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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Étude fonctionnelle de l’opéron fimbriaire stg de Salmonella enterica sérovar Typhi

Forest, Chantal 11 1900 (has links)
La bactérie Salmonella enterica sérovar Typhi (S. Typhi) provoque la fièvre typhoïde chez les humains et constitue un problème de santé publique important. La majorité de nos connaissances sur la pathogenèse de cette bactérie provient du modèle de fièvre entérique chez la souris causée par le sérovar Typhimurium. Peu d’études se sont penchées sur les facteurs de virulence uniques au sérovar Typhi, ni sur la possibilité que les pseudogènes retrouvés dans son génome puissent être fonctionnels. Le fimbria stg, unique au sérovar Typhi, renferme un codon d’arrêt TAA prématuré dans le gène stgC qui code pour le placier responsable de l’assemblage des sous-unités fimbriaires à la surface de la bactérie. Ainsi, le fimbria stg a été classifié dans la liste des pseudogènes non-fonctionnels. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient d’évaluer l’implication du fimbria stg lors de l’interaction avec les cellules humaines, puis de vérifier l’importance du pseudogène stgC lors de la biogenèse fimbriaire. Dans une première partie, la transcription de stg a été évaluée à l’aide d’une fusion lacZ. Malgré des niveaux d’expression observés généralement faibles en milieu riche, la croissance en milieu minimal a favorisé la transcription de l’opéron. La délétion complète de l’opéron fimbriaire stgABCD du génome de S. Typhi a été réalisée par échange allélique, puis a été complémentée sur un plasmide. Il a été démontré que la présence de stg chez S. Typhi, S. Typhimurium et E. coli contribue à une adhérence accrue sur les cellules épithéliales humaines. De plus, ce fimbria semble agir comme une structure anti-phagocytaire lors de l’interaction avec des macrophages humains. Ainsi, l’opéron stg semble fonctionnel, malgré son codon d’arrêt prématuré, puisque des phénotypes ont été observés. La seconde partie de cette étude consistait à vérifier le rôle joué par le pseudogène stgC dans la biogenèse du fimbria. Différentes variantes de l’opéron ont été générées, clonées dans un vecteur inductible à l’arabinose, puis transformées dans la souche afimbriaire d’E. coli ORN172. La translocation de la sous-unité fimbriaire StgD à la surface de la bactérie a été évaluée chez ces différents mutants par immunobuvardage de type Western. Cette expérience a permis de démontrer que le pseudogène stgC est essentiel pour l’exportation de la sous-unité StgD à la surface. L’ajout d’une étiquette de 6-histidines en C-terminal de StgC a permis de confirmer la traduction complète du gène, malgré le codon d’arrêt TAA prématuré. Le séquençage peptidique a révélé l’insertion d’une tyrosine à ce codon. Une fusion traductionnelle avec la protéine verte fluorescente a révélé qu’environ 0.8% de l’ARNm peut être traduit et permet la production complète du placier. Ce projet a permis la caractérisation d’un facteur de virulence unique à S. Typhi et constitue une étape de plus vers la compréhension de ses mécanismes de pathogenèse. Il s’agit de la première démonstration chez les bactéries de la fonctionnalité d’un gène interrompu prématurément par un codon d’arrêt TAA. / Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes typhoid fever in humans and is considered as an important health problem. Most of our knowledge on the pathogenesis of this bacterium comes from an enteric fever model in mice caused by serovar Typhimurium. Few studies have examined the virulence factors unique to serovar Typhi or the possibility that pseudogenes harbored in its genome may be functional. stg fimbriae are found only within the serovar Typhi genome and contain a premature TAA stop codon in the stgC gene encoding the usher responsible for the assembly of fimbrial subunits at the bacterial surface. Thus, the stg fimbria has been classified among the list of non-functional pseudogenes. The objectives of this study were to assess the involvement of stg fimbriae during interaction with human cells, and then to evaluate the importance of the stgC pseudogene in fimbrial biogenesis. First, stg transcription was evaluated using a lacZ fusion. Despite low expression levels generally observed in rich medium, growth in minimal medium promoted transcription of the operon. Complete deletion of the stgABCD fimbrial operon from S. Typhi was performed by allelic exchange and was complemented on a plasmid. It has been shown that the presence of stg in S. Typhi, S. Typhimurium and E. coli contributes to increased adherence to human epithelial cells. In addition, the fimbriae seem to act as an anti-phagocytic structure during the interaction with macrophages. Thus, the stg operon appears to be functional despite its premature codon, as phenotypes were observed. The second part of this study involved testing the role of the stgC pseudogene in fimbrial biogenesis. Different variants of the operon were generated, cloned into an arabinose inducible vector, and then transformed into afimbriated E. coli strain ORN172. Translocation of the StgD subunit to the cell surface of the different mutants was evaluated using Western blot. This experiment demonstrated that stgC is essential for export of the StgD subunit to the cell surface. The addition of a 6-histidine tag at the C-terminal end of StgC confirmed the complete translation of the gene, despite the premature TAA stop codon. Peptide sequencing revealed the insertion of a tyrosine at this codon. A translational fusion with the green fluorescent protein demonstrated that approximately 0.8% of the mRNA can be translated to allow full production of the usher. This project allowed characterization of a virulence factor unique to S. Typhi and is a step closer towards better understanding of its pathogenesis mechanisms. This is the first demonstration in bacteria of the functionality of a gene which is interrupted by a premature TAA stop codon.
52

