Esta tese procura reconstruir a crítica de Schopenhauer a Hegel, para além das invectivas e juízos sumários. Embora não escreva um texto específico sobre esse tema, a posição crítica de Schopenhauer em relação a Hegel é formulada em vários momentos de sua obra. Nosso trabalho consiste, em um primeiro momento, em reconstruir a crítica de Schopenhauer, comparando-a com as posturas críticas de Schelling e Feuerbach. Trata-se de expor e analisar os argumentos de Schopenhauer de modo a construir uma imagem crítica da filosofia de Hegel e, ao mesmo tempo, mostrar em que sentido essa mesma crítica pode ser relativizada do ponto de vista da filosofia hegeliana. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho procura refletir sobre a dificuldade implicada na tarefa de construir uma crítica da filosofia de Hegel, já que como mostrou Gérard Lebrun, Hegel oferece menos uma filosofia que um discurso que é mal compreendido sempre que tentamos julgá-lo a partir de nossos pressupostos discursivos. Num segundo momento, examinamos os pontos comuns da abordagem especulativa presente em ambas as filosofias e investigamos temas tais como a questão da determinação das coisas finitas em relação à realidade substancial, a tarefa da filosofia e o problema da exposição da verdade filosófica. Num terceiro e conclusivo momento, procuraremos contrapor a filosofia da religião de ambos os autores, pois como pretendemos mostrar, o tema da fronteira entre a filosofia e a religião é fundamental para estabelecer a oposição entre os autores sobre a questão central da exposição do absoluto e dos limites do conhecimento. Por fim, ofereceremos ainda alguns textos paralelos a essa tese que procuram refletir sobre as interpretações de autores como Lukács e Horkheimer sobre a contraposição entre Hegel e Schopenhauer. / This thesis seeks to reconstruct Schopenhauer\'s criticism of Hegel, beyond invective and brief judgment. Though he does not write on the theme specifically, Schopenhauer\'s critical position with regards to Hegel is formulated at several moments of his oeuvre. This work consists of reconstructing Schopenhauer\'s criticism at first, by comparing it to the criticism of Schelling and Feuerbach. It aims at exposing and analyzing Schopenhauer\'s arguments so as to build a critical image of the philosophy of Hegel, and simultaneously demonstrate how this very criticism can be relativized from a Hegelian point of view. Therefore, this work seeks to reflect upon the difficulty implied in the task of constructing a criticism of the philosophy of Hegel, since Hegel, as Gérard Lebrun has demonstrated, offers less of a philosophy than a discourse which is misunderstood whenever we attempt to judge it from the perspective of our discursive presuppositions. Secondly, we shall examine the common points in the speculative approach present in both philosophies, and investigate themes such as the question of the determination of the finite in relation to the substantial reality, the task of Philosophy and the problem of the exposure of the philosophical truth. Thirdly, we\'ll attempt to counterpose the philosophy of religion of both authors, for, as we intend to demonstrate, the theme of the frontier between Philosophy and Religion is crucial to establish the opposition between the authors on the central issue of exposure of the Absolute and of the limits of knowledge. Finally, we shall look into a few other texts parallel to this thesis which aim at reflecting upon the interpretations of authors such as Lukács and Horkheimer about the counterposition between Hegel and Schopenhauer.

