291 |
Det är komplext… : En kvalitativ studie om hur patienter och behandlare ser på vad som leder till en individs bruk eller missbruk av anabola androgena steroider / It is complex... : A qualitative study examining how patients and clinicians look at what leads to the use or abuse of anabolic androgenic steroidsEtterlid, Vanessa, Jolof, Linda January 2014 (has links)
Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att undersöka hur patienter och behandlare ser på vad som leder till ett bruk alternativt missbruk av anabola androgena steroider, AAS. Uppsatsen har en kvalitativ, fenomenografisk ansats. Ostrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem patienter och tre behandlare vid Beroendecentrum i Örebro. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Sju teman utkristalliserade sig som resultat; Samhälle, Uppväxt, Socialt umgänge, Psykologiska sårbarheter, Attityder, Kroppsbild och Övrigt. Det omfattande resultatet kan anses visa på en komplexitet i förklaringen till vad som leder till att en individ börjar bruka eller missbruka AAS. / This study aims to examine how patients and clinicians look at what leads to the use or abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids, AAS. The study uses a qualitative phenomenographic method. The research data was collected with unstructured interviews with five patients and three clinicians at Beroendecentrum in Örebro. The research data was analyzed through the use of a thematic analysis. The results were the seven themes that emerged; Society, Childhood, Social relations, Psychological vulnerabilities, Attitudes, Body image and Other. The extensive results can be looked upon as showing the complexity in the explanation of what leads to an individuals use or abuse of AAS.
|
292 |
Effects of sex steroids on spatial cognition in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)Haggis, Olivia January 2010 (has links)
It is well established in mammals that chronic, long-term elevations in sex steroids are associated with improvements in spatial cognition. It is less clear the extent to which short to medium term elevations in sex steroids improve spatial cognition and change hippocampal morphology, particularly in birds. The avian hippocampus expresses both androgen receptors (AR) and oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and high levels of the enzyme aromatase that converts testosterone to oestrogen. I began by comparing spatial cognition, hippocampal sex steroid receptor and aromatase expression between males and females. There were no differences in spatial or visual cognition or in hippocampal sex steroid receptor expression between the sexes, although hippocampal aromatase mRNA expression was higher in males. I then addressed the effects of acute and medium-term sex steroid treatment on spatial cognition and hippocampal aromatase and sex steroid receptor expression. A single treatment of testosterone 30 minutes or four hours prior to cognitive testing improved spatial performance. Additionally, when testosterone and oestrogen were given daily for five days spatial cognition in both sexes was improved. The testosterone-induced improvement was blocked when testosterone was administered in conjunction with the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole but not when administered with saline. These findings suggest that spatial cognition is improved by an oestrogenic effect. Thirty minutes following acute testosterone treatment, plasma testosterone levels, hippocampal AR and ERα mRNA expression all increased. Five days of oestrogen treatment increased plasma oestrogen levels, hippocampal ERα mRNA and Nmethyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor levels in males and females; all were positively correlated with enhanced spatial cognition on day five of treatment. Finally, I determined which genes were differentially expressed as a result of five days of oestrogen treatment. Nineteen genes, identified as being involved in learning and memory were differentially expressed in the hippocampus, eleven of which were up-regulated and eight were down-regulated. Taken together these results demonstrate that oestrogen can improve spatial cognition in birds. It is plausible that oestrogen acts to improve spatial memory in the hippocampus through upregulation of genes that control neurotransmitter release, reuptake and receptor levels.
