L’ubiquité de la symbiose bactérienne, et sa présence à tous les niveaux de l’organisation biologique, bouleverse toute la science du vivant. Aujourd’hui, malgré le profond renouvellement de la biologie, de la médecine et de la philosophie de la biologie, il manque une approche de la relation symbiotique même, de son établissement et de son évolution. Au cours de ce travail, nous montrons que l’ubiquité de la symbiose et sa diversité rendent difficile la détermination d’un modèle particulier pour répondre à toute la complexité de la relation. Pour pallier cette difficulté, proposons de suivre un caractère particulier : le métabolisme syntrophique, solution évolutionnaire commune à toutes les symbioses et l’utilisons comme base de l’analyse. Par une approche évolutionnaire des mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires, nous démontrons le caractère obligatoire de toute symbiose en établissant la dépendance des partenaires les uns aux autres. Le microbiote, formé des communautés bactériennes symbiotiques, est un organe évolutionnaire intégré fonctionnellement à l’organisme hôte. Les bactéries symbiotiques sont des agents d’homéostasie qui permettent aux organismes hôtes de s’adapter aux fluctuations des conditions environnementales. Cette fonction homéostatique est à l’origine d’une structuration réciproque entre les partenaires symbiotiques, donnant lieu à un holobionte avec une reproduction hybride et une héritabilité étendue. En analysant la symbiose intestinale bactérienne chez l’humain, nous établissons l’interaction codéveloppementale et coévolutionnaire des partenaires, et démontrons l’extension de la structuration réciproque métabolique vers une structuration cognitive qui passe par les systèmes immunitaire et neurologique chez les organismes supérieurs. En démontrant l’intrication du métabolisme avec l’information nous proposons une perspective informationnelle de la symbiose. L’échange d’informations significatives entre l’hôte et son microbiote définit l’organisation informationnelle du holobionte. / The pervasiveness of bacterial symbiosis and its omnipresence at every level of the biological organization deeply trouble life sciences. Today, despite biological, medical and philosophical renewal, a relational perspective analyzing the symbiotic relation, and the establishment and evolution of symbiosis is still lacking. In this work, we reveal difficulties to adopt an appropriate symbiosis model covering the complexity of the diverse and ubiquitous relation, and we propose to analyze the syntrophic metabolism as a common feature to all symbiosis. We apply an evolutionary approach to study molecular and cellular mechanisms, and we demonstrate the reciprocal dependency of symbiotic partners determining an obligatory symbiosis. The microbiota composed of symbiotic bacterial communities is an evolutionary homeostatic organ, functionally integrated in its host organism. Symbiotic bacteria are homeostatic agents that allow host organisms to adapt to fluctuations in environmental conditions. This homeostatic function enables the reciprocal scaffolding between symbiotic partners, resulting in a holobiont characterized by a hybrid reproduction and an extended inheritance. The analysis of bacterial symbiosis in human gut demonstrates the partner’s coevolutionary and codevelopmental interaction and determines the extension of the reciprocal metabolic scaffolding to a cognitive scaffolding based on immune and neurological systems in higher organisms. We demonstrate the entanglement of metabolism and information, and propose an informational perspective to define the symbiosis. This establishes an informational organization of the holobiont through the exchange of significant information between the host and its microbiota.

Le travail présenté ici porte sur la réalisation d’un matériau polymère piézoélectrique destiné à être l’élément sensible d’un capteur de déformation de tissus biologiques. Cela comprend notamment l’étude de l’assouplissement du copolymère P(VDF-TrFE) nécessaire pour se rapprocher des propriétés mécaniques d’une artère, sans dégrader son coefficient piézoélectrique. Des films de P(VDF-TrFE) plastifiés avec du phtalate de diéthyle (DEP) ont été réalisés selon différents protocoles incluant enduction ou spin-coating et polarisation sous haute tension pour activer les propriétés ferroélectriques. Selon les conditions d’élaboration, deux structures distinctes de films ont été obtenues avec des propriétés physiques propres à chacune. Dans le premier type de film, l’étude de la morphologie et des courbes d’hystérésis polarisation-champ électrique a permis de mettre en évidence une nouvelle structuration du matériau, avec la démixtion du plastifiant dans la matrice. Le champ coercitif est dans ce cas fortement abaissé ce qui permet une réduction de la haute tension de polarisation nécessaire allant jusqu’à 40%, même lorsque que le film ne contient plus que 50wt% de P(VDF-TrFE). Le second type de film, obtenu après recuit à plus basse