Genetic adaptation of Salmonella enterica to phagocytic cells /

Eriksson, Sofia, January 2003 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
53

Construção e analise da imunogenicidade de uma linhagem atenuada de Salmonella enterica produtora do dominio M2 do antigeno MAEBL de Plasmodium yoelii / Construction and analysis of the immunogenicity of an attenuated straim of salmonella enterica expressing MAEBL antigen M2 domain of Plasmodium yoelii

Franzin, Fernanda Maria, 1981- 07 January 2009 (has links)
Orientadores: Marcelo Brocchi, Fabio Trindade Maranhão Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T03:58:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franzin_FernandaMaria_M.pdf: 1412458 bytes, checksum: 2fe89ebc9e03c37ffcc48000024a232d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A malária é uma doença tropical causada pelo parasita Plasmodium spp e é considerada um sério problema de saúde pública. São aproximadamente 500 milhões de casos anuais e mais de um milhão de mortes, especialmente na África e Ásia. No Brasil, são 500 mil novos casos por ano, principalmente na região Amazônica. Esses elevados índices de mortalidade e morbidade são motivadores da busca por estratégias de controle e eliminação dessa doença. A vacinação é uma ferramenta promissora no controle e prevenção da malária, entretanto, uma vacina segura e efetiva ainda não está disponível, em parte devido ao complexo ciclo de vida do parasita e a expressão de diferentes antígenos em cada fase. O antígeno de membrana similar ao ligante de eritrócitos (MAEBL), é um forte candidato a ser usado no desenvolvimento de uma vacina efetiva contra a malária, uma vez que esse antígeno é expresso em diferentes períodos do ciclo de vida do parasita. Neste estudo, o domínio M2 do antígeno MAEBL de Plasmodium yoelli foi expresso em linhagens vivas atenuadas de Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (?3987, ?4550 e H683) e o uso dessas bactérias como vacina recombinante potencialmente indutora de proteção contra malária murina foi avaliado. Essas linhagens foram obtidas após construção e transdução do plasmídio pYA3137trc contendo a região m2 do gene maebl e a expressão do antígeno foi confirmada por immunoblotting. A administração oral das linhagens recombinantes a camundongos BALB/c/AnUnib resultou na colonização dos tecidos hospedeiros apenas pela linhagem H683. Essa linhagem foi então avaliada em termos de indução de resposta imune humoral contra M2 e capacidade de imunização no modelo murino. Apesar da resposta humoral contra M2 ter sido detectada in vivo, a linhagem recombinante não demonstrou proteção potencial contra a infecção por Plasmodium yoelii no modelo murino. / Abstract: Malaria is a tropical disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium spp and is considered a serious public health problem. There are about 500 million annual cases and more than one million of deaths, especially in Africa and Asia. In Brazil, there are 500.000 new cases per year, mainly in the Amazon region. Those high rates mortality motivate the search for strategies of control and elimination of this illness. The vaccination is a promising tool in the control and prevention of malaria; however, a safe and effective vaccine is not available yet, in part due to the complex life cycle of the parasite and expression of different antigens in each phase. Membrane antigen erythrocyte binding like (MAEBL) is a strong candidate to be used in the development of an effective vaccine against malaria, since this antigen is expressed in different periods of the parasite life cycle. In this work, the M2 domain of Plasmodium yoelli MAEBL antigen was expressed in attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (?3987, ?4550 e H683) and the use of these bacterias as potential inductor of protection against murine malaria was evaluated. These strains were obtained by construction and transduction of the plasmid pYA3137trc carrying the m2 region of the maebl gene and the antigen expression was confirmed by immunoblotting. The oral administration of the recombinant strains to BALB/c/AnUnib mice resulted in the colonization of host tissues only for the H683 strain. This strain was further evaluated in terms of induction of humoral immune response against M2 and immunization capacity in murine model. Even though humoral response against M2 was detected in vivo, the recombinant strains did not shown protective potential against the infection of Plasmodium yoelii in murine model. / Mestrado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular
54

Identificação e perfil de suscetibilidade de Salmonella sp. isoladas de carcaças de frango comercializadas em distritos de Goiânia / Identification and profile ofsusceptibility of Salmonella sp. isolated from chicken meat commercialized in Goiânia districts

