京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第21520号 / 経博第588号 / 新制||経||288(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 久野 秀二, 教授 黒澤 隆文, 講師 久野 愛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DFAM

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In this dissertation, I wrestle with how literature has helped frame how modern cities have been understood, and how neighborhood change within them has been interpreted, since the dawn of the modern city in the early twentieth century U.S. Moving from Chicago at the time of the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition to 1920s Harlem, to postwar Chicago, then back again to 1960s-era Harlem before focusing on the first “brownstoning” era in Brooklyn, I analyze how literature has shaped and contested the terms through which urban neighborhood change was and still is understood—terms like “community,” “integration,” “segregation,” and, on a more housing-specific note, “tenements” and “slums.” Its aim is to demonstrate the necessity of applying close reading to cities in order to understand and address urban problems appropriately in light of their context(s). It also seeks to illustrate how literature can be and has been used as a tool for imagining more equal and more just forms of cities, forms occasionally reached for but never fully attained.

[pt] A questão que abordo nesta Tese de Doutorado tem como eixos as temáticas da juventude, território, práticas educativas e projetos sociais. Procuro tratar, no âmbito das práticas educativas e projetos sociais, aliadas às experiências pessoais e coletivas de sujeitos e sujeitas, iniciativas e organizações que seriam capazes de disputar a vida de jovens negros e pobres em territórios de favelas. Para tanto, tomamos como campo o território da Maré, no Rio de Janeiro, com suas 16 favelas. De modo mais específico, investigamos a trama existente entre algumas de suas organizações locais e sua relação com uma escola pública estadual, procurando valorizar a forma como sujeitos e sujeitas comprometem suas biografias com o território e a disputa pela vida dos jovens negros e pobres. A pesquisa empírica foi orientada a partir de um diálogo teórico e conceitual entre a sociologia da experiência, fortemente associada a autores como Dubet e Touraine, e a abordagem geográfica sobre território e subjetividade, cara a autores como Rogerio Haesbeart e Milton Santos. / [en] The issue I address in this Doctoral thesis is based on the themes of youth, territory, educational practices, and social projects. I try to treat, in the context of educational practices and social projects, allied to the personal and collective experiences of male and female subjects, practices, social projects that would be able to dispute the lives of black and poor young people in slum territories, specifically the territory of Maré in Rio de Janeiro with its 16 slums. More specifically, I investigate the plot between some of its local associations and its relationship with a state public school, seeking to value the way in which male and female subject commit their biographies to the territory and the dispute for the lives of black and poor youth. The empirical research was guided by a theoretical and conceptual dialogue between the sociology of experience, strongly associated with authors such as Dubet and Touraine, and the geographical approach to territory and subjectivity, important to authors such as Rogerio Haesbeart and Milton Santos.

[pt] O processo acelerado de urbanização das cidades brasileiras teve como uma de suas consequências a formação de assentamentos irregulares, caracterizados pela precariedade, desigualdade social e segregação urbana. A falta de segurança pública é outra particularidade destes locais, e um problema destacado quando se trata das favelas do Rio de Janeiro. Em face destes problemas, o poder público atua nas favelas com o objetivo de proporcionar melhoria na qualidade de vida de seus habitantes, por meio de políticas públicas que compreendem ações voltadas à infraestrutura, urbanismo, habitação, atuações sociais e de segurança, sendo esta última, prioritariamente, com ações das forças policiais. No entanto, a segurança pública se deve a diversos fatores, o que requer a adoção de ações interinstitucionais. O planejamento urbano, ao atuar na configuração do ambiente, pode se configurar como uma estratégia que contribui para a melhoria da segurança pública e aumento da sensação de segurança percebida pelos moradores. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo a indicação de diretrizes de melhoria de segurança por meio do planejamento urbano, bem como correlacioná-las a ações práticas para de programas de urbanização. Defende-se que, uma das finalidades do urbanismo é atuar como uma forma de complementar as ações de segurança pública, propondo mudanças no ambiente construído que desfavoreça a criminalidade, além de tornar ao Estado o controle do território, almejando, desta forma, que se reduza a necessidade de ações violentas de repressão. / [en] The urbanization process of Brazilian cities took place at an accelerated rate throughout the twentieth century. The last IBGE Census (2010a) indicated that approximately 86% of Brazilian households were in urban areas. As a result of this accelerated growth, problems have arisen that directly affect the quality of life and increase the need for urban planning actions, with the aim of making cities safer places to live (Mazetto, 2000; Duarte, 2013). The result of this accelerated urbanization was an increase in land illegality, in which part of the population of large cities began to live in precarious and irregular settlements (Rolnik, 2006). In the case of the city of Rio de Janeiro, it showed high rates of population growth before the industrialization process occurred in the country, causing a housing crisis in the city at the end of the 19th century (Gonçalves, 2013). In this period, the city started to receive infrastructure and sanitation interventions, in addition to actions to improve the healthiness of collective housing, which were considered the focus of diseases (Rezende, 2002). In addition, the inefficiency of the public transport system and the absence of effective housing policies encouraged the poorest populations to occupy the peripheries and hills located in the central region of the city. In this way, the first slums were established (Gonçalves, 2013). The growth of the slums in the city of Rio de Janeiro presented an even higher pace than the demographic growth of the other areas of the city, and in 2010 it represented more than 20 percent of the population (Cavallieri and Vial, 2012). With this scenario, it became very necessary to create instruments and public policies for territorial planning and management (Pequeno, 2008). However, despite being the subject of several of these public policies, including constant urban interventions, the current situation of the slums in the city of Rio de Janeiro still presents precarious services and infrastructure, as well as insecurity in its various facets - such as, for example, as to unhealthiness, geological and public security risks.