température, présente au contraire une structure quasi homogène et des propriétés proches d’une loi de mélange. Le champ coercitif reste comparable à celui du P(VDF-TrFE) pur mais la flexibilité du matériau est fortement accrue. L’étude des propriétés mécaniques a montré que le plastifiant peut réduire le module de Young du copolymère à 40MPa avec 30wt% de DEP dans le film. De surcroit la polarisation rémanente et le coefficient piézoélectrique sont également renforcés. Des tests in vitro et in vivo, réalisés sur des artères, de capteurs basés sur ces derniers films ont démontré le haut potentiel du matériau à détecter des déformations de tissus mous et à fonctionner aux fréquences biologiques humaines / The work presented here focuses on the preparation of a piezoelectric polymer material aimed to be the sensitive element of a strain sensor of biological tissues. This includes the study of the softening of the copolymer P(VDF-TrFE) necessary to be close of the mechanical properties of an artery, without reducing the piezoelectric coefficient. Plasticized P(VDF-TrFE) films with diethyl phthalate (DEP) were made according to different protocols including doctor blade technique or spin-coating and polarization under high voltage to activate the ferroelectric properties. Depending on the preparation conditions, two distinct structures were obtained with physical properties specific to each of them. For the first type of film, the study of the morphology and the hysteresis loops polarization-electric field showed a new structure of the material, with a demixing of the plasticizer in the matrix. In this case, the coercive field is strongly reduced which allows a decrease of the required high polarization voltage up to 40%, even if the film only contains 50wt% of P(VDF-TrFE). The second type of film, obtained after an annealing at lower temperature, has an almost homogeneous structure and properties close to a mixing law. The coercive field remains comparable to that of the pure P(VDF-TrFE) but the flexibility of the material is greatly increased. The study of the mechanical properties showed that the plasticizer can reduce the Young modulus to 40MPa for 30wt% of DEP in the film. In addition, the remanent polarization and the piezoelectric coefficient are also reinforced. In vitro and in vivo experiments, performed on arteries, of sensors based on these films demonstrated the high potential of the material to detect the strain of soft tissues and to function at biologic human frequencies

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_rr_me_mar.pdf: 589195 bytes, checksum: b1c3270d0124bdc93ee5bfe744d40631 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo da Dissertação é investigar, na perspectiva da Epistemologia Genética, proposta por Jean Piaget, uma questão que elaboramos a partir de nossos estudos sobre o Ensaio de Lógica Operatória escrito por Piaget, a saber: como o sujeito epistêmico usa e se torna capaz de usar funções proposicionais na estruturação lógico-matemática que ele faz da realidade? Tomando esta questão como fio condutor de nossas pesquisas, procuramos compreender como se constituem as funções proposicionais, um dos elementos fundamentais da Lógica, e quais são suas relações com as operações lógicas do pensamento “natural” realizadas pelo sujeito. Para isso, fizemos, inicialmente, uma breve apresentação do pensamento piagetiano, mostrando, em paralelo, algumas das heranças centrais da história das ideias no pensamento deste autor. Em seguida, situamos o Ensaio no contexto da Epistemologia Genética e apresentamos o que Piaget entende por Lógica, quais são seus objetos e métodos em relação aos outros domínios de estudo, em especial a Epistemologia e a Psicologia. Mostramos que, segundo sua concepção de Lógica, é possível uma coordenação entre Lógica e Psicologia do ponto de vista da Epistemologia Genética, sem que isso implique, necessariamente, em um psicologismo do conhecimento, em especial, um psicologismo do conhecimento lógicomatemático. Com vistas a buscar as condições necessárias ao uso da função proposicional pelo sujeito, centramos nossa análise em uma das passagens psicológicas cruciais à construção humana do pensamento lógico-matemático, que é a passagem da ação sobre a experiência sensível às primeiras estruturações lógico-matemáticas realizadas pelo sujeito. Visando uma contribuição à Epistemologia e à Teoria do Conhecimento, procuramos explicitar, portanto, como a Lógica Operatória... / The aim of the dissertation is to investigate, by Genetic Epistemology, proposed by Jean Piaget, an issue that we developed from our studies of Operating Logic written by Piaget namely: how the epistemic subject uses and becomes capable of using propositional functions in logical-mathematical structuring that he make of reality? Taking this question as our guiding principle of our researches, we seek to comprehend how does the propositional functions constitutes, one of the fundamental elements of Logic, and which are their relations with the operations logic of