This study aims to identify factors that influence teachers’ conditions in Zimbabwe. Eight teachers have been interviewed in different parts of Zimbabwe. Theories on motivation have been used to analyze the findings. The analysis led up to two categories of factors with impact on teachers’ conditions, which are named Remuneration Factors as well as Non-remuneration Factors. Our findings reveal that when the remunerations are on such a low level that the teachers experience hardships in satisfying their most basic needs, their over-all motivation is negatively influenced. However, the teachers are at the same time motivated by the fact that they enjoy the job itself.

This dissertation examined if community college governing board structure and trustee selection influence institutional and student outcomes. This study employed a causal-comparative design and one-way between subjects ANOVA to examine the effects of board structure and trustee selection on the average cost of attendance, graduation rate, and salary after attending. The participants were 894 public community colleges in the United States. The independent variables included board structure (local boards versus statewide boards) and board composition (elected boards versus appointed boards). The independent variable data were collected from a report, Public Community College Governing Boards: Structure and Composition, compiled by the Association of Community College Trustees. The 3 dependent variables (i.e., average cost of attendance, graduation rate, and salary after attending) was collected from pre-existing publicly available data from the United States Department of Education College Scorecard. The research indicated that a locally governed board does result in a lower cost of attendance. The results also signaled that community college boards with elected boards of trustees have a lower cost of attendance and a higher salary after attending.

No description available.

Denna studie undersöker styrning av professioner i offentlig förvaltning. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur managementstyrning påverkar professioner. Studiens empiriska material är dokument som uttrycker lönekriterier. Dokumenten representerar sex organisationer i offentlig förvaltning. Dokumenten representerar de tre olika huvudmännen inom offentlig förvaltning, statlig förvaltning, regional förvaltning och kommunal förvaltning. Dokumenten riktar sig till relativt starka och traditionella professionsyrken. Studien visar att dokumenten innehåller en managementdiskurs vilken konstruerar medarbetare. Professionen styrs genom beteendestyrning, resultatstyrning och normstyrning. Den professionella logiken står tillbaka för den marknadsmässiga logiken och den politisk/byråkratiska logiken. / This study explores the management of professions in public administration. The purpose of the study is to find out how management affects professions. The empirical material of the study is documents expressing salary criteria. The documents represent six organizations in public administration. The documents represent the three different levels in public administration, state administration, regional administration and municipal administration. The documents are aimed at relatively strong and traditional professions. The study shows that the documents contain a management discourse that construct employees. The profession is governed by behavioral control, performance management and norm control. The professional logic stands back for market logic and political/bureaucratic logic.

The scope of this research deals with the notion that military service yields higher levels of earnings for individuals who successfully transition into the civilian labor force. Through the Human Capital Theory (HCT) lens, this study assessed the relationship between military connection and civilian labor force economic outcomes for women. The results of this study inform policy makers, military recruiters, civilian employers, and college administrators, with insights into how to support military connected women’s transition into the civilian workforce. This study hypothesized that military service along with the attainment of at least a bachelor’s degree would serve as a bridge to higher pay for women after transitioning into the civilian labor force. Drawing on data from the 2017 National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG), the focus of this quantitative study was to investigate how a college education affects civilian earnings. This study compared labor market outcomes between military connected women and non- military connected individuals who have earned at least a bachelor’s degree to determine if military service yields an earnings premium. This analysis determined that in general military connected women do not experience an earnings premium over military connected men and non- military connected individuals when combining military service and education after transitioning into the civilian labor force. Furthermore, this study revealed military does not act as a bridge to higher civilian labor force earnings for women. This suggests that a bridging environment from military service does not exist for women. Overall this study found that an individual’s military connection does not hinder their ability to successfully transition into the civilian labor force. However, it does suggest that military service does not act as a mechanism to move military connected job candidates to the front of the line. / Educational Leadership