Este trabalho visa a discutir aspectos centrais dos instrumentos derivativos, que têm ganhado importância crescente desde os anos 70, principalmente depois da crise do subprime em 2008. No Capítulo I, procura-se resgatar o debate sobre a natureza jurídica dos derivativos, tendo em vista sua função econômica. A partir deste ponto de partida, extraem-se conclusões práticas, como a não aplicabilidade das normas relativas à evicção, vícios redibitórios e teoria da imprevisão ou resolução por onerosidade excessiva. Ao fim, é proposta uma classificação dos derivativos. O objetivo do Capítulo II é destacar os principais aspectos da regulação dos derivativos. A partir da função econômica, legisladores e reguladores do mundo todo têm encontrado a necessidade de limitar a esfera de autonomia contratual, determinando o que pode ser negociado, de que forma e o modo como se deve dar a liquidação das obrigações. O Capítulo III visa a discutir os resultados da pesquisa de jurisprudência não enquadrados nos temas dos Capítulos I e II. Com isso, há maior transparência quanto aos resultados da pesquisa de jurisprudência e, ao mesmo tempo, discute-se possíveis pontos de atenção para a regulação. Por fim, o Apêndice descreve a metodologia utilizada na pesquisa de jurisprudência. / This paper aims to discuss key aspects of derivative instruments. Their importance has been increasing since the 70s, especially after the subprime crisis in 2008. Chapter I seeks to present the debate on the legal nature of the derivatives, highlighting its economic function. From this discussion, we found some practical conclusions, such as non-applicability of eviction, latent defects and rebus sic stantibus clause. In the end, we present a classification of derivatives. Chapter II highlights the main aspects of derivatives regulation. Due to their importance, legislators and regulators have been limiting contractual autonomy, determining what and in which way people can contract and settlement of obligations by clearinghouses or CCPs. Chapter III aims to discuss derivatives case law that have not fit the themes of Chapters I and II. It is a way of, at the same time, disclosing case law research findings and discussing possible improvements in regulation. Finally, the Appendix describes the methodology used in the case law research.

Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo verificar na obra de Sérgio SantAnna uma possível ruptura com a tradição literária que chegou ao seu tempo, a década de 1970. Observamos que nesse período havia uma forte tendência a uma literatura de reportagem, aos relatos de costumes, apontando diversas formas de violência na sociedade e as crises familiares. Essa é a literatura que chegou com a herança do Realismo, que exercia essas práticas na ficção, e, agora, na literatura contemporânea, podemos encontrá-las nos textos de Dalton Trevisan e José Louzeiro, por exemplo. Mas Sérgio SantAnna demonstra enveredar por outros caminhos, os das especulações. Ao invés de produzir essa literatura mais interessada no reflexo do social, com ação narrativa, SantAnna parte para os palcos interiores, realizando uma literatura mais cerebral, que questiona ainda, sim, os valores instituídos no social, mas o faz explorando estilos de escrita, flutuando pelos gêneros de discursos tornando-os literários, expondo as engrenagens do narrar. Com esse panorama, podemos pensar à luz de Nietzsche, filósofo que rompeu com a tradição filosófica que chegou ao seu tempo, e pensava a arte como forma de transvalorar os padrões estabelecidos, os valores estipulados, e via na arte uma nova possibilidade de estilo de vida. Assim, aprofundamos com Deleuze e Foucault o conceito nietzscheano de Vontade de Potência enquanto Arte, para estabelecermos um diálogo entre a literatura e a filosofia. Onde encontramos Sérgio SantAnna: um escritor conceitual. / This research aims to verify in Sérgio SantAnnas work a possible rupture with the literary tradition that reached his time, the 1970s. We note that in this period there was a strong tendency to a literature of reports and the accounts of customs, pointing out to various forms of violence in society and family crises. This is the literature that came with the legacy of Realism, which used to hold these practices in fiction, and now, we can find them in the contemporary literature, in the writings of Dalton Trevisan and José Louzeiro, for example. But Sergio SantAnna demonstrates to go toward other paths, the ones from speculation. Instead of producing this literature more interested in social reflex with narrative action, SantAnna proceeds to the inner stages creating a more cerebral literature that questions still, yes, the values established in the social, but he makes it exploring writing styles, hovering through genres of discourse making them literary, exposing the mechanism of the narrative. With this environment, we can think at light of Nietzsche, the philosopher who broke with the philosophical tradition that had arrived at his time, and considered art as a form of overvaluing the established standards, stipulated values, and perceived a new possibility of lifestyle in the art. Thus, we deepened the Nietzschean concept of the Will Power with Deleuze and Foucault as Art, to establish a dialogue between literature and philosophy. Where we find Sérgio SantAnna: a conceptual writer.