natural thought performed by the subject. Starting up, we made a brief presentation of Piagetian thoughts, showing, simultaneously, some of the central heritages the history of Piaget ideas. Following, we placed the Essay in Genetic Epistemology context and presented what Piaget mean by Logic, what are their objects and methods in relation to other fields of study, particularly in Epistemology and Psychology. We show that, according to his conception of logic, it's possible a coordination between Logic and Psychology from the genetic epistemology standpoint, however it does not necessarily implicate in a psychologism of the knowledge, in especial, a psychologism of the logicalmathematical knowledge. In an eager to seek the necessary conditions for the subject use of the propositional function, we focused our analysis on one of the crucial passages psychological human construction of logical-mathematical thinking which is the way of action on sensory experience to the first logical-mathematical structuring undertaken by the subject. Aiming the contribution to Epistemology and the Theory of Knowledge, we hope to explain, therefore, as the Operating Logic (the logic of operations natural thought of the subject), proposed by Piaget in the Treaty and in the Essay, can be used in the particular case of the propositional function... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A publicação do livro “The machine that changed the world” de Womack et al. (1990) tornou popular no mundo ocidental o termo Lean, que segundo os autores seria a forma generalizada do sistema Toyota de produção. Desde então, a academia tem se dedicado a estudar diversos aspectos envolvidos com o Lean. Apesar do conhecimento teórico gerado, poucas empresas têm conseguindo aplicar esta estratégia de manufatura apropriadamente e experimentar os supostos benefícios. Este é o caso, por exemplo, da siderúrgica AGR (nome fictício). Em 2004, a empresa iniciou um programa formal para transformação Lean e poucos anos depois os esforços foram descontinuados. Recentemente, novos direcionamentos na empresa conduziram à retomada destes esforços. Neste contexto específico, um questionamento foi realizado: como os esforços Lean podem ser retomados e organizados na AGR? Cabe ressaltar que implicitamente este questionamento desdobrou em uma revisão da literatura que identificou diferentes pontos de vista teóricos sobre o fenômeno Lean. Neste sentido, Fujimoto (1999), como pensador mais proeminente da escola de pensamento evolucionária – utilizando uma abordagem interpretativista – argumenta que a Toyota apresenta uma capacidade de aprendizagem evolucionária que permite a emergência de um novo sistema de manufatura ao longo do tempo. A provável ausência desta capacidade de aprendizagem em empresas que buscam se tornar Lean indicaria uma das razões pelas quais se tem dificuldade em alcançar e sustentar este sistema. Observando a descrição desta capacidade na Toyota, verifica-se que a mesma ocorre via construção social da realidade. Desta forma, uma aprendizagem similar poderia ser gerada ao operacionalizar-se a Soft Systems Methodology no processo de estruturação da transformação Lean. Uma pesquisa-ação foi conduzida para avaliar esta possibilidade na prática e ao mesmo tempo auxiliar a AGR com a situação problemática na retomada dos esforços Lean. / The term lean became popular in the Western world after publication of "The machine that changed the world" (Womack et al., 1990) which argues it is the generalized form of the Toyota Production System. Since then, the academy has been investigating several aspects about it. Despite theoretical knowledge contribution, few companies have been able to implement this manufacturing strategy properly and, therefore, have experienced the supposed benefits. This is the case of AGR (fictitious name) steelmaking facility. The company started a lean transformation program in 2004 and few years later the efforts were discontinued. Recently new directions led other attempt at lean efforts. In this particular context, an inquiry was made: how the lean efforts can be organized and reinitiate in AGR? It is noteworthy that this implicitly unfolded a literature review that identified different theoretical views on the lean phenomenon. Fujimoto (1999) as the most prominent thinker of evolutionary school of thought – using an interpretivist approach – argues that Toyota has an evolutionary learning capability that enables the emergence of a new manufacturing system over time. The absence of a similar learning capability in companies seeking lean practices indicates one possible reason why they are difficult to achieve and sustain. Fujimoto (1999) describes it operating at Toyota through social construction of reality. Thus, a similar learning could be generated applying the Soft Systems Methodology as the structuration process for lean transformation. An action research was conducted to evaluate this proposition in practice and at the same time to help AGR in the attempt at lean efforts.