|
293 |
BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS AND NONMEDICAL ANABOLIC STEROID USE AMONG NON INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETE MALES AGES 18-30Enaker, Vitesh 01 January 2013 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of factors associated with nonmedical anabolic steroid use among males ages 18-30 who do not participate in intercollegiate athletics. The Behavioral Intentions and Ergogenic Aid/Performance Enhancer use among non-intercollegiate athlete males survey instrument was developed, reviewed for content validity by a jury of experts, and pilot tested. The pilot testing results (n=25) demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.74). The final version of the Behavioral Intentions and Ergogenic Aid/Performance Enhancer use among non-intercollegiate athlete males survey instrument was administered at two distribution sites which included Ford’s Fitness Center in Lexington, Kentucky and the Johnson Center on the University of Kentucky’s campus to non-intercollegiate athlete men between the ages of 18-30 (n=121). The final version of the survey instrument was also found to be reliable (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.86).Of the 121 respondents, 7 (5.9%) reported using nonmedical anabolic steroids at least 1-2 days a week or more. A total of 9 (7.4%) men reported intending to use nonmedical anabolic steroids within the next year. Age was found to have a statistically significant association with intention to use nonmedical anabolic steroids (p=.037).Perceived behavioral control (p=.029) was found to be the strongest predictor variable of study participants’ intention to use nonmedical anabolic steroids. Muscle mass builder use (p=.011) and muscle mass builder use in combination with multivitamin use (p=.000) were found to be significant predictors of actual nonmedical anabolic steroid use. Study participants were more likely to use nonmedical anabolic steroids if they were currently using a muscle mass builder or using a muscle mass builder in combination with a multivitamin. No decision about the effectiveness of the components of perceived behavioral control (self-efficacy and control) as a one or two part construct was possible because of the small number of study participants. Two additional demographic predictor variables were found to be statistically significant with predicting the intention to use nonmedical anabolic steroids. Being a competitive bodybuilder (p=.001) was positively correlated and being satisfied with body image (p=.025) was negatively correlated with the intention to use nonmedical anabolic steroids.
|
294 |
In-ovo-Geschlechtsbestimmung bei Legehybriden mittels endokriner Analyse der AllantoisflüssigkeitWeißmann, Anne 03 June 2014 (has links) (PDF)
In Deutschland werden jährlich über 40 Millionen männliche Eintagsküken aus Legelinien aufgrund vorrangig wirtschaftlicher Interessen getötet. Dies stellt sowohl ein ethisches als auch ein tierschutzrechtliches Problem dar (ANON. 2006, IDEL 2007). Gerade vor dem Hintergrund aktueller politischer Entscheidungen (MUNLV NRW 2013, NI MELV 2014) besteht ein Bedarf an Alternativen zur Tötung männlicher Eintagsküken. Verschiedene Lösungsansätze wie z. B. das Zweinutzungshuhn (ICKEN et al. 2013) oder aber die Mast männlicher Geschwisterhühner (KAUFMANN und ANDERSSON 2013) sind derzeit aus ökonomischen und ökologischen Gründen nicht flächendeckend realisierbar. Eine weitere Möglichkeit bietet die In-ovo-Geschlechtsbestimmung. Hierbei wird das embryonale Geschlecht bereits vor dem Schlupf identifiziert; nachfolgend können die Eier mit männlichen Embryonen aussortiert werden. Um sowohl ethischen als auch tierschutzrechtlichen Aspekten Genüge zu tun, sollte die Geschlechtsidentifikation dabei vor Einsetzen des embryonalen Schmerzempfindens stattfinden (Tag 10 + 12 h der Bebrütung; CLOSE et al. 1997).
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer verlässlichen Methode zur In-ovo-Geschlechtsbestimmung anhand geschlechtsspezifischer Differenzen im Hormongehalt der Allantoisflüssigkeit sieben bis zehn Tage alter Hühnerembryonen. Nachfolgend wurde der Einfluss der Geschlechtsbestimmung auf die embryonale Entwicklung, Schlupferfolg, Aufzucht sowie die Leistungsparameter der adulten Tiere analysiert.
Im Rahmen der ersten Teilstudie erfolgte die Beprobung von n = 750 Eiern des Braunlegehybrids Lohmann Brown (LB, Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Deutschland). Der minimalinvasiven Entnahme von Allantoisflüssigkeit folgte die Untersuchung auf 17β-Östradiol (E2), Östronsulfat (E1S) und Testosteron mittels an das Haushuhn angepassten Enzymimmunoassays (ELISA). Es konnten sowohl für E2 als auch für E1S signifikante (p < 0,01) geschlechtsspezifische Differenzen in der Allantoisflüssigeit von neun und zehn Tage alten Embryonen nachgewiesen werden. Die Testosteronkonzentration hingegen zeigte an keinem der untersuchten Tage geschlechtsabhängige Unterschiede und erwies sich somit für die In-ovo-Geschlechtsbestimmung als ungeeignet. Die statistische Auswertung ergab, dass die Bestimmung von E1S eine frühere und genauere Geschlechtsidentifikation ermöglicht als die von E2. Der für E1S festgelegte Grenzwert erreicht bei neun Tage alten Embryonen eine 86%ige Sensitivität und 83%ige Spezifität.