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo abordar a leitura que o jovem Hegel faz da filosofia kantiana, tendo como foco o desenvolvimento da noção de especulação a partir da relação estabelecida com a reflexão, característica fundamental daquela filosofia. Através do reconhecimento da presença de idéias especulativas nessa filosofia, Hegel orienta sua interpretação pela crítica ao caráter formal das filosofias da reflexão e ao princípio da subjetividade no qual elas se enraízam. Sua leitura é conduzida pela tentativa de restituir a idéia da razão, como unidade primordial e absoluta do sujeito e objeto, que na filosofia crítica somente pôde ser vislumbrada enquanto tarefa, mas cuja realização se encontra ali de antemão impedida. Pretende-se, ao longo do trabalho, acompanhar como Hegel chega a constatar a ambigüidade inscrita na reflexão filosófica kantiana e de que maneira ele a submete a uma reinterpretação especulativa que destaca, de sua interpretação finita (crítica), uma reflexão especulativa como instrumento positivo do conhecer absoluto. Através do reconhecimento destas duas formas distintas de interpretar o sentido da reflexão e de sua atividade, voltamo-nos ao modo com que Hegel desenvolve a distinção kantiana entre Razão e Entendimento, porém agora não mais compreendidas enquanto faculdades do espírito, mas como modos distintos de interpretação do real. / The aim of this work is to approach the reading by the young Hegel of the Kantian philosophy, with the focus on the development of the notion of speculation out of the relationship established with the reflection, which fundamentally characterizes that philosophy. Through the recognition of the presence of speculative ideas in this philosophy, Hegel guides his interpretation by a critique to the formal character of the reflection philosophies and to the principle of subjectivity upon which they stand. His reading is guided by an attempt to reestablish the idea of reason as the foremost and absolute unity of the subject and object, which in the critical philosophy can only be envisaged as a task, which can not then be accomplished. The intention along this work is to follow how Hegel arrives at the finding of the ambiguity embedded in Kants philosophical reflection and how he submits it to a speculative reinterpretation, which distinguishes from within its finite interpretation (critical) a speculative reflection as a positive instrument of the absolute knowledge. Through recognizing these two distinct forms of interpreting the sense of the reflection and of its activity, we turn back to the manner which Hegel develops the Kantian distinction between Reason and Understanding, no longer seen as faculties of the spirit, but as two distinct ways of interpreting reality.

by Chiu Man-cheong and Lo Kin-chung. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leave 1 (4th gp.)). / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vi / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Variations --- p.7 / Ratio Analysis --- p.13 / Applications on Real Markets --- p.14 / Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.16 / Wave Counting --- p.20 / Fibonacci Targets --- p.22 / Data Source --- p.23 / A Note on Notations --- p.23 / Chapter IV. --- RATIO ANALYSIS --- p.25 / Fibonacci Relationships --- p.25 / Results of Ratio Analysis --- p.28 / Wave 2 --- p.29 / Wave 3 --- p.30 / Wave 4 --- p.30 / Wave 5 --- p.31 / Summary of Results / Chapter V. --- FORMULATION OF TRADE PLANS AND RESULTS OF SIMULATED TRADING --- p.32 / Formulation of Trade Plans --- p.33 / Trade Plan No. 1 --- p.35 / Pre-conditions of Trade --- p.35 / Trade Initiation --- p.36 / Cut-loss Mechanism --- p.38 / Profit Taking --- p.39 / Trade Plan No. 2 --- p.41 / Pre-conditions of Trade --- p.42 / Trade Initiation --- p.42 / Cut-loss Mechanism --- p.43 / Profit Taking Point --- p.44 / Trade Opportunities Scan --- p.46 / Trade Case 1 --- p.52 / Pre-conditions --- p.52 / Trade Initiation --- p.52 / Profit-taking/Cut-loss --- p.53 / Trade Case 2 --- p.54 / Pre-conditions --- p.54 / Trade Initiation --- p.55 / Profit-taking/Cut-loss --- p.56 / Trade Case 5 --- p.57 / Pre-conditions --- p.57 / Trade Initiation --- p.58 / Profit-taking/Cut-loss --- p.58 / Results of Simulated Trade --- p.59 / Discussions on Simulated Trading --- p.62 / Chapter VI. --- WAVE ANALYSIS AND MARKET PERSPECTIVES --- p.65 / Analysis of the Broadest Swing --- p.66 / Phase 1 Price Movement --- p.67 / Phase 2 Price Movement --- p.70 / Future Market Perspectives --- p.78 / Chapter VII. --- DISCUSSIONS --- p.82 / Experience in Wave Counting --- p.82 / Limitations of Elliott Wave --- p.85 / Practical Issues --- p.86 / Chapter VIII. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.92 / APPENDICES --- p.A-l / Chapter 1. --- RESULTS OF RATIO ANALYSIS --- p.A-2 / Chapter 2. --- DETAILS OF SIMULATED TRADING --- p.A-3 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.B-l