Ce travail s'attache à l'observation des dynamiques émergentes de développement économique des territoires ruraux par le prisme de la marchandisation des activités récréatives. Pour cela il propose de comprendre les effets des entrepreneurs de l'encadrement sportif de nature sur les systèmes territoriaux, touristiques et ruraux. Les sports de nature sont des activités émergentes qui se sont dotées depuis quelques dizaines d'années d'une dimension commerciale et qui s'inscrivent largement dans les espaces ruraux. Dès lors, les sports de nature constituent localement des filières professionnelles suivant lesquelles les opérateurs se structurent, se localisent ou échangent dans le but de développer leurs activités. Celles-ci s'accompagneraient alors d'impacts économiques et territoriaux. Toutefois, ces retombées sont particulièrement complexes à discerner ou à évaluer, se diffusant ou se dissimulant suivant les caractéristiques socio-spatiales des sports de nature marchands. Cependant, des logiques spatiales puis territoriales apparaissent au sein même du marché du tourisme sportif de nature si l'on observe le groupe des entrepreneurs de l'encadrement marchand représentant l'essentiel de l'offre commerciale de sports de nature en milieu rural. Ces logiques peuvent être comparées à celles touchant la répartition et la localisation des sites sportifs ou de l'économie touristique. La problématique de cette recherche est alors la suivante : Comment le marché du tourisme sportif de nature interagit-il avec les territoires ruraux ? Les sports de nature marchands participent à la constitution d'une ressource territoriale, construite puis activée par des facteurs culturels, environnementaux et économiques auxquels s'ajoute un appui de la sphère publique pour qui ces activités sont des moyens d'impulser une nouvelle forme de développement rural diffus. Les territoires ruraux sont les supports d'un marché touristique et sportif de nature dont les effets sur l'économie locale dépendent de la diversité des formes de pratique et de la structuration de cette filière. Cette complexité sociale et spatiale conduit cette recherche à observer les modes de structuration du marché du tourisme sportif de nature en milieu rural qui conditionnent "l'effet territoire", les avantages liés à la territorialisation des entrepreneurs et de leurs offres, à la fois du coté des systèmes productifs, des systèmes sociaux et des systèmes administratifs. Cette recherche se base sur l'exemple du département de l'Ardèche pour illustrer ces mécanismes socio-spatiaux. Ce territoire est une destination sportive de nature historique en France où d'une part le marché du tourisme sportif de nature s'est suffisamment développé pour que la répartition de ces opérateurs, ses acteurs et ses sites de pratique constituent ensemble un objet géographique quantitatif et qualitatif. D'autre part, les institutions publiques et sportives y participent avec les acteurs locaux à la gestion et au développement des activités sportives de nature dans ce milieu rural, au travers des procédures de gestion concertée. Elles soulignent donc bien l'existence d'un système économique local portant sur le tourisme sportif de nature, un marché de l'encadrement professionnel de cette filière en Ardèche. On utilisera ce terrain dans l'objectif d'appuyer des logiques introduites à l'échelle nationale et que l'on confirmera avec une étude approfondie du territoire de l'Ardèche. On aura recourt pour cela à une approche quantitative, statistique et cartographique d'un côté puis qualitative en s'appuyant sur des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès d'un échantillon d'entrepreneurs des sports de nature, d'une part, puis des acteurs locaux de ces activités d'autre part. / This thesis deals whit the observation of the emerging dynamics of territorial economic development in the rural areas by the prism of the outdoor activities merchandising. It aims to understand the effects of the contractor in the outdoor sports on the territorial, the touristic and the rural systems. Those activities are emerging and they have established a new commercial dimension since a decade, which is now deeply printed in the rural areas. By then, the outdoor leisure activities constitute locally a vocational which the contractor uses to structure themselves, localise their activities or trade between them. This vocational would potentially provide territorial effects. However, the territorial impact of the outdoor sport activities are particularly difficult to measure or to localise because it diffuses or dissimulates following the socio-spatial characteristics of the commercial outdoor sports. Nevertheless, spatial then territorial logics appears within the outdoor sport tourism market if we observe the group of the contractors of sport framing in those activities which represent the entirety of the market of the outdoor sport activities in rural areas. Those logics can be compared to those who rules the distribution and the localisation of the sporting site or the tourism economics. The problem of this research is the following: how the outdoor sport tourism market interact with the rural territories? The merchandised outdoor sports participate to the constitution of a territorial resource, constructed then activated by cultural, environmental, politic, and economic factors. The rural areas are the support of a sport and tourism market whose effects on the local economy depends of the diversity of the activities forms and the vocational structuration. This social and geographic complexity leads this research to observe the local structuration modes of the outdoor sport and tourism market in rural areas, both by the productive systems, social systems and administrative systems. This work is based on the example of the Ardèche department for illustrating the presented socio-spatial mechanism. This space is an historic outdoor sport and tourism destination in France, where for one part the market of the sport tourism is developed enough for the repartition of its operator, its actors, its sport sites form a geographic object to be observed. For another part, the public and sport institution participates there, with the local actors, to the management and development of outdoor sport activities in rural areas through procedures of consultation. Those consultations underlined the existence of an economic and local system dealing with outdoor sport activities and especially vocational of sport framing in Ardèche. The use of cartographic studies, crossed with interviews of the vocational of outdoor sport framing would allowed us to examine the spatial logics of development for the outdoor sport economics, their territorial resource and after all to build a territorial model. This model, the economic and local outdoor sport system, will show the interaction between the operators of the outdoor sport market and their space, and particularly rural areas.