In der zweiten Teilstudie wurde die zuvor etablierte Technik der Geschlechtsbestimmung mittels E1S an 8 + 4 h (n = 2420) und 9 + 4 h (n = 2850) Tage alten Embryonen der Herkunft LB sowie an n = 150 9 + 4 h alten Embryonen des Weißlegehybrids Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL, Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Deutschland) überprüft. Das Geschlecht der 8 + 4 h Tage alten Embryonen konnte zu 84 % korrekt identifiziert werden. Dieser Wert stieg bei 9 + 4 h Tage alten Embryonen auf 98 % (LB) bzw. 100 % (LSL) an. Im Vergleich zu einer unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe (n = 5258) wurde die Schlupfrate durch die Entnahme von Allantoisflüssigkeit um 1,4 - 3,5 (LB) bzw. 12,7 Prozentpunkte (LSL) reduziert. Nachfolgend wurden 150 Tiere der Versuchsgruppe und 80 Tiere der Kontrollgruppe für eine Aufzuchtperiode von 17 Wochen eingestallt. Hierbei zeigten sich hinsichtlich des Körpergewichtes signifikante (p < 0,05) Unterschiede zwischen Versuchs- und Kontrollgruppe in Woche 4 und 6, wobei die Zunahmen in der Versuchsgruppe geringer waren. Anschließend wurde die Leistung von 120 Tieren der Versuchsgruppe und 60 Tieren der Kontrollgruppe bis Lebenswoche 33 bezüglich Legeleistung, Eigewicht, Körpergewicht sowie Futterverbrauch analysiert. Bei keinem der untersuchten Parameter konnten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen festgestellt werden (p > 0,05).
Die Resultate der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass eine verlässliche Geschlechtsbestimmung in ovo bei 9 + 4 h Tage alten Hühnerembryonen mithilfe einer Bestimmung der E1S-Konzentration in der Allantoisflüssigkeit möglich ist; zudem ist die beschriebene Methode bei verschiedenen Legelinien anwendbar. Die Entnahme von Allantoisflüssigkeit führt zwar zu einer minimalen Reduktion der Schlupfrate, bei adulten Legehennen kommt es jedoch zu keiner Beeinträchtigung der Produktionsleistung. Demnach erfüllt das etablierte Verfahren alle Grundvoraussetzungen für eine Anwendung in kommerziellen Brütereien. Da die Geschlechtsbestimmung vor Einsetzen des embryonalen Schmerzempfindens erfolgt, kann sie somit als Grundlage für eine ethisch vertretbare Alternative zum Töten männlicher Eintagsküken angesehen werden. / In Germany about 40 million day-old male chicks are culled each year predominantly because of economic reasons. From the animal welfare as well as the ethical point of view this is a problematic situation (ANON. 2006, IDEL 2007). Particularly with regard to current political decisions (MUNVL NRW, NI MELV 2014) alternatives to the culling of male day-old chicks are required. Different approaches such as a dual-purpose breed (ICKEN et al. 2013) or the fattening of male layer-hybrids (KAUFMANN and ANDERSSON 2013) are not ubiquitous marketable at present due to economic and ecological reasons. In ovo sexing represents another option; the embryonic gender is determined before hatch and the eggs containing male embryos can be eliminated subsequently. To comply with ethical and animal welfare aspects, the sexing should take place before the onset of embryonic pain perception (embryonic day 10 + 12 h; CLOSE et al. 1997).