Research on gender-based violence in the developing world is finally beginning to get serious attention. But that research is, unfortunately, still overlooking violence to women in the burgeoning slums and informal settlements around the globe. The current study is one of the first to address the issue of gender-based violence in slum communities by presenting both qualitative and quantitative data from Kibera, Kenya—the largest slum in sub-Saharan Africa. Qualitative data were derived from the diaries of twenty women between the ages of 18-30 living in Kibera. Diary data were collected from 2007-2010. Quantitative data were derived from a survey administered to 200 Kiberan women in December, 2009. Results of the study‟s qualitative component show that women in Kibera use three main coping strategies to deal with gender-based violence. Although none of the strategies guarantees a cessation of violence, the endurance and faith strategy appears to be the most frequently chosen strategy and the one most effective in keeping women safe. The study also reveals a parallel between coping strategy and narrative style among the diarists, raising provocative questions about the relationship between journal writing and women‟s agency. Survey results show a higher rate of gender-based violence among women in Kibera (84.5%) than was measured among the general population (39%) in the KDHS (2008). The study also reveals that, although both diarists and survey participants appear to endure gender-based violence more often than they rebel against it, their attitudes toward gender-based violence are anything but accepting. Instead, both diarists and survey participants report that they do not believe gender-based violence is justified and that they are angry and upset over the amount of violence they experience.

Background: A significant amount of research has previously been conducted in developing countries such as India, to improve women’s sexual and reproductive health. However, women living in North Indian slums still have poor access to proper sexual and reproductive healthcare. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the published literature to create a consolidated understanding of the key barriers faced by women in slum populations when accessing sexual and reproductive health services in Northern India. Methods: A scoping review was carried out following the five stages outlined in Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. Five online databases (MEDLINE, Global Health, Ovid Emcare, Embase, and Web of Science) were searched. An interpretive thematic analysis was conducted to extract meaningful themes from the data using the Conceptual Framework for Reproductive Empowerment developed by the International Center for Research on Women Results: In total, 28 articles were identified to be incorporated into the scoping review. The results of this study were grouped according to the CFFRE to understand how they compared in regard to women’s reproductive empowerment. This scoping review found reproductive empowerment was significantly hindered by women lacking a proper education and understanding of SRH services, lack of employment and financial resources. Additionally, women’s husbands and mothers-in-laws were barriers to contraceptive use. Finally, poor interactions with healthcare providers and the healthcare system, and systemic factors such as behaviours in treatment seeking, son preference and religion were barriers to accessing SRH services. Conclusion: This scoping review investigated the barriers faced by women living in slum populations in Northern India to accessing SRH services. The results of this study contribute to the literature by identifying areas that require improvement to SRH services for women living in slums, and will be integral to implementing strategies and interventions to allow better access to SRH services in the future. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / A significant amount of research has previously been conducted in India, to improve women’s sexual and reproductive health. However, women living in North Indian slums still have poor access to proper sexual and reproductive healthcare. Therefore, this study investigated the key barriers faced by women in slum populations when accessing sexual and reproductive health services in Northern India. A review of previous studies was conducted by searching five electronic databases and a total 28 articles were included into the review. This study found that women lacking a proper education and understanding of SRH services, lack of employment and financial resources, and women’s husbands and mothers-in-laws were barriers to SRH services. Finally, poor interactions with healthcare providers and the healthcare system, and systemic factors such as behaviours in treatment seeking, son preference, and religion were also barriers to accessing SRH services.