Ce travail a pour but de proposer une nouvelle approche du dimensionnement optimisé des réservoirs de stockage d’hydrogène de type IV visant à mieux répondre aux enjeux industriels. Les objectifs scientifiques et techniques consistent à disposer de modèles qualifiés pour la simulation du comportement de ces réservoirs, associés à des méthodologies de dimensionnement et d’optimisation fiables. La démarche s’appuie sur trois axes principaux :– proposer une démarche de conception prédictive en intégrant (i) un premier aspect lié à la ruine de la structure qui est la conséquence de mécanismes complexes et multiples d’endommagement s’initiant, s’accumulant et se développant dans un milieu anisotrope et (ii) des modèles de simulation de la structuration composite spécifique au procédé d’enroulement filamentaire, technologie employée largement dans la fabrication des réservoirs de stockage à haute pression. Leurs implémentations constituent une première avancée face à l’existant ;– choisir et évaluer les paramètres structuraux par une démarche d’optimisation où nous sommes amenés à utiliser (i) des méthodes de métamodélisation permettant de répondre aux contraintes de coûts, (ii) des méthodes spécifiques de tri et (iii) des méthodes à spectres larges qui recherchent des solutions sur une large population telles que des méthodes génétiques ;– qualifier la démarche dans sa globalité par une comparaison entre calculs et essais. Ainsi, la finalité de ce travail est de développer et valider des modèles et méthodes pour permettre de mieux concevoir, tester et fabriquer à moindre coût un réservoir avec une structure calculée optimisée. / The purpose of this study is to suggest a new way to design type IV high pressure hydrogen composite vessels to better fulfil industrial requirements. Developing suitable models for the comportment’s simulation of these vessels in relation with a reliable design method is the main scientific and technical aim. This approach relies on the three following lines :– perform a predictive design method using the most recent theoretical and numerical works investigated on composite materials and more specifically in taking into account (i) an essential aspect linked to the structural failure which is the consequence of the initiation, accumulation and propagation of complex damage mechanisms and (ii) the use of specific composite lay-up models related to the filament winding process, used for pressure vessels manufacturing. These approaches are significant breakthroughs compared with previous studies ;– choose and assess structural parameters with an optimisation approach where we use (i) surrogate methods to meet economic requirements, (ii) specific sorting methods and (iii) broad-spectrum methods such as genetic algorithm methods ;– approve of the whole approach by theoretical and experimental comparisons.The goal of the project will be to develop, provide and approve models to enable a better conception and industrialisation of an optimal high pressure vessel in relations with costs.

A publicação do livro “The machine that changed the world” de Womack et al. (1990) tornou popular no mundo ocidental o termo Lean, que segundo os autores seria a forma generalizada do sistema Toyota de produção. Desde então, a academia tem se dedicado a estudar diversos aspectos envolvidos com o Lean. Apesar do conhecimento teórico gerado, poucas empresas têm conseguindo aplicar esta estratégia de manufatura apropriadamente e experimentar os supostos benefícios. Este é o caso, por exemplo, da siderúrgica AGR (nome fictício). Em 2004, a empresa iniciou um programa formal para transformação Lean e poucos anos depois os esforços foram descontinuados. Recentemente, novos direcionamentos na empresa conduziram à retomada destes esforços. Neste contexto específico, um questionamento foi realizado: como os esforços Lean podem ser retomados e organizados na AGR? Cabe ressaltar que implicitamente este questionamento desdobrou em uma revisão da literatura que identificou diferentes pontos de vista teóricos sobre o fenômeno Lean. Neste sentido, Fujimoto (1999), como pensador mais proeminente da escola de pensamento evolucionária – utilizando uma abordagem interpretativista – argumenta que a Toyota apresenta uma capacidade de aprendizagem evolucionária que permite a emergência de um novo sistema de manufatura ao longo do tempo. A provável ausência desta capacidade de aprendizagem em empresas que buscam se tornar Lean indicaria uma das razões pelas quais se tem dificuldade em alcançar e sustentar este sistema. Observando a descrição desta capacidade na Toyota, verifica-se que a mesma ocorre via construção social da realidade. Desta forma, uma aprendizagem similar poderia ser gerada ao operacionalizar-se a Soft Systems Methodology no processo de estruturação da transformação Lean. Uma pesquisa-ação foi conduzida para avaliar esta possibilidade na prática e ao mesmo tempo auxiliar a AGR com a situação problemática na retomada dos esforços Lean. / The term lean became popular in the Western world after publication of "The machine that changed the world" (Womack et al., 1990) which argues it is the generalized form of the Toyota Production System. Since then, the academy has been investigating several aspects about it. Despite theoretical knowledge contribution, few companies have been able to implement this manufacturing strategy properly and, therefore, have experienced the supposed benefits. This is the