Aim of this thesis was the development of a reliable method for in ovo gender identification with the help of sex-specific differences in the hormone concentration of the allantoic fluid of seven to ten day old chick embryos. Subsequently, the influence of gender identification on embryonic development, hatching rate, rearing as well as production performance of the adult hens was analysed.
Within the first study n = 750 eggs of the brown layer-hybrid Lohmann Brown (LB; Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Germany) were sampled for allantoic fluid. After the minimally invasive withdrawal the allantoic fluid was analysed via enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) adapted to domestic chicken for 17β-oestradiol (E2), oestrone sulphate (E1S) and testosterone. With regard to E2 and E1S, significant (P < 0.01) sex-specific differences were observed in the allantoic fluid of nine and ten day old embryos. Testosterone on the other hand displayed no gender-related variances on any of the analysed days. Therefore, it proved to be unsuitable for gender identification using the method applied in this study. Statistical analysis showed that the analysis of E1S allows an earlier and more accurate sexing than the E2-assay. The limit value determined for E1S has a sensitivity of 86 % and a specificity of 83 % for nine day old embryos.
The previously established method for gender identification via E1S detection in the allantoic fluid was verified with a larger number of samples in the second study. The allantoic fluid of day 8 + 4 h (n = 2420) and day 9 + 4 h (n = 2850) old LB embryos as well as n = 150 day 9 + 4 h old embryos of the white layer-hybrid Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL; Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Germany) was analysed. For day 8 + 4 h old embryos the sex was correctly identified in 84 %. The accuracy of gender prediction increased for day 9 + 4 h old embryos up to 98 % (LB) and 100 % (LSL). Compared to an untreated control group (n = 5258) sampling of allantoic fluid reduced the hatching rate by 1.4 - 3.5 (LB) and 12.7 points of percentage (LSL). In the following, 150 animals of the experimental group and 80 animals of the control group were reared for a period of 17 weeks. With regard to the body weight significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in weeks 4 and 6, with the animals of the experimental group having a lower body weight. Subsequently the production performance of 120 hens from the experimental and 60 hens from the control group was analysed up to an age of 33 weeks. With respect to egg production, egg weight, body weight and feed consumption no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between the groups.
The results of this thesis demonstrate that a reliable in ovo sexing of day 9 + 4 h old chicken embryos is possible via the measurement of E1S in the allantoic fluid; additionally the method is not limited to a certain layer strain. The sampling of allantoic fluid reduces the hatching rate only marginally. The production performance of adult hens on the other hand is not affected. Therefore, the described technique fulfils all the basic requirements for an alternative method to the culling of day-old male layer chicks. Because gender identification takes place before the onset of embryonic pain perception it can serve as the basis for an ethical alternative to the culling of male day-old chicks from layer-hybrids.
|
295 |
FIBRINOGEN-UND LDL-APHERESE ZUR BEHANDLUNG DES AKUTEN HÖRSTURZES IM VERGLEICH ZUR STANDARDTHERAPIE NACH STENNERTHagemeyer, Barbara 30 January 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Der Hörsturz, seine Pathoätiogenese und Therapie werden nach wie vor kontrovers diskutiert. Basierend auf der Annahme, dass dem Hörsturz eine reduzierte kochleäre Perfusion durch eine erhöhte Plasmaviskosität zugrunde liegt, therapierten wir 85 Patienten im Zeitraum von März 2007 bis Oktober 2009 an der Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde der Universität Leipzig mit der HELP-Apherese. Die HELP-Apherese ist ein Verfahren, um selektiv Fibrinogen, LDL-Cholesterin und Lipoprotein(a) im Blut zu reduzieren, wodurch die Plasmaviskosität gesenkt werden kann. Verglichen haben wir die Wirksamkeit der HELP- Apherese mit einer historischen Kontrollgruppe (n=89), die im Zeitraum von September 2005 bis Oktober 2009 an der Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde der Universität Leipzig die Standardinfusionstherapie mit Glukokortikoiden nach dem Stennert - Schema erhalten hatte. Im Gesamtkollektiv zeigte sich hinsichtlich der Hörverbesserungen kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen beiden Therapien, es fanden sich jedoch Hinweise für das besondere Profitieren der Apherese in bestimmten Subgruppen (Alter >60 Jahre, hochgradige Hörverluste). Außerdem wies die HELP -Gruppe trotz gleicher mittlerer Hörverbesserung signifikant mehr Vollremissionen auf als die Standardgruppe. Des Weiteren konnten wir als bedeutenden Risikofaktor für das Auftreten des akuten Hörsturzes einen hohen Fibrinogenspiegel im Blut identifizieren. Darüber hinaus erlangten wir Kenntnisse über prognosebeeinflussende Faktoren. So stellten wir fest, dass der Schweregrad des Hörverlustes, das Alter der Patienten und die Art des Hörverlustes einen Einfluss auf das therapeutische Outcome hatten. Demnach konnten wir bestätigen, was vorherige Studien bereits gezeigt hatten.
