtgärder och stark smärta var tre huvudsakliga faktorer som upplevdes påverka sömnen negativt. Slutsats Denna litteraturstudie visade att sjuksköterskan och annan vårdpersonal utgjorde en central del av de faktorer som patienter framförallt upplevde som sömnstörande. Genom att sjuksköterskan tar del av patienters upplevelser, kan insikt ges kring vilka sömnfrämjande åtgärder som potentiellt kan behöva vidtas för att i förlängningen öka patientens välmående och hälsa. Sjuksköterskan har sammanfattningsvis potential att förbättra patienters möjlighet till god sömn på sjukhus. / Background Sleep is a basic human need as it is an important part of the physical and mental recovery. A lack of sleep has been shown to have a number of different consequences, in short-term as well as long-term. Among other things, the immune system can be affected by insufficient sleep. Consumption of alcohol, nicotine and caffeine as well as lack of exercise are examples of factors that can impair the conditions for good sleep. Research has shown that patients' sleep can be affected by being hospitalized. Aim The aim of this literature review was to describe patients' experiences of sleep in hospitals. Method This study is designed as a non-systematic literature review. The study was based on 17 original scientific articles, all obtained from the databases PubMed and CINAHL. Both articles made with qualitative and quantitative methods were included. All articles underwent a quality review and only articles that were judged to be of high and medium quality were included. The material was analyzed based on an integrated analysis and sorted into categories using color coding. The results of this literature review were presented using four main categories with associated subcategories, all of which were identified during the data analysis process. Results The results showed that patients' experiences of sleep in hospital were varied. Patients generally experienced that sleep was affected by hospitalization and in many cases a disturbed and impaired sleep was reported. Among other things, sleep was affected by factors in the care environment as well as by various psychological and physiological factors. Different sounds, nocturnal nursing care and strong pain were three main factors that were perceived to affect sleep negatively. Conclusions This literature review showed that the nurse and other healthcare staff were a central part of the factors that patients mainly experienced as sleep disruptive. By taking part in patients' experiences, the nurse can be aware of what sleep promotion measures may potentially need to be taken to increase the patient's well-being and health in the long run. In summary, the nurse has the potential to improve patients' chances of good sleep in hospitals.

Introduction: As the screen time increases, it has been observed that more children arefeeling unwell. It has also been observed that screen time increases even in young children,but few studies have shown what effect this has. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if an increased screen time affected sleeppatterns and health in children. Methods: This was an epidemiological, questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. 451students from Lysekil participated, of which 219 were from the 4th grade (10 years old) andthe rest from the 9th grade (15 years old). Of these, five children were excluded due tofrivolous answers. Questions were asked regarding their mental health, physical health, andsocial life. This project is part of a broader follow-up study, conducted in 1998, 2011 and2020 and differences between 2011 and 2020 was investigated. Results: There has been a deterioration in sleep quality from 2011 to 2020 in grades 4 and 9.Screen time has increased significantly in grade 4 but not in grade 9. Social media was morecommon among girls and gaming was more common among boys. More children werefeeling lonely in 2020 than in 2011. Conclusion: This concludes that more children had sleep problems in 2020 than in 2011. Thismay be due to the predominant use of social media among girls and gaming among boys.Further studies are needed to investigate whether the gender differences in screen activity maybe related to the gender difference in the feeling of being lonely.