case of AGR (fictitious name) steelmaking facility. The company started a lean transformation program in 2004 and few years later the efforts were discontinued. Recently new directions led other attempt at lean efforts. In this particular context, an inquiry was made: how the lean efforts can be organized and reinitiate in AGR? It is noteworthy that this implicitly unfolded a literature review that identified different theoretical views on the lean phenomenon. Fujimoto (1999) as the most prominent thinker of evolutionary school of thought – using an interpretivist approach – argues that Toyota has an evolutionary learning capability that enables the emergence of a new manufacturing system over time. The absence of a similar learning capability in companies seeking lean practices indicates one possible reason why they are difficult to achieve and sustain. Fujimoto (1999) describes it operating at Toyota through social construction of reality. Thus, a similar learning could be generated applying the Soft Systems Methodology as the structuration process for lean transformation. An action research was conducted to evaluate this proposition in practice and at the same time to help AGR in the attempt at lean efforts.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-19T18:51:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TeseCatarina_Final.pdf: 8264334 bytes, checksum: c3137c70a9924ba34f7f1f21851e4495 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T18:51:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TeseCatarina_Final.pdf: 8264334 bytes, checksum: c3137c70a9924ba34f7f1f21851e4495 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-21 / FACEPE / Há muito se estuda o uso de tecnologia da informação em apoio a diversas atividades nas organizações. Um eixo desses estudos convergiu, a partir da década de 1990, para o estudo de sistemas que suportassem o trabalho em grupo, inicialmente colocalizados e, mais recentemente, dispersos. Tais sistemas, nominados sistemas colaborativos, adquiriram maior robustez ao serem beneficiados com as funcionalidades mais sociais da web 2.0, permitindo a interação simultânea e à distância, ampliando as possibilidades de abordagens e arranjos de suas funções. Em outro ângulo, a tarefa de gerar ideias em grupo é algo que acontece no cotidiano desses coletivos e é essencial aumentar o desempenho das organizações perante o cenário dinâmico e competitivo do mercado. Nesta perspectiva, vislumbrou-se acoplar um sistema colaborativo a uma tarefa de geração de ideias expectando que tal dueto poderia facultar um melhor resultado naquela tarefa. Assim, a pesquisa objetivou apurar qual o efeito que a adoção de um sistema colaborativo provocaria na estruturação da tarefa de geração de ideias em grupos virtuais. Para embasar essa discussão, utilizaram-se as lentes de teorias estruturacionais e da atividade, além do modelo 3C de colaboração. Em seguida, para operacionalizar a pesquisa, realizou-se um quase-experimento, no qual funcionários de uma empresa do segmento farmacêutico foram instados a gerar ideias mediados por um sistema colaborativo especificado para a pesquisa, tendo sido aqueles observados sob parâmetros da quantidade e qualidade das ideias geradas e da satisfação com o processo e com o resultado. Os aspectos apurados confirmaram as expectativas iniciais, indicando que há potencial de sucesso, mas, por outro lado, fazem ver que os processos e rotinas bem definidos, a facilitação das atividades pelo sistema e os elementos constantes em encontros presenciais são componentes relevantes em tarefas grupais apoiadas pela TI, especialmente as de geração de ideias. / There has been a lot of studies using information technology as a support for several activities in organizations. In the 90´s decade, an axis of such studies converged for the teamwork’s support systems study, initially co-located and, more recently, dispersed, called collaborative systems. Empowered by the web 2.0 social functionalities, this system strengthens simultaneous and distance interaction, increasing the possibilities of its function as arrangements and approaches. In another perspective, the generating group ideas task is something that happens routinely in a group and it is frequently used to increase the organizational performance in this dynamic and competitive market scenario. From this perspective, there has been an idea of coupling a collaborative system to a task of idea generation expecting that such duet could generate better outcomes. Therefore, the research aims to verify what effects the adoption of a more socially profiled collaborative system would result in the structuring the idea generation tasks in dispersed groups. As a basis for this discussion, the structural and activity theories lenses were used, and also the 3C collaboration model. Then, to operationalize the research, a quasi-experiment was performed, where a pharmaceutical company employees were asked to generate ideas mediated by a collaborative system, developed especially for the research. During the quasi-experiment, it has been observed, using quantitative and qualitative techniques, the number and quality of the generated ideas, the satisfaction with the process and its results. The results confirmed the initial expectation, pointing out that this social and collaborative system type performs an important role in supporting idea generation tasks, moreover, the importance of well-defined processes and routines, the activities facilitation by the system and the elements experienced in face-to-face encounters must be considered as well.