Esta dissertação propõe uma reflexão crítica sobre a prática profissional do arquiteto voltada às questões da habitação popular, especialmente a habitação em favelas urbanizadas. Partimos de uma revisão histórica do lugar do arquiteto frente às condicionantes de precarização da moradia urbana, trilhando um percurso bibliográfico e analítico que se inicia nos anos 1930 e chega aos dias atuais: procuramos discutir, num contexto ampliado, as especificidades do envolvimento de arquitetos com o universo da cultura popular e das favelas, o que nos permite situar e entender historicamente a inserção desses profissionais nos hoje consagrados processos de urbanização de assentamentos precários, operados num contexto de reforma direcionada ao mercado e de explicitação e radicalização da insuficiência da aposta estatal em políticas compensatórias para lidar com o déficit habitacional. Como procedimento metodológico, optamos por focalizar algumas práticas recentes de urbanização de favelas: as experiências junto aos núcleos Dois de Maio, em São Paulo (SP), Jardim Olinda, também na capital paulista, e Tamarutaca, em Santo André (SP), incluídos, nos anos 2000, em dois diferentes programas públicos de urbanização - o Programa Bairro Legal , da prefeitura de São Paulo, e o Programa Integrado de Inclusão Social (atual Santo André Mais Igual), promovido pelo poder público andreense -, e de cujos projetos urbanísticos e habitacionais participaram, respectivamente, as organizações USINA Centro de Trabalhos para o Ambiente Habitado / TEIA Casa de Criação (em parceria), GTA Grupo Técnico de Apoio e PEABIRU Trabalhos Comunitários e Ambientais. A pesquisa de campo nos permite entender tanto os desdobramentos históricos do exercício profissional dos arquitetos no enfrentamento da questão das favelas, quanto as potencialidades de transformação da prática contemporânea, tendo em vista o contexto político que envolve Estado, movimentos sociais, técnicos e o conjunto mais amplo da sociedade. A partir da descrição dos casos, procuramos discutir o percurso profissional dos arquitetos nos espaços de diálogo, articulações e vinculações que se estruturaram a partir das especificidades das ações desenvolvidas, suscitando uma reflexão aprofundada sobre questões que dizem respeito à realidade atual das políticas públicas voltadas para a urbanização de favelas e sua relação com a questão dos direitos sociais, o lugar do \'projeto participativo\' neste contexto e a verificação do espaço assumido pelos arquitetos no desenvolvimento dos projetos. Além disso, questionamos os diálogos possíveis e as mistificações em torno da relação entre conhecimento \'popular\' e \'especializado\' e tentamos qualificar as figurações que conformam a prática desses profissionais no cenário atual, de forma a problematizar a \'essência técnica\' da experiência projetual como horizonte crítico para pensar os conteúdos políticos do ofício. / The purpose of this explanation is to bring us a critical reflection about the architectural professional practice pointed out to the questions concerning popular housing, especially the social housing in urbanized slums. We started from a historical revision on how the architect plays its part concerning the circumstances of the continuous precariousness of the urban housing, treading a bibliographic and analytical route that starts in the years 1930\'s and arrives to the present days: approaching the presence of slums in the Brazilian cities, we raise discussions about the practice of the professionals involved with the already consecrate process of urban upgrading of those settlement and also regarding the deficiencies of the performance of the State, that comes gradually betting in compensatory policies to deal with the housing deficit. As a methodological procedure we opted to focusing some recent practices of slum upgrading: the experiences from Dois de Maio and Jardim Olinda centers, both in São Paulo (SP), and Tamarutaca center in Santo André (SP), include in the years 2000\'s in two different public urbanization programs - the program Bairro Legal, of the São Paulo city hall, and the program named Programa de Inclusão Social (currently Santo André Mais Igual), promoted by the Santo André public power - and from whose urbanity and housing projects participated, respectively, the non-governmental organizations USINA Centro de Trabalhos para o Ambiente Habitado / TEIA Casa de Criação (as partner), GTA Grupo Técnico de Apoio e PEABIRU Trabalhos Comunitários e Ambientais. The field research make us possible to understand either the historical evolution of the professional exercise of the architects in the confront of the slums deal, as the potentialities of the contemporaneous practice transformation, taking into account the politic context that involves the State, social activities, technical activities and the amplest set of the society. From the description of the cases, we look for to argue the current reality of the slums upgrading public policies and their relation with the social rights and the importance of the \'participative project\' in the process under studying. Furthermore, we question the possible dialogues and the mystifications around the relation between \'popular\' and \'specialized\' knowledge and we try to discuss the \'technical essence\' of the projective experience of the architects as a critical horizon to think the politic contents of the craft.