Moreira, Natália Menezes 31 March 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-10T07:37:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Natália Menezes Moreira - 2014.pdf: 636340 bytes, checksum: a5f191bfdac09cf86439ea070b75834d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-10T07:39:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Natália Menezes Moreira - 2014.pdf: 636340 bytes, checksum: a5f191bfdac09cf86439ea070b75834d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T07:39:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Natália Menezes Moreira - 2014.pdf: 636340 bytes, checksum: a5f191bfdac09cf86439ea070b75834d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Food safety is a premise to public health worldwide. The poultry products are known as transmitters of important foodborne pathogens, especially Salmonella sp. The access to poultry products and eggs is cheaper and affordable to various social classes, which increases the risk to consumers when these products do not meet microbiological standards. Several studies indicate high prevalence of human salmonellosis linked to the consumption of chicken meat improperly processed and contaminated eggs. In aim to evaluate the occurrence of Salmonella sp. in poultry meat and eggs commercialized in Goiânia, a study was undertaken using enzyme immunoassay and later confirmation by conventional bacteria isolation and serotyping. A second objective was to profile the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. A total of 100 broiler carcasses and 100 dozen of eggs were collected from 20 stores located in seven different health districts of Goiânia. The results showed the occurrence of Salmonella sp. in 21 % of carcasses, but egg contamination was not detected in any of samples collected. The most frequently serovar isolated was Salmonella Schwarzengrund. It was observed that 100% of the isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, norfloxacin, and amikacin. On the other hand, 62% were resistant to nalidixic acid, 38% ceftriaxone and ampicillin, and 48% were resistant to trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. Finally, 52% of isolates showed intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. It was also observed that 42.9% of the isolates showed multidrug resistance, indicating the possible occurrence of multidrug-resistant serovars in the municipality of Goiânia and the need for monitoring to avoid the use of drugs indiscriminately. It can be concluded that the presence of Salmonella enterica in chicken meat available in Goiânia commerce may expose the population to the risk of foodborne-diseases by the consumption of improper food. / A inocuidade alimentar é premissa para saúde pública em todo o mundo. Os produtos de origem avícola são reconhecidamente veiculadores de importantes patógenos alimentares, com destaque à Salmonella sp. A carne de frango e ovos são de fácil acesso às diversas classes sociais, o que aumenta o risco à população consumidora quando estes estão fora dos padrões microbiológicos. Vários estudos apontam para a alta prevalência de salmonelose humana relacionada ao consumo de carne de frango mal processada e ovos contaminados. Diante do contexto apresentado, objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de Salmonella sp. em carne de frangos e ovos comercializados no município de Goiânia por meio do ensaio imunoenzimático, com posterior confirmação pelo isolamento bacteriano convencional e sorotipificação Pretendeu-se ainda traçar o perfil de suscetibilidade dos isolados a antimicrobianos. Um total de 100 carcaças de frangos e 100 dúzias de ovos foram coletadas em 20 estabelecimentos comerciais distribuídos em sete distritos sanitários, na cidade de Goiânia. Com os resultados foi possível constatar a ocorrência de Salmonella sp. em 21% das carcaças e não foi observada contaminação em nenhuma amostra de ovo. O sorovar mais isolado foi Salmonella Schwarzengrund. Quanto ao perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos, observou-se que 100% dos isolados foram sensíveis ao cloranfenicol, norfloxacina e amicacina. Por outro lado, 62% apresentaram resistência ao ácido nalidíxico, 38% à ceftriaxona e à ampicilina, e 48% foram resistentes ao sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim. Por fim, 52% dos isolados apresentaram sensibilidade intermediária frente à ciprofloxacina. Ainda observouse que 42,9% dos isolados apresentaram multirresistência, denotando a circulação de sorovares multirresistentes em Goiânia e a necessidade de monitoramento para evitar a utilização de fármacos de forma indiscriminada. Pode-se concluir que a presença de Salmonella enterica em carne de frango disponibilizada para comércio, expõe a população ao risco em função de alimentos impróprios para consumo, aptos a causarem doenças de cunho alimentar.
55

Caracterização fenotípica e molecular de linhagens atenuadas de Salmonella enterica Typhimurium = Phenotipic and molecular characterization of attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium / Phenotipic and molecular characterization of attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium

Neves, Meiriele da Silva das, 1990- 27 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Marcelo Brocchi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T16:38:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neves_MeirieledaSilvadas_M.pdf: 2620199 bytes, checksum: 70b2df72cfdb93196c91a87c813e12e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O gênero Salmonella pertence à família Enterobacteriaceae que agrupa bacilos Gram-negativos, anaeróbios facultativos, fermentadores e geralmente flagelados. S. enterica é um dos patógenos de origem alimentar mais prevalente, sendo que infecções causadas por essa bactéria podem estar relacionadas a praticamente todos os tipos de alimentos. O trabalho foi proposto com o intuito de realizar a caracterização fenotípica e molecular de linhagens atenuadas de Salmonella enterica Typhimurium para genes codificadores de proteínas associadas ao nucleóide (NAPs Nucleoid associated Proteins). As características fenótipicas dos mutantes nulos de Salmonella enterica para os genes ihfA ou ihfB, codificadores das subunidades A e B de IHF, foram avaliadas através de crescimento in vitro, motilidade, sobrevivência frente ao estresse nutricional (sobrevivência em fase estacionária), sob condições ácidas, na presença de sais biliares e quanto à capacidade de invasão e sobrevivência em macrófagos (linhagem J774A.1). Testes de confirmação da atenuação e avaliação da capacidade de induzir proteção em caso de infecção por S. enterica foram realizados utilizando o modelo murino. Os mutantes não apresentaram diferença no crescimento in vitro e na capacidade de sobreviver na presença de sais biliares em comparação com a linhagem selvagem. As linhagens mutantes para os genes ihfA ou ihf ihf ihfB) apresentaram uma menor capacidade de sobrevivência sob condições ácidas quando comparadas com a linhagem selvagem. A motilidade dos mutantes simples também foi reduzida. Os mutantes simples e duplo apresentaram maior capacidade de sobreviver sob estresse nutricional quando comparados com a linhagem selvagem. O mutante para o gene ihfA e o duplo mutante apresentaram um aumento na capacidade de invadir macrófagos. ihf ihfB mostraram uma capacidade aumentada em sobreviver no interior de macrófagos quando comparadas com a linhagem selvagem. Os mutantes nulos viii de Salmonella enterica para os genes ihfA ou ihfB apresentam atenuação, em diferentes graus, quanto à virulência e apresentaram capacidade de induzir proteção no modelo murino de infecção por S. enterica. Esses resultados demonstram que essa proteína apresenta função relacionada com a virulência bacteriana, sendo um importante alvo de estudo na busca de linhagens atenuadas / Abstract: The genus Salmonella belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family that comprises Gram-negative bacillus, facultative anaerobe, fermenting and generally flagellate. S. enterica is one of the most prevalent food-borne pathogen, and infections caused by this bacterium can be associated to almost all types of food. The work was proposed with the purpose of performing phenotypic and molecular characterization of attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium for genes encoding proteins associated with the nucleoid (NAPs - Nucleoid associated Proteins). The phenotypic characteristics of the null mutants of Salmonella enterica for genes ihfA or ihfB, encoding the A and B subunits of IHF, were evaluated by in vitro growth, motility, survival under nutritional stress (survival in the stationary phase), under acidic conditions, in the presence of bile salts and for the ability of invasion and survival in macrophages (J774A.1 strain). Attenuation tests and evaluation of the capacity to induce protection in case of infection by S. enterica were performed using the murine model. The mutants showed no difference in the in vitro growth and the ability to survive in the presence of bile salts in comparison with the wild type strain. The single mutant for ihfA or ihf ihf ihfB) showed decreased survival under acidic conditions when compared to the wild type strain. Motility of single mutants was also reduced. Single and double mutants showed higher ability to survive under nutritional stress when compared with the wild type strain. The mutant gene for ihfA and the double mutant showed an increased ability to invade ihf ihfB mutants showed an increased ability to survive within macrophages when compared with the wild type strain. Null mutants of Salmonella enterica for ihfA or ihfB genes exhibited attenuation, to varying degrees, for virulence and showed ability to induce protection in a murine model of infection by S. enterica. x These results demonstrate that this protein has function associated to bacterial virulence and is an important subject of study in search for attenuated strains / Mestrado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Mestra em Genética e Biologia Molecular
56