by Lee Yat Fai, Frederick, Pang Fai. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 34). / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.2 / Chapter 2. --- Methodology --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Approach --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Model Automation Tools --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Data --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Trend Identification by Regression --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Programming variables --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Execution --- p.13 / Chapter 3. --- Literature Review --- p.16 / Chapter 4. --- Trading Models --- p.19 / Chapter 4.1 --- 2Premises --- p.19 / Chapter 4.2 --- Trading rules --- p.20 / Chapter 4.3 --- THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRADING MODEL AND ITS TESTING --- p.20 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Test --- p.23 / Chapter 4.5 --- Some Arbitrary Inputs and Limitations --- p.24 / Chapter 4.6 --- Preliminary Testing and the Grand Trend --- p.25 / Chapter 5. --- RESULT & ANALYSIS --- p.26 / Chapter 5.1 --- Deals made along Trends Identified --- p.27 / Chapter 5.2 --- Pseudo Trends Identified during Corrections of Trends --- p.30 / Chapter 5.3 --- Deals made during Corrections of Trends --- p.30 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.33 / Chapter 6.1 --- Further Studies Recommended --- p.33 / Bibliography --- p.34 / Appendices / Chapter a. --- Table1 --- p.35 / Chapter b. --- Table2 --- p.36

Cette thèse comporte six articles répartis en quatre chapitres. Les trois premiers chapitres sont constitués chacun d'un article théorique alors que le quatrième chapitre est composé de trois articles empiriques. Le premier chapitre envisage un cadre avec deux catégories d'agents, l'un souhaitant vendre alors que l'autre souhaite acheter. Sont analysés les problèmes liés aux signaux spéculatifs et est également estimé le risque auquel sont confrontés les opérateurs en excès de confiance. Le second chapitre étudie le rationnement du crédit et met en évidence une situation où la prise de décision est associée à une échelle fixe dans l'investissement. Le troisième chapitre aborde la théorie des mécanismes d'incitation et met en évidence une condition de tri en théorie des incitations. Le principal est confronté à un dilemme car il ne peut pas maintenir un risque identique lors de l'analyse de la statique comparative de l'investissement. Le quatrième chapitre est segmenté en trois articles empiriques, à savoir une étude de la liquidité systémique de l'investissement, la régulation des banques de petite dimension, et, enfin, le lien entre la taille des économies, la viabilité de la dette et les inégalités de détention de capital à la Piketty. / This thesis contains six articles gathered in four chapters. The three first chapters each consist of a theoretical article while the fourth chapter is composed of three empirical articles. The first chapter addresses a framework where a trader wants to buy white another trader wants to sell, these two traders standing in parallel. It seems plausible, yet it requires further examination on aggregate measures of fundamentals, to estimate the risks faced by overconfident agents. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of credit rationing and illustrates a situation requiring decision-making measured by some fixed scale in investment. In the third chapter, the model shows a sorting condition in the theory of incentives, the principal having the dilemma that he cannot maintain risk preference according to the comparative statics of investment. In the fourth chapter, three empirical articles are presented : the first relates to systematic liquidity in the investment, the second the regulation of small banks and the third analyzes economic size and the viability of the debt while providing an articulation with the capital inequality emphasized by Piketty.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY. / Includes bibliographies. / by Jean Tirole. / Ph.D.