Die HELP-Apherese ist eine effektive Therapiealternative zur Standardtherapie und kann höchst wahrscheinlich für besondere Subgruppen sogar bessere Ergebnisse erzielen. Vor allem, da sie hinsichtlich Lebensqualität und Nebenwirkungsprofil überlegen ist, stellt sie eine bedeutende Therapieoption dar. Auf die Frage nach der Ätiologie des Hörsturzes konnten wir Fibrinogen eine bedeutende Rolle nachweisen. Weitere multizentrische prospektive klinische Studien sind erforderlich, um die Hinweise unserer Arbeit zu belegen und eine individuelle Therapie im klinischen Alltag zu gewährleisten.
|
296 |
Detecció del consum d'agents anabolitzants en humans: estratègies alternatives de preparació de mostres i anàlisi instrumentalMarcos del Águila, Josep 28 June 2004 (has links)
Los agentes anabolizantes prohibidos por la Comisión Médica del Comité
Olímpico Internacional (COI) deben estar ausentes en las muestras de orina
objeto de análisis. El límite de detección está condicionado por la sensibilidad
del instrumento y la relación señal/ruido debida al material biológico
coextraído junto con los analitos de interés. Las nuevas exigencias de
sensibilidad del COI como la detección de nuevas sustancias utilizadas
en dosis sensiblemente inferiores, obliga al replanteamiento de la estrategia
analítica utilizada.
El objetivo general de esta tesis es: desarrollar nuevas técnicas analíticas
de alta sensibilidad para la detección de esteroides y otros anabolizantes
en orina humana mediante:
1.- Estudio de la cromatografía liquida capilar para la cuantificación
de las concentraciones de testosterona y epitestosterona en orina humana.
2.- Estudio de la purificación de la muestra previa al análisis instrumental.
- Estudio del uso de la cormatografía de inmunoafinidad (IAC) en la purificación
selectiva dela muestra.
- Desarrollo de procedimientos mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución
para la purificación de fracciones en los análisis de confirmación.
3.- Incremento de la sensibilidad en el análisis instrumental.
- Estudio de la formación de tert-butildimetilsilil derivados como alternativa
a los trimestilsilil derivados habitualmente utilizados.
- Estudio de la utilización de nueva instrumentación basada en la espectrometría
de masas de trampa de iones y en tándem (MS/MS) para alcanzar la sensibilidad
y selectividad requerida por los nuevos estánderes impuestos por las organizaciones
internacionales del área de la salud, en particular en el deporte.