Prisustvo, karakterizacija i kontrolne opcije za Salmonella enterica u lancu mesa divlje svinje / The presence, characterization and control options for Salmonella enterica in the wild boar meat chain

Mirčeta Jovan 29 September 2017 (has links)
<p>Istraživanje je sprovedeno u cilju utvrđivanja prisustva i ra&scaron;irenosti infekcije sa Salmonella enterica u populaciji divljih svinja u lovnim gazdinstvima u Republici Srbiji, kao i uticaju procesa lova i obrade trupova divljih svinja na njihov mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status. U pogledu jednog od najznačajnijih alimentarnih patogena u divljih svinja, Salmonella enterica, ukupno je ispitano 425 jedinki, odstreljenih u 12 lovnih gazdinstava. Ukupna prevalencija Salmonella je iznosila 4,2%. Najvi&scaron;e izolata je dobijeno iz fecesa (13, odnosno 3,1%), dok je iz brisa kože i povr&scaron;ine mesa trupova dobijeno 3 (0,7%) odnosno 4 izolata (0,9%) i samo 1 izolat iz mezenterijalnog limfnog čvora (0,2%). Serotipizacijom izolata Salmonella enterica potvrđeni su serotipovi S. Enteritidis (71.4% od ukupnog broja izolata), S. Typhimurium (23,8%) i S. Infantis (samo jedan izolat, 4,8%). Salmonella enterica je statistički značajno če&scaron;će utvrđena kod životinja iz otvorenog lovi&scaron;ta, kao i kod jedinki ženskog pola starijih od 36 meseci i težih od 75 kg. Molekularnom karakterizacijom izolata Salmonella enterica metodom elektroforeze u pulsirajućem polju (PFGE) utvrđeni su identični profil S. Typhimurium iz fecesa i na povr&scaron;ini mesa trupa iste divlje svinje, &scaron;to ukazuje na prenos ovog patogena sa fecesa na meso trupa tokom evisceracije. Takođe su metodom PFGE utvrđeni identični i/ili visoko srodni profili Salmonella enterica kod divljih svinja poreklom iz različitih lovi&scaron;ta i između divljih svinja, domaćih svinja i živine poreklom sa farmi u okolini lovi&scaron;ta. Ovo ukazuje na postojanje genetske veze, kao i mogućnost postojanja epidemiolo&scaron;ke veze između divljih svinja i domaćih životinja u pogledu ovog patogena. Utvrđena je visoka mikrobiolo&scaron;ka kontaminacija kože i mesa trupova divljih svinja bakterijama indikatorima op&scaron;te i fekalne kontaminacije. Na osnovu uzorkovanih 210 divljih svinja, izlovljenih u 8 lovi&scaron;ta, prosečan ukupan broj bakterija (ACC) utvrđen na koži bio je je 5,2 log10 cfu/cm2, a broj Enterobacteriaceae (EBC) 3,6 log10 cfu/cm2. Prosečan ACC utvrđen na mesu trupova iznosio je 5,4 log10 cfu/cm2, a EBC 3,8 log10 cfu/cm2. Vi&scaron;i nivo mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije na mesu trupova divljih svinja u odnosu na kožu ukazuje da drugi izvori kontaminacije (prolivanje sadržaja creva kao posledice ustreljivanja u abdomen i druge nehigijenske procedure tokom obrade trupova) igraju važniju ulogu u kontaminaciji mesa trupova nego koža. Na mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status trupova su najvi&scaron;e uticale procedure lova i obrade trupova, pa je na nivou pojedinih lovi&scaron;ta utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između trupova ispravno odstreljenih životinja i onih pogođenih u abdomen. Na vi&scaron;i nivo mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije sa ACC i EBC su takođe uticale procedura evisceracije na terenu na otvorenom u ležećem položaju na zemlji i bez dostupne čiste vode, kao i veoma nehigijenska praksa pranja kože i unutra&scaron;njih povr&scaron;ina trupova nakon obavljene evisceracije. Rezultati ovog istraživanja značajno doprinose razumevanju epidemiologije Salmonella enterica u divljih svinja u Srbiji i rizičnih faktora koji utiču na njeno &scaron;irenje i mogućnost prenosa na ljude alimentarnim putem, kao i uticaja procesa lova i obrade trupova divljih svinja na njihov mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status. Oni takođe predstavljaju i naučnu osnovu za dalji razvoj strategija za kontrolu S. enterica u populaciji divljih svinja u Srbiji i sveukupne mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije mesa trupova.</p> / <p>The presence and distribution of Salmonella enterica infection in wild boar population in hunting estates in Serbia was studied, as well as the impact of hunting and carcass dressing procedures on their microbiological conditions.&nbsp; With respect to the main foodborne pathogen from wild boars, Salmonella enterica, the total number of 425 wild boars, originating from 12 hunting estates, was examined. The overall Salmonella prevalence was 4.2%. Isolates were recovered from faeces (13, representing 3.1%), while fewer from skin and carcass meat swabs, i.e. 3 (0.7%) and 4 (0.9%) respectively and only one isolate from mesenteric lymph node (0.2%). Serotyping of S. enterica isolates confirmed serotypes S. Enteritidis (71.4% of total numbers of isolates), S. Typhimurium (23.8%) and S. Infantis (only one isolate, 4.8%). Salmonella enterica was more often found in animals originating from open hunting estates, and from females older than 36 months weighing &gt;75 kg. Molecular characterisation of S. enterica isolates using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed identical profile of S. Typhimurium from the faeces and carcass meat surface of the same animal, indicating transmission of this pathogen from the faeces to carcass meat during evisceration. Also, identical and/or highly related profiles of S. enterica were determined from wild boars from different hunting estates and between wild boars and domestic pigs and poultry from nearby farms in close proximity to hunting estates. This indicate the existence of genetic link, and possibility of epidemiological link as well between wild boars and domestic animals in respect to this microbial pathogen. High microbial contamination of wild boar skin and carcass meat with indicators of general and faecal contamination was found. Based on 210 sampled wild boars from eight hunting estates, the mean aerobic colony counts (ACC) on wild boar skin was 5,2 log10 cfu/cm2 and Enterobacteriaceae counts (EBC) 3,6 log10 cfu/cm2. The mean ACC on carcass meat was 5,4 log10 cfu/cm2, and EBC 3,8 log10 cfu/cm2. Higher levels of microbial contamination on wild boar carcass meat comparing to the skin indicate that sources other than skin (such as gut content spilage due to abdominal shot, as well as other unhygienic carcass dressing procedures) play important role in carcass meat contamination. Hunting and dressing procedures mostly influenced carcass meat microbial conditions, hence statistically significant difference was observed between properly shot animals and animals shot in abdominal region, as shown on the individual hunting estate level. Other procedures also had an influence on the higher carcass meat microbial contamination with ACC and EBC, such as evisceration in the field in lying position on the ground and without access to a clean water, as well as very unhygienic practice of washing skin and interior carcass surfaces after completed evisceration. The results from this study significantly contribute to the understanding of Salmonella enterica epidemiology in wild boars in Serbia and risk factors that contribute to its spread and transmission to humans, as well as to the impact of hunting and carcass dressing procedures on their microbial status. These results are also sound scientific basis for further development of control strategies for S. enterica in wild boar population in Serbia and control of overall microbial contamination on wild boar carcass meat.</p>
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Estudo da atividade antimicrobiana de ramnolipídeos contra bactérias patogênicas de importância alimentar / Study of the antimicrobial activity of rhamnolipids against pathogenic bacteria of food importance