Esta dissertação propõe uma reflexão crítica sobre a prática profissional do arquiteto voltada às questões da habitação popular, especialmente a habitação em favelas urbanizadas. Partimos de uma revisão histórica do lugar do arquiteto frente às condicionantes de precarização da moradia urbana, trilhando um percurso bibliográfico e analítico que se inicia nos anos 1930 e chega aos dias atuais: procuramos discutir, num contexto ampliado, as especificidades do envolvimento de arquitetos com o universo da cultura popular e das favelas, o que nos permite situar e entender historicamente a inserção desses profissionais nos hoje consagrados processos de urbanização de assentamentos precários, operados num contexto de reforma direcionada ao mercado e de explicitação e radicalização da insuficiência da aposta estatal em políticas compensatórias para lidar com o déficit habitacional. Como procedimento metodológico, optamos por focalizar algumas práticas recentes de urbanização de favelas: as experiências junto aos núcleos Dois de Maio, em São Paulo (SP), Jardim Olinda, também na capital paulista, e Tamarutaca, em Santo André (SP), incluídos, nos anos 2000, em dois diferentes programas públicos de urbanização - o Programa Bairro Legal , da prefeitura de São Paulo, e o Programa Integrado de Inclusão Social (atual Santo André Mais Igual), promovido pelo poder público andreense -, e de cujos projetos urbanísticos e habitacionais participaram, respectivamente, as organizações USINA Centro de Trabalhos para o Ambiente Habitado / TEIA Casa de Criação (em parceria), GTA Grupo Técnico de Apoio e PEABIRU Trabalhos Comunitários e Ambientais. A pesquisa de campo nos permite entender tanto os desdobramentos históricos do exercício profissional dos arquitetos no enfrentamento da questão das favelas, quanto as potencialidades de transformação da prática contemporânea, tendo em vista o contexto político que envolve Estado, movimentos sociais, técnicos e o conjunto mais amplo da sociedade. A partir da descrição dos casos, procuramos discutir o percurso profissional dos arquitetos nos espaços de diálogo, articulações e vinculações que se estruturaram a partir das especificidades das ações desenvolvidas, suscitando uma reflexão aprofundada sobre questões que dizem respeito à realidade atual das políticas públicas voltadas para a urbanização de favelas e sua relação com a questão dos direitos sociais, o lugar do \'projeto participativo\' neste contexto e a verificação do espaço assumido pelos arquitetos no desenvolvimento dos projetos. Além disso, questionamos os diálogos possíveis e as mistificações em torno da relação entre conhecimento \'popular\' e \'especializado\' e tentamos qualificar as figurações que conformam a prática desses profissionais no cenário atual, de forma a problematizar a \'essência técnica\' da experiência projetual como horizonte crítico para pensar os conteúdos políticos do ofício. / The purpose of this explanation is to bring us a critical reflection about the architectural professional practice pointed out to the questions concerning popular housing, especially the social housing in urbanized slums. We started from a historical revision on how the architect plays its part concerning the circumstances of the continuous precariousness of the urban housing, treading a bibliographic and analytical route that starts in the years 1930\'s and arrives to the present days: approaching the presence of slums in the Brazilian cities, we raise discussions about the practice of the professionals involved with the already consecrate process of urban upgrading of those settlement and also regarding the deficiencies of the performance of the State, that comes gradually betting in compensatory policies to deal with the housing deficit. As a methodological procedure we opted to focusing some recent practices of slum upgrading: the experiences from Dois de Maio and Jardim Olinda centers, both in São Paulo (SP), and Tamarutaca center in Santo André (SP), include in the years 2000\'s in two different public urbanization programs - the program Bairro Legal, of the São Paulo city hall, and the program named Programa de Inclusão Social (currently Santo André Mais Igual), promoted by the Santo André public power - and from whose urbanity and housing projects participated, respectively, the non-governmental organizations USINA Centro de Trabalhos para o Ambiente Habitado / TEIA Casa de Criação (as partner), GTA Grupo Técnico de Apoio e PEABIRU Trabalhos Comunitários e Ambientais. The field research make us possible to understand either the historical evolution of the professional exercise of the architects in the confront of the slums deal, as the potentialities of the contemporaneous practice transformation, taking into account the politic context that involves the State, social activities, technical activities and the amplest set of the society. From the description of the cases, we look for to argue the current reality of the slums upgrading public policies and their relation with the social rights and the importance of the \'participative project\' in the process under studying. Furthermore, we question the possible dialogues and the mystifications around the relation between \'popular\' and \'specialized\' knowledge and we try to discuss the \'technical essence\' of the projective experience of the architects as a critical horizon to think the politic contents of the craft.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture