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Estudo da atividade antimicrobiana de ramnolipídeos contra bactérias patogênicas de importância alimentar / Study of the antimicrobial activity of rhamnolipids against pathogenic bacteria of food importanceJakeline de Freitas Ferreira 05 June 2017 (has links)
As bactérias patogênicas são os principais agentes que contaminam alimentos e podem prejudicar a saúde humana. Para tentar combater e controlar a contaminação de alimentos investigam-se novos compostos que apresentam atividade antimicrobiana. O ramnolipídeo (RL) é um biossurfatante (BS) produzido por Pseudomonas spp. que apresenta elevada biodegradabilidade e, baixa toxicidade além de potencial antimicrobiano. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a atividade antimicrobiana do RL frente às bactérias patogênicas Gram positivas, Bacillus cereus (ATCC 33018), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19112), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 8095) e Gram negativas, Escherichia coli (EHEC) (ATCC 43895) e Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13076) além de contribuir na elucidação do mecanismo de ação destes compostos. Os testes de susceptibilidade ao RL foram realizados a partir da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) utilizando a técnica de micro-diluição. O efeito do pH sobre a atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliado na faixa de pH 5 a 9. Para avaliação do mecanismo de ação foram realizados ensaios de permeabilidade celular, espectroscopia de infravermelho e hidrofobicidade celular. O RL apresentou atividade antimicrobiana para as bactérias B. cereus em CIM 19,5 μg/mL e CBM 39,1 μg/mL, e para L. monocytogenes CIM 156,2 μg/mL e CBM 312,5 μg/mL. Para B. cereus apresentou efeito bactericida a partir de 30 minutos na CBM, e para L. monocytogenes em 8 horas de incubação com o RL na CBM. As bactérias Gram negativas E. coli e S. enterica mostraram-se resistentes ao RL. O pH influenciou a ação antimicrobiana do RL sendo mais efetivo em pH mais ácidos. O tratamento com RL promoveu redução da hidrofobicidade