Ferreira, Jakeline de Freitas 05 June 2017 (has links)
As bactérias patogênicas são os principais agentes que contaminam alimentos e podem prejudicar a saúde humana. Para tentar combater e controlar a contaminação de alimentos investigam-se novos compostos que apresentam atividade antimicrobiana. O ramnolipídeo (RL) é um biossurfatante (BS) produzido por Pseudomonas spp. que apresenta elevada biodegradabilidade e, baixa toxicidade além de potencial antimicrobiano. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a atividade antimicrobiana do RL frente às bactérias patogênicas Gram positivas, Bacillus cereus (ATCC 33018), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19112), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 8095) e Gram negativas, Escherichia coli (EHEC) (ATCC 43895) e Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13076) além de contribuir na elucidação do mecanismo de ação destes compostos. Os testes de susceptibilidade ao RL foram realizados a partir da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) utilizando a técnica de micro-diluição. O efeito do pH sobre a atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliado na faixa de pH 5 a 9. Para avaliação do mecanismo de ação foram realizados ensaios de permeabilidade celular, espectroscopia de infravermelho e hidrofobicidade celular. O RL apresentou atividade antimicrobiana para as bactérias B. cereus em CIM 19,5 &#956g/mL e CBM 39,1 &#956g/mL, e para L. monocytogenes CIM 156,2 &#956g/mL e CBM 312,5 &#956g/mL. Para B. cereus apresentou efeito bactericida a partir de 30 minutos na CBM, e para L. monocytogenes em 8 horas de incubação com o RL na CBM. As bactérias Gram negativas E. coli e S. enterica mostraram-se resistentes ao RL. O pH influenciou a ação antimicrobiana do RL sendo mais efetivo em pH mais ácidos. O tratamento com RL promoveu redução da hidrofobicidade da superfície celular das bactérias sensíveis. Os espectros infravermelhos evidenciaram alterações na composição química da membrana/parede celular principalmente para bactérias Gram positivas. A permeabilidade da membrana celular aumentou de acordo com o aumento da concentração de RL. A atividade antimicrobiana do RL foi evidenciada para as bactérias Gram positivas sendo mais sensíveis B. cereus e L. monocytogenes. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que o RL promove alterações na permeabilidade e composição química da membrana celular bacteriana sendo um agente potencial para controle de bactérias Gram positivas de importância alimentar. / Pathogenic bacteria are main agents that contaminate food and are harmful to human health. The search for new compounds to combat and control food pathogens is of increasing interest. Rhamnolipid (RL) is a biosurfactant (BS) typically produced by Pseudomonas spp., showing high biodegradability, low toxicity and antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of RL against the food pathogenic Gram positive bacteria Bacillus cereus (ATCC 33018), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19112), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 8095) and Gram negative, Escherichia coli (EHEC) (ATCC 43895) and Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13076) and also contribute to the elucidation of RL mechanism of action. Susceptibility tests were performed by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the broth microdilution method. The effect of pH on antimicrobial action was also investigated ranging from 5 to 9. Mechanism of action was studied using membrane permeability, infrared spectroscopy and cell hydrophobicity assays. The MIC value for B. cereus was 19.5 &#956g/mL and MBC was 39.1 &#956g/mL. L. monocytogenes was inhibited at concentration 156.2 &#956g/mL showing MBC of 312.5 &#956g/mL. B. cereus presented bactericidal effect after 30 minutes and for L. monocytogenes after 8 hours. The Gram-negative E. coli and S. enterica were resistant to RL. The pH influence antimicrobial activity of the RL showing decreasing MIC values at acidic conditions. Cell hydrophobicity was reduced by RL for the sensitive bacteria. Infrared spectroscopy showed that RL induced changes in chemical composition of cell membrane/ wall especially for the Gram positive bacteria. Cell permeability also increases as RL concentration increases. Antimicrobial activity of RL was evidenced for Gram positive bacteria and the most sensitive were B. cereus and L. monocytogenes. The results of this study suggest that rhamnolipid biosurfactant promotes changes in the permeability and membrane chemical composition showing potential to control foodborne Gram positive bacteria.
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Efeitos da exposição subsequente a estresses abióticos na termotolerância e sobrevivência em condições gastrointestinais simuladas de salmonella enteritidis pt4 e salmonella typhimurium pt4