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-10T18:06:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Altacir Bunde - 2017.pdf: 6613128 bytes, checksum: d9c5f5e8317fb10b6e20b0fcfd175bdd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-11T12:01:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Altacir Bunde - 2017.pdf: 6613128 bytes, checksum: d9c5f5e8317fb10b6e20b0fcfd175bdd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-11T12:01:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Altacir Bunde - 2017.pdf: 6613128 bytes, checksum: d9c5f5e8317fb10b6e20b0fcfd175bdd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-19 / This research analyzes the impacts caused by direct foreign investments (DFI) in the (re)structuring and foreignization of the Brazilian sugarcane sector. Over the last years, Brazil has been the target of an international capital offensive, associated with and articulated by transnational companies, pension funds, bankers and landowners. With the global capitalist crisis of 2008, large groups and corporations pushed through Brazilian land, bringing about a (re)structuration of its sector by means of DFI. In face of this scenario, the aim of our research is to understand the formation process of the modern sugarcane sector in the country. After the globalization of capital and the deregulation of Brazilian economy, and, consequently, of its sugarcane sector, DFI arrived through F&As processes – causing a spatial reorganization, where mostly multinational companies are currently building networks, cooperation chains, and forming alliances with national partners, therefore rescuing the liberal thought. Their goal is to monopolize not only the market, but also production, in order to replace the levels of expansion and capital accumulation, thus appropriating the income earned from the land. DFI brought an impact in the relations of labor and production. Since the beginning of the 20th century, no other sector went through such rapid transformation as the Brazilian sugarcane sector, which raised the level of development in productive forces. Those transformations also had an impact in relations of both labor and production, its characteristics being new ways of expropriation, exploration and exclusion of worker(s). Such features are mostly noticed in foreign economic groups – and the speed of how those transformations happen are also noticed. In the current phase of development of the productive forces involving the Brazilian sugarcane sector, we notice that by means of technological processes, the monopolist’s economic groups are capable of making the fusion of the land and workforce exploration possible – such as in the case of the Raízen Group. By using technology in a combination between mechanics, electronics and information system, it has been possible to make the above-mentioned fusion, standardizing the rate of exploration of the human workforce, even though the factories that belong to the group are geographically spread one from the other. Concerning concentration, centralization and foreignization, these occur in a more accelerated way in the sugar trade because this product is a commodity. The process of centralization happened through the creation of the so-called joint venture. In both trade and distribution of ethanol, we notice a process of concentration and centralization, but with no prevalence of foreign capital. We also observed that in the sugarcane’s milling, there is a presence of about 30% of foreign groups. Even though there is not enough data, one notices that with the arrival of DFI, land ownership also underwent a process of foreignization. In face of all these elements it is possible to assert that capitalism has come into a new imperialist era, based on the globalization of the financial capital, the territorialization of monopolies, the monopolization of territories and in the construction of alliances (agreements). / A presente pesquisa analisa os impactos provocados pelos investimentos externos diretos (IEDs) na (re)estruturação e estrangeirização do setor sucroenergético brasileiro. O Brasil, nos últimos anos, vem sendo alvo de uma ofensiva do capital internacional, associado às e articulado pelas empresas transnacionais, fundos de pensões, banqueiros e latifundiários. Com a crise do capitalismo mundial (2008), grandes grupos e corporações avançaram sobre o campo brasileiro levando, através do investimento externo direto (IED) a (re)estruturação, do setor. Diante de todo este cenário, o objetivo de nossa pesquisa foi compreender o processo de formação do moderno setor sucroenergético no Brasil. Após o processo de mundialização do capital e com a desregulamentação da economia brasileira e, consequentemente, do setor sucroenergético no Brasil, os IEDs chegaram ao setor por meio dos processos de F&As, o que provocou uma reorganização espacial, onde as empresas, especialmente as multinacionais, estão formando redes, cadeias de cooperação e firmando alianças com parceiros nacionais e, com isso, resgatando o pensamento liberal. O objetivo é monopolizar, tanto o mercado como a produção para repor os níveis de expansão e acumulação do capital, apropriando-se da renda da terra. Os IEDs provocaram impactos nas relações de produção e de trabalho. A partir do começo do século XXI, nenhum