Sammanfattning Kurs: ​Ämnesfördjupande arbete, Ekonomistryning 15 hp (2FE24E)  Titel​: Provisionsbaserad ersättning för fastighetsmäklare “Kan provision ses som ett belöningssystem och motivationsdrivare?”  Författare​: Anna Lennartsson, Amanda Jönsson & Ebba Waldau  Examinator​: Pia Nylinder Handledare​: Cristoffer Lokatt Bakgrund och problem​: En vanlig syn på yrket som fastighetsmäklare anses för många vara ett mer statusyrke än slitsamt yrke. Det finns inga specifika regler för den utbetalda provisionens storlek till en fastighetsmäklare och grundidén för provision hänvisas till att individer skall motiveras av att kunna påverka vad de får i lön och därmed utföra ett bättre arbete. För att individer skall utföra ett bättre arbete, kan ett belöningssystem vara optimalt eftersom det kan fungera till att förändra beteenden. För att kunna förändra beteende måste individen känna motivation, som tillkommer av olika belöningar. Det intressanta i studien blir därmed att undersöka om provision är motiverande och om hur fastighetsmäklare resonerar till provision som ett belöningssystem. Syfte​: Syftet med denna uppsats grundar sig i att undersöka fastighetsmäklarens syn på att ha en hundraprocentig provisionsbaserad lön. Vi vill undersöka fastighetsmäklares resonemang kring provision som ett belöningssystem. Slutligen vill vi analysera hur provisionen påverkar fastighetsmäklares motivation, utifrån teori modellen Maslows behovstrappa. Metod​: Studien baseras på en kvalitativ struktur och den empiriska datainsamlingen kommer från sex etablerade fastighetsmäklare runt om i Sverige. Intervjuformen som valdes var semistrukturerad intervju som genomfördes digitalt genom programvaran Zoom med samtliga respondenter. I metoden presenteras även en kort beskrivning på yrket som fastighetsmäklare. Slutsats​: Sammanfattningsvis kan vi konstatera att fastighetsmäklarnas resonemang på provision som belöningssystem är olika. De anser att provision är ett belöningssystem eftersom den provisionen de får är en belöning för det utförda arbetet. Andra resonerar däremot att provision inte är ett belöningssystem för att det anser att provisionen är den inkomst som alla har rätt till efter utförd prestation. Här ligger fokuset allt mer på den icke monetära belöningen, som mer handlar om status, ranking, rekommendationer och nöjda kunder för det är detta som belönar respondenterna till en maximerad prestation.  Provisionen kan därmed konstateras vara motiverande för vissa respondenter eftersom de motiveras av provisionens påverkan på dess lön beroende på deras utförda prestation. Men alla respondenter ser inte provisionen som den huvudsakliga motivationen eftersom en nöjd och återkommande kund är det som ger motivation till yrket som fastighetsmäklare. Nyckelord​: Belöningssystem, provision, motivation, fastighetsmäklare, finansiella incitament, flexibelt lönesystem, rörlig ersättning och Maslows behovstrappa. / Abstract Course: ​Bachelor Thesis, Financial Control, 15 hp (2FE24E) Title​: Commission based compensation for real estate agents "Can commission-based salary be seen as a reward system and motivator?"  Authors​: Anna Lennartsson, Amanda Jönsson & Ebba Waldau Examiner​: Pia Nylinder Advisor​: Cristoffer Lokatt Background and problem discussion​: ​A common view of the profession as a real estate agent is considered by many to be a more status profession than a tiring profession. There are no specific rules for the size of the commission based salary paid to a real estate agent and the basic idea for commission based salary is referred to that individuals should be motivated by being able to influence what they get in salary and thereby perform a better job. For individuals to do a better job, a reward system can be optimal because it can work to change behaviours. To be able to change behaviour, the individual must feel motivated, which is added by different rewards. The interesting thing about the study will thus be to investigate whether commissions- based salary is motivating and how real estate agents’ reason for commissions as a reward system. Purpose​: The purpose of this thesis is based on examining the real estate agent's view of having a one hundred percent commission-based salary. We want to examine real estate agents' reasoning about commissions-based salary as a reward system. Finally, we want to analyse how the commission-based salary affects real estate agents' motivation, based on the theory model ​Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Method​: The study is based on a qualitative structure and the empirical data collection comes from six established real estate agents around Sweden. The interview format chosen was a semi-structured interview that was conducted digitally through the Zoom software with all respondents. The method also presents a brief description of the profession as a real estate agent. Conclusion​: In summary, we can state that the real estate agents' reasoning on commission-based salary as a reward system is different. They believe that commission-based salary is a reward system because the commission-based salary they receive is a reward for the work done. Others argue, however, that commission-based salary is not a reward system because it considers the commission to be the income to which everyone is entitled after performance.  Here the focus is increasingly on the non-monetary reward, which is more about status, rankings, recommendations and satisfied customers because this is what rewards the respondents to a maximized performance.The commission-based salary can thus be found to be motivating for certain respondents because they are motivated by the commission's impact on its salary depending on their performance. But not all respondents see commission-based salary as the main motivation because a satisfied and returning customer is what gives motivation to the profession as a real estate agent. Keywords​: Reward system, commission-based salary, motivation, real estate agent, financial incentives, a flexible salary system, variable compensation and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

"This paper is limited to a study of a sample of churches receiving support from the Commission on Minimum Salary of the North Texas Conference of the Methodist Church. It is further limited to the phases of membership, budgets, World Service, and minimum salary. The period to be covered is the four years from June, 1949, to June, 1953, during which time the Commission operated under the same principles and officers."-- leaf 1.

This diploma thesis deals with the everyday life of journalists between years 1970 - 1990. It is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part draws mainly from books on sociology, Statistics Office and publications and journals of "The Journalist" ("Novinář") publishing. There are definitions of the key terms and statistic data on media, culture and life style in the first part. It also depicts Czech society in the time of Normalization, as well as professional and social structure of the population, scholar-ship and the position of a journalist in this era. The practical part is devoted to the interviews with journalists and analyses separate aspects of everyday life. This analysis was made with the usage of the qualitative method and compares particular responses of the journalists with the data from the theoretical part.

A partir do arcabouço teórico da Teoria do Capital Humano, analisam-se os indicadores socioeconômicos e as diferenças entre os empregados especializados e os não-especializados da cultura da cana-de-açúcar no estado de São Paulo. A Teoria do Capital Humano estuda e analisa a capacidade de as habilidades e de os conhecimentos adquiridos e estocados pelos indivíduos proporcionarem renda e produção. A partir dos dados da PNAD, para os anos entre 2002 e 2007, são analisadas e comparadas algumas variáveis, como idade, escolaridade, rendimentos, grau de formalização e posição na ocupação (permanente ou temporário), para os dois grupos de empregados (especializados e não-especializados). Os rendimentos apresentados pela amostra da PNAD ainda são comparados aos valores das Convenções Coletivas de Trabalho e ao salário mínimo real. Também são apresentadas informações coletadas com representantes de cinco usinas de açúcar e álcool, no que tange à qualificação profissional de empregados do corte manual, visando à recolocação no corte mecânico. Além disso, são estimadas três equações de rendimentos, para avaliar os efeitos da especialização sobre os rendimentos dos indivíduos, além de outras variáveis relacionadas às características pessoais dos empregados, como educação, idade, sexo, condição na família e situação do domicílio e às suas características de trabalho, como formalização, número de horas semanais trabalhadas e posição na ocupação. Assim, com base nos dados da PNAD e nos resultados apresentados neste trabalho, observa-se a influência da especialização sobre os rendimentos dos empregados que atuam na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, dado que, nos três modelos estimados, os empregados especializados ganhavam 22,2%, 21,7%, 21,7% a mais que os não-especializados. Da mesma forma, quanto maiores os níveis de escolaridade dos indivíduos, maiores são os seus salários. Ademais, o perfil do empregado da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, com o aumento da mecanização, requer uma escolaridade mais elevada, principalmente devido à maior utilização de novas tecnologias envolvidas na atividade. Embora já se notem algumas iniciativas públicas e privadas visando à requalificação dos empregados envolvidos no corte manual da cana-de-açúcar, ressalta-se que ainda permanecem aquém das necessidades que se apresentam, dado o aumento da mecanização. / Using the theoretical framework of the Human Capital Theory, this paper analyzes the socioeconomic indicators and the differences between specialized and non-specialized workers in the sugarcane cultivation of the state of São Paulo. The Human Capital Theory analyzes the capacity of the acquired and retained knowledge of individuals in provide income and increase labor productivity. This paper will compare and analyze age, level of education, income, employment status, type of employment (full-time or temporary), and position for the two types of workers (specialized and non-specialized) utilizing data from the 2002 to 2007 PNAD (Brazilian Census). The income values from the PNAD are then compared to the values specified in the Collective Labor Conventions and the current minimum wage. It will also aim to present information gathered from representatives of five sugar and alcohol mills about the retraining of workers in the manual harvesting in order for them to be staffed in a mechanized harvesting situation. Furthermore, three income equations are estimated to evaluate the effect of specialization on the individuals income and also the effects of the variables mentioned above. Through PNAD data and the results from this paper, the influence of specialization in relation to income is readily seen. In the three models, specialized workers earned 22.2%, 21.7%, and 21.7% more than their non-specialized counterparts. This shows that with increased levels of education, the level of income also increases. In addition, the profile of a sugarcane cultivation employee now requires an elevated level of education due to the increased use of technology and mechanized harvesting. Although there are public and private initiatives aimed at the retraining of manual harvesting employees, it is insufficient considering the situation the industry faces due to the increase in mechanization.

O objetivo dessa dissertação foi analisar a existência de processos que reflitam a teoria dos torneios de promoção (tournaments) em uma instituição financeira cooperativa. Foram examinados e analisados os efeitos da avaliação de desempenho nas promoções dos empregados, sua relação com os cargos da empresa, os incentivos gerados e como se relaciona à teoria dos torneios de promoção (tournaments). A análise empírica do caso da instituição financeira cooperativa em questão aponta clara necessidade da empresa em rever seus processos de promoções, a fim de gerar os incentivos adequados aos cumprimentos dos objetivos organizacionais. Os resultados indicaram haver pouca relação da avaliação de desempenho às promoções, deixando lacunas para os empregados visualizarem suas carreiras e se motivarem a cargas maiores de esforço através da estrutura organizacional. Cabe à empresa escolher se continuará com o modelo atual ou melhorará sua lógica de promoção. / The purpose of this dissertation was to observe the existence of processes that reflect the theory of promotion (tournaments) in a cooperative financial institution. They were examined and analyzed the performance evaluation of effects on promotion of employees, the company’s positions, the generated incentives and how it relates to the tournament’s theory. The empirical analysis of the case of cooperative financial institution in question points clear need for the company to review its promotion processes in order to generate the appropriate incentives to greetings of organizational objectives. The results indicated there is little performance evaluation in relation to promotions, leaving gaps for employees visualize their careers and motivate themselves to higher levels of effort by organizational structure. The company must choose whether to continue with the current model or improve your logical promotion sketch.