Melo, Adma Nadja Ferreira de 21 March 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-05T13:57:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1065428 bytes, checksum: 87d41d3e8d39921b88e283f449f37caa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-05T13:57:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1065428 bytes, checksum: 87d41d3e8d39921b88e283f449f37caa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Salmonella enterica subespecie enterica is a pathogen frequently involved in outbreaks worldwide. Serovars S. Enteritidis e S. Typhimurium belonging to paghe type 4 (PT4) are prevalent among the etiological agentes of salmonellosis outbreaks involving chicken meat. The aim of this study was to assess changes in thermotolerance and capability to survive to gastrointestinal conditions of Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 and S. Typhimurium PT4 incorporated in chicken breast following exposure to abiotic stresses (cold, acid and osmotic) imposed during food processing. The effects of stressing conditions imposed by Origanum vulgare L. essential oil (oregano), a candidate substance for use as antimicrobial in foods, was also assessed. The exposure to cold stress (5°C for 5 h) did not result in increased tolerance to acid stress (lactic acid at 5 μL/g and 2.5 μL/g) in all tested strains. Cells of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis previously exposed to acid stress showed higher tolerance to osmotic stress (NaCl at 75 mg/g or 37.5 mg/g,) compared to non-acid-exposed cells. The exposure to osmotic stress without previous exposure to acid stress caused a salt-concentration dependent decrease in S. Enteritidis or S. Typhimurium. Exposure to oregano essential oil at subinhibitory concentrations (1.25 μL/g and 0.625 μL/g) decreased the acid and omostic tolerance in both S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. The subsequent exposure to cold, acid and osmotic stress conditions increased the thermotolerance in all test strains. Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the cells that survived the subsequent stress exposure (persisters) showed higher tolerance to acidic conditions (approximately 1.2 log CFU/g) compared with control cells. Persisters cells of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium showed higher survival rates at the end of the in vitro digestion. These results show that subsequent exposure to stress conditions increase the thermotolerance and enhanced the survival under gastrointestinal condition in S. Enteritidis PT4 and S. Typhimurium PT4, which may contribute to the persistence of this pathogen within food matrix and host. / Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica é um patógeno frequentemente envolvido em surtos alimentares em todo o mundo. Os sorovares S. Enteritidis e S. Typhimurium pertencentes ao fagotipo 4 (PT4) são prevalentes entre os agentes etiológicos de surtos de salmonelose envolvendo carne de frango. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar mudanças na termotolerância e a capacidade de sobreviver em condições gastrointestinais simuladas de Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 e S. Typhimurium PT4 inoculadas em peito de frango após a exposição subsequente a estresses abióticos (frio, ácido e osmótico) impostos durante o processamento de alimentos. Os efeitos da exposição ao óleo essencial de Origanum vulgare L. (orégano), uma substância proposta para uso como antimicrobiano em alimentos também foram avaliados. A exposição ao estresse frio (5 °C durante 5 h) não aumentou a viabilidade das células na exposição subsequente ao estresse ácido (ácido láctico - 5 μL/g e 2,5 μL/g) nas cepas testadas. Células de S. Enteritidis ou S. Typhimurium previamente expostas ao estresse ácido mostraram maior tolerância ao estresse osmótico (NaCl - 75 mg/g e 37,5 mg/g) em comparação com células não expostas ao ácido. A exposição ao estresse osmótico sem prévia exposição ao estresse ácido causou um decréscimo concentração-dependente em ambas as cepas testadas. A exposição ao óleo essencial de orégano em concentrações subletais (1,25 μL/g e 0,625 μL/g) diminuiu a tolerância ao estresse ácido e osmótico em S. Enteritidis e S. Typhimurium. A exposição subsequente aos estresses frio, ácido e osmótico em todas as concentrações testadas aumentou a termotolerância nas cepas testadas. Em condições gastrointestinais simuladas, as células sobreviventes dos tratamentos de subsequente exposição ao estresse (células persistentes) apresentaram maior tolerância às condições ácidas em comparação às células controles. Células persistentes de S. Enteritidis e S. Typhimurium apresentaram taxas de sobrevivência maiores (aproximadamente 1,2 log UFC/g) que as células controle no final da digestão in vitro. Estes resultados mostram que a exposição subsequente a condições de estresse aumenta a termotolerância e a sobrevivência em condições gastrointestinais em S. Enteritidis PT4 e S. Typhimurium PT4, o que pode contribuir para a persistência deste patógeno na matriz alimentar e no hospedeiro.
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Estado viável não cultivável em Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis deficiente na síntese de (p)ppGpp / Viable nonculturable state in Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis deficient in (p)ppGpp synthesis