This thesis explores the potential of novel mechanisms towards the reduction of issuers' ex ante uncertainty in the process of going public: i) the recruitment of directors with exceptional academic backgrounds and ii) obtaining credit ratings. Given the information scarcity in the private domain, IPO firms can use these strategies to provide investors with solid, readily identifiable benchmarks to assess their standing. Notwithstanding whether these informational cues are associated with positive or negative prospects, they cause a significant portion of uncertainty in valuation to subside. Ultimately, this should act to constrain the phenomenon of IPO underpricing causing firms to claim a larger portion of the surplus value created on the issue day. First, we examine whether CEO educational and professional attainments are associated with short-run IPOs performance. We find that returns are negatively associated with Ivy-League education, the existence of at least one University degree and the total number of qualifications. After controlling for endogeneity and self-selection bias, the results show that at the graduate level of education the Master of Arts, the MBA, the Juris and Medical Doctor titles exhibit negative relation with the money left on the table. The same is true for any professional qualification. It is also reported that only in the case of the PhD title the Nobel Elite group of Universities outperforms the rest of the sample. Second, we examine the effect of multiple credit ratings on IPO performance. The evidence comes from the U.S. and shows that the acquisition of credit ratings constitutes a valid investment decision for the issuing firm as it leaves less money on the table. Both individual as well as any combination of ratings from the three largest agencies associates with lower underpricing. This effect exacerbates with higher grade levels which are also found to decrease initial returns. Additionally, rated IPOs systematically experience negative filing price revisions. The results offer new insight to the facilitation of the going public process. Finally, we contribute to the large literature associating IPOs with earnings management. In this respect, we explore a special niche, i.e. politically connected firms. A priori, these issuers can be expected to refrain from discretionary accruals manipulation to avoid causing discontent to their contacts. Alternatively, the case may be that the powerful acquaintances fuel managers with overconfidence which permeates the financial statements. Assembling a hand-collected database on firms' political donations, we come up with strong support for the latter conjecture. In particular lobbying activity and candidate campaign financing are both shown to be among the important determinants of aggressiveness in reporting. Our findings tie in with a growing body of literature showing businesses actively involved in politics to be prone to abuses and professional misconduct.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-03-02T11:20:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julianna Fernandes Mendes - 2013.pdf: 5852681 bytes, checksum: 8d324d780c5c1e70f93202b6a281fcfa (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-03-04T12:39:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julianna Fernandes Mendes - 2013.pdf: 5852681 bytes, checksum: 8d324d780c5c1e70f93202b6a281fcfa (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T12:39:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Julianna Fernandes Mendes - 2013.pdf: 5852681 bytes, checksum: 8d324d780c5c1e70f93202b6a281fcfa (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-28 / Outros / This dissertation has as its object of study to identify the housing deficit in Goiania from 1933 to 1964 as well as its causes. For better understanding of the topic, the dissertation began with broader thinking about moving the capital of Goiás to Goiânia, in order to start the topic. The proposal is for a study of bibliography and sources, both provided by the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) and the perception of authors and characters who witnessed the mentioned period. It was highlighted the issue of housing with their differences from person to person and perverse treatment of the state firing the worker. We emphasize that there has been no effective housing policy at both national and regional levels and the main propellant of urban spatial segregation that was the real estate capital, using various strategies of speculation, imposes its planning deletion. The creation of Goiânia was driven mainly by the real state capital; there were no other alternative with for the part of the population, regard to decent housing. Finally, we show that the real estate speculation led the process of housing deficit in the studied period, coming to spread throughout the entire life of the young Goiânia. / Esta dissertação tem como objeto de estudo identificar o déficit habitacional em Goiânia de 1933 a 1964, bem como suas causas. Para melhor compreensão do tema, a dissertação foi iniciada com ampla reflexão sobre a mudança da capital de Goiás para Goiânia, para então adentrar no tema proposto. A proposta é de um estudo das referencias bibliográficas e fontes, tanto as disponibilizadas pelo IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) quanto a percepção de autores e personagens que presenciaram o período proposto. Foi destacada a questão da moradia com seus diferencias de pessoa para pessoa e o tratamento perverso do Estado dispensado aos operários. Enfatizamos que não existiu uma política efetiva de habitação tanto em nível nacional quanto regional e que o principal agente propulsor da segregação espacial urbana foi o capital imobiliário que, utilizando-se das diversas estratégias da especulação imobiliária, impõe seu planejamento de exclusão. Como a criação de Goiânia se deu, principalmente, pelo dinheiro do capital imobiliário, não restou quaisquer alternativas para grande parte da população no tocante a moradia digna. Por fim, apresentamos que a especulação imobiliária comandou o processo de déficit habitacional no decorrer do período estudado vindo a se alastrar no decorrer de toda à vida da jovem Goiânia.