outro setor passou por transformações tão rápidas como o setor sucroenergético brasileiro, elevando assim, o desenvolvimento das forças produtivas. Essas transformações nas forças produtivas provocaram mudanças nas relações de produção e de trabalho tendo como característica novas formas de expropriação, de exploração e de exclusão dos/as trabalhadores/as. Estas transformações ocorreram com a chegada dos IEDs que formaram os grupos econômicos estrangeiros. São nos grupos econômicos estrangeiros que estas mudanças vêm ocorrendo de forma mais rápida e é neles que se transformam, também, de forma rápida, as relações de trabalho, de exploração, expropriação e exclusão. Nessa fase atual de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas que envolve o setor sucroenergético brasileiro vimos que, por meio do uso de processos tecnológicos, os grupos econômicos monopolistas são capazes de fazer com que haja a fusão da exploração territorial da força de trabalho, como é o caso do Grupo Raízen. Por meio do uso da tecnologia a partir de uma combinação entre a mecânica, a eletrônica e sistema de informação é possível realizar a fusão territorial e, com isso, padronizar a taxa de exploração da força de trabalho humana, mesmo que geograficamente as usinas pertencentes ao grupo, estejam dispersas uma das outras. No que diz respeito à concentração, centralização e estrangeirização, estas ocorreram de forma mais acelerada na comercialização do açúcar devido a esta mercadoria ser uma commodity. O processo de centralização se deu por meio da criação das chamadas joint venture. Na comercialização e distribuição de etanol, observa-se um processo de concentração e centralização, mas sem domínio do capital externo. Na moagem da cana-de-açúcar, percebemos que a presença dos grupos estrangeiros é de cerca de 30%. Percebe-se, também que, com a chegada dos IEDs houve, sim, a estrangeirização fundiária do setor, embora não se possa precisar, devido à falta de dados. Diante de todos estes elementos, percebe-se que o capitalismo chegou a uma nova fase de imperialismo, baseado na mundialização do capital e financeira, na territorialização dos monopólios, na monopolização do território e na construção de alianças (pactos).

Nous proposons un algorithme original de structuration des réseaux ad hoc nommé SDEAC dans le but d'optimiser les communications et de tolérer les pannes transitoires. SDEAC est auto-stabilisant, distribué et déterministe. Il utilise un modèle asynchrone à passage de messages et se fonde sur un voisinage à distance 1 pour construire des clusters non-recouvrants à k sauts. Nous montrons que partant d'une configuration quelconque et sans occurrence de pannes transitoires, SDEAC structure le réseau dans le pire des cas en n+2 transitions. En outre, son exécution nécessite une occupation mémoire de (Δu+1)*log(2n+k+3) bits pour chaque noeud u, avec Δu étant le degré de u, k le rayon maximal des clusters et n la taille du réseau. Par simulation sous OMNeT++, nous observons pour un réseau quelconque un temps de stabilisation très inférieur à celui du pire des cas d'une part. D'autre part, suite à l'occurrence de pannes transitoires après la stabilisation, nous constatons un temps de stabilisation inférieur à celui du clustering. Dans le contexte des RCSF, nous étudions la consommation énergétique de SDEAC suivant trois critères d'élection des cluster-heads (identité, degré et énergie résiduelle des noeuds) puis nous la comparons avec celle de la solution de Mitton et al. opérant dans le même modèle. Les résultats montrent que SDEAC permet le passage à l'échelle et réduit la consommation énergétique de 42% à 49%. Enfin, pour l'utilisation de SDEAC dans l'acheminement de l'information, nous proposons deux approches efficaces : (i) un routage sans agrégation qui minimise les délais de bout en bout et (ii) un routage avec agrégation partielle qui réduit la consommation énergétique totale offrant ainsi une meilleure durée de vie du réseau. / We propose SDEAC, a self-Stabilizing Distributed Energy-Aware and fault-tolerant Clustering algorithm. SDEAC uses an asynchronous message-passing model and is based on 1-hop neighboring to build non-overlapping k-hops clusters. We prove that, starting from an arbitrary configuration, SDEAC structures the network after at most n + 2 transitions and requires (Δu+1)log(2n+k+3) memory space for each node u, where n is the number of network nodes, Δu is the degree of u and k represents the maximum hops number. Through simulations under OMNeT++, we observe that over arbitrary network, the stabilization time is far below the worst case scenario. Furthermore, we remark that after faults, the re-clustering cost is significantly lower than the clustering cost. In the context of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), we evaluate the energy consumption of SDEAC according to multiple criteria in the election of cluster-heads, such as nodes' identity, residual energy or degree and we compare it with the well-known message-passing based self-stabilizing clustering algorithm proposed by Mitton et al. Results show that SDEAC is scalable and reduces energy consumption between 42% and 49%.Afterwards, we propose efficient scenarios in order to transfer information: (i) the non-aggregation scenario that provides a better end-to-end delay and (ii) the partially-decentralized aggregation scenario that reduces the total energy consumption and prolongs the network lifetime.