Rodrigues, Ramila Cristiane 08 August 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2496359 bytes, checksum: 3acf1d82313dda08bea8e0ab625fe65e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Salmonella enterica is a foodborne pathogen able to enter in viable but nonculturable state (VNC) in response to adverse environmental conditions. S. enterica is capable to produce (p)ppGpp, a nucleotide responsible for controlling gene expression at the level of transcription and translation in nutritional stress conditions. Due to gene expression determined by the accumulation of (p)ppGpp, S. enterica supports various environmental conditions. The aims of this work were to quantify by real time PCR the expression of the genes mreB, related to the cytoskeleton, and rpoS, which codifies stress response genes, in single and double mutants of Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578 deficient in the synthesis of (p)ppGpp, due to the mutation on gene relA, which codifies a GTP pyrophosphokinase, and, or spoT, which codifies guanosine-3',5'-diphosphate 3'-pyrophosphohydrolase, submitted to nutritional stress and cold shock; to induce these strains to VNC state in Butterfield phosphate solution (BPS), in the absence or presence of sodium chloride at 4 ºC and to evaluate the morphology of these strains in logarithmic growth phase and in VNC state. The expression of gene mreB was reduced in both mutant strains (single and double) after 25 days in stress condition. However, the double mutant presented an increase in rpoS gene expression after 25 days in the same stress condition. Wild and mutant strains of Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578 entered in VNC state after incubation in BPS in the absence or presence of sodium chloride at 4 °C, in different periods of time. Single and double mutant strains of Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578 in logarithmic growth phase presented filamentous cells. On the other hand, VNC cells of single and double mutants showed a reduction in diameter, volume and length and also transition from bacillary to coccoid form. In conclusion, the expression of mreB and rpoS genes in single and double mutant strains of Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578 was different when compared to the wild strain. There was also alteration in the morphology of cells in log phase when compared to the VNC cells of mutant strains of Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578. However, the (p)ppGpp molecule is not essential for induction and permanence of this bacterium in VNC state. / Salmonella enterica é um patógeno de origem alimentar capaz de entrar no estado viável não cultivável em resposta a condições ambientais adversas. S. enterica é capaz de produzir (p)ppGpp, um nucleotídeo responsável pelo controle da expressão gênica no nível da transcrição e da tradução, em condições de estresse nutricional. Em razão da expressão gênica determinada pelo acúmulo de (p)ppGpp, S. enterica suporta condições ambientais variadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: quantificar por PCR em tempo real a expressão dos genes mreB, relacionado ao citoesqueleto e, rpoS, que codifica genes de resposta ao estresse, de estirpes mutantes simples e duplo da Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578 deficientes na síntese de (p)ppGpp, em razão de mutação no gene relA, que codifica uma GTP pirofosfoquinase, e,ou spoT, que codifica guanosina-3',5'-difosfato 3'-pirofosfohidrolase submetidas aos estresses nutricional e choque frio; induzir essas estirpes ao estado VNC em solução fosfato de Butterfield (BPS) acrescida ou não de cloreto de sódio a 4 ºC e avaliar a morfologia dessas estirpes em fase logarítmica de crescimento e no estado VNC. A expressão do gene mreB foi reduzida para ambas as estirpes mutantes (simples e duplo) após 25 dias em condição de estresse. No entanto, o mutante duplo apresentou um aumento na expressão do gene rpoS após 25 dias nesta mesma condição de estresse. As estirpes de Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578 selvagem e mutantes entraram no estado VNC após incubação em BPS acrescido ou não de cloreto de sódio a 4 °C em diferentes tempos. Estirpes de Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578 mutantes simples e duplo em fase logarítmica de crescimento apresentaram células filamentosas. Em vez disso, células VNC de mutantes simples e duplo mostraram redução no diâmetro, volume e comprimento e também transição da forma bacilar para a forma cocoide. Concluiu-se que a expressão dos genes mreB e rpoS das estirpes de Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578 mutantes simples e duplo difere da estirpe selvagem. Houve também mudança da morfologia entre as células da fase log e células VNC das estirpes mutantes de Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578. No entanto, a molécula de (p)ppGpp não é importante para indução e permanência no estado VNC desta bactéria.
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Compréhension de l'inactivation de bactéries pathogènes présentes dans des produits alimentaires déshydratés / Foodborne pathogens inactivation in low-water activity foods