|
297 |
Biological Activity of Steroid Analogues:Synthesis and Receptor/Enzyme InteractionsMcCarthy, Anna Rose January 2006 (has links)
This thesis investigates the biological activity of selected non-steroidal analogues of sex steroid hormones by examining two different effects of analogues on endogenous sex hormone activity. Non-steroidal analogues of sex hormones were synthesised to study their biological interactions with a sex steroid receptor and a sex steroid metabolising enzyme. Chapter One introduces the steroid hormones and their physiology, which leads to a review of the mechanisms by which steroids exert their effects. Their implication in disease is discussed, with particular emphasis on the sex steroids. As the biological activity of steroids is related to their chemical structure, the important features of steroid structure are identified, including the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus, arrangement of ring substituents and ring junction conformation. The concept of non-steroidal analogues of steroids is introduced, and the harmful or beneficial effects analogues have on endogenous steroid activity are considered. Alteration of steroid activity and its consequences are focussed on two main areas; the potential adverse effects of environmental chemicals which mimic sex steroid activity, and the use of non-steroidal analogues in medicinal chemistry for treating sex steroid related disease. Chapter Two describes an investigation into the 17β-estradiol mimicking activity of non-steroidal analogues. Exogenous chemicals that mimic estradiol are of concern as they may alter endogenous estradiol activity and disrupt endocrine systems. Firstly, an introduction to the field of research concerned with environmental chemicals that mimic steroid hormones is given. The interaction of xenoestrogens with the estrogen receptor is described, as are the methods available for assessing the estrogen mimicking activity of xenoestrogens. The concern for insecticides mimicking estrogen activity is described by reviewing reported activities of insecticides, which leads into a discussion of work carried out as part of this thesis. Metabolites of the pyrethroid insecticides permethrin and cypermethrin, 2.14, 2.15, and 2.16 were synthesised while others were commercially obtained. The interaction of pyrethroid insecticide metabolites with the human estrogen receptor expressed in recombinant yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was studied, following the establishment and validation of the assay. Metabolites 2.11, 2.12, and 2.14 were found to weakly stimulate estrogen receptor-mediated estradiol responsive gene expression in the yeast assay (105 less active than 17β-estradiol). Since the activity of the metabolites using the yeast assay was greater than for the parent compounds, metabolic pathways need to be considered when assessing the impact of exposure to environmental estrogens. The low estrogenic activity suggests these compounds are not individually contributing significantly to the xenoestrogenic impact on humans, but will add to total xenoestrogen exposure. Chapter Three describes the inhibition of a sex steroid metabolising enzyme, steroid 5a-reductase, by novel non-steroidal compounds. Inhibitors of this enzyme are potentially useful therapeutic agents for regulating the activity of an androgen in prostate disorders. A review of the literature on non-steroidal inhibition of 5a-reductase identified three key structural features known to enhance inhibitor potency; ring substitution, position and nature of ring unsaturation and angular methyl group presence. These features were taken into account in the design of inhibitors synthesised in this thesis (3.55-3.57, 3.59, 3.61, 3.62, 3.110 and 3.111). Inhibitors consisting of non-steroidal 5- or 1-aryl pyridone scaffolds were synthesised to investigate SAR for 4'-substituents. The 5-aryl 1-methyl-2-pyridone/piperidone scaffold of compounds 3.55-3.57 and 3.59 was constructed by Suzuki cross coupling methodology, while the 1-aryl 2-methyl 2,3-dihydro-4-pyridone scaffold of 3.61 and 3.62 was constructed by aza Diels-Alder methodology. Long carbon chain olefin containing tethers 3.107 and 3.108 were synthesised for conjugation to inhibitor 3.57 by cross metathesis to give conjugates 3.110 and 3.111. Compounds 3.55-3.57, 3.59, 3.61, 3.62, 3.110 and 3.111 inhibited the type 1 5a-reductase isozyme expressed by HEK-I cells, with activities comparable to those of related literature compounds. The 1-aryl 2,3-dihydro-4-pyridone 3.62 inhibited both the type 1 and 2 isozymes (expressed by HEK-II cells) of 5a-reductase. The presence of bulky hydrophobic groups (benzoyl, long chain tethers) at the 4' position enhanced the potency of type 1 inhibition by 5-aryl pyridone type compounds in comparison to N,N-diisopropyl- and N-allylacetamide groups. This information provides further understanding of SAR within and across different classes of non-steroidal inhibitors of steroid 5a-reductase towards improved drug design.
|
298 |
Physiological and biochemical factors responsible for boar taint /Chen, Gang, January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
|
299 |
The round window membrane - gateway to the cochlea : a morphological and electrophysiological study /Nordang, Leif, January 2002 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
|
300 |
Hormonal and paracrine influences on Leydig cell steroidogenesis /Renlund, Nina, January 2006 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
|
Page generated in 0.0306 seconds