Lang, Emilie 07 December 2016 (has links)
Les produits alimentaires secs sont courants dans l’industrie agroalimentaire. Cependant, leur innocuité n’est pas toujours assurée et de nombreux cas de toxi-infections alimentaires collectives à travers le monde sont annuellement recensés. Deux bactéries pathogènes sont particulièrement impliquées, l’une correspond à grand nombre de cas, Salmonella enterica, et l’autre est reconnue pour sa capacité à résister aux perturbations environnementales, Cronobacter spp.. Une compréhension plus poussée de l’impact du séchage et traitement thermique à l’état sec peut permettre une optimisation des procédés de de décontamination des produits alimentaires secs et contribuer à réduire le nombre de toxiinfections alimentaires. Dans un premier chapitre, une attention particulière a été portée au procédé de séchage de microorganismes pathogènes qui peut, s’il est conduit de manière rapide, réduire considérablement la cultivabilité microbienne. De cette façon, le séchage peut être considéré comme une étape supplémentaire de décontamination à condition d’en optimiser les conditions d’application. Puis dans un deuxième chapitre, l’impact de la réhydratation, rarement traitée jusqu’à présent, a été étudié afin de proposer des conditions permettant de maximiser l’inactivation bactérienne. Cette étude remet partiellement en cause les dénombrements de bactéries pathogènes dans les aliments qui peuvent être, dans quelque cas, sous estimées du fait de l’utilisation de réhydratation rapide. Dans un troisième chapitre, l’application de différents traitements thermiques sur du lait en poudre, destiné à une population dite sensible, a permis de comprendre le rôle couplé de l’activité de l’eau et de la température sur l’efficacité du traitement thermique à l’état sec mais également de proposer un modèle d’inactivation thermique des pathogènes. Il a été notamment possible de définir un paramètre représentatif de l’effet de l’activité de l’eau (yaw). Les mécanismes de mort cellulaire pour les deux bactéries ont été ensuite étudiés, que ce soit après un séchage ou après un traitement thermique. Il apparait clairement que le séchage induit majoritairement une perméabilisation de la membrane tandis que le traitement thermique des cellules viables séchées dégrade majoritairement l’activité enzymatique en détruisant peu la membrane. Finalement, il a été montré que la virulence des deux pathogènes étudiés est augmentée par le séchage mais que le traitement thermique à l’état sec n’a pas d’impact sur cette virulence. Les connaissances apportées par cette étude peuvent être utiles d’un point de vue industriel, afin d’optimiser au mieux les conditions d’application des différents procédées pour une inactivation bactérienne maximale. / Dried food products are common in food industry. Nevertheless, their safety is not well insured, involving numerous outbreaks every years around the world. Particularly, two pathogenic bacteria are of interest, one of them due to its number of cases, Salmonella enterica, and the other one due to its ability to survive environmental perturbations, Cronobacter spp.. A deeper comprehension of drying and heat treatment in dried state impact could lead to an optimization of drying and heating processes, insuring food safety. In the first instance, drying was considered as a supplementary decontamination step by optimizing its conditions of use. In a second phase, the rehydration impact was studied in order to found optimal conditions of pathogen inactivation. The study questions the rehydration currently puts in practice for food safety analysis. In a third phase, several heat treatments on a dried food product, intended to susceptible population, permitted to understand the specific role of water activity on the efficiency of heat treatment in dried state, and also propose a modelling for bacterial heat inactivation. In addition, it was possible to define two new parameters which represent the effect of temperature (zT) and the effect of water activity (yaw). Fourth, cellular death mechanisms for both studied bacteria, during the drying or during the heat treatment, were considered. It was clear that drying involved mainly membrane damages whereas heat treatment involved mainly enzymatic damages. Finally, in a fifth part, it was shown that virulence properties of both studied bacteria were affected by drying, increasing invasion capacity, but not by heat treatment in dried state. To finish, the knowledges brought by this study are useful for industrial point of view, in the case of drying and heat process optimization and also by proposing biological indicators to valid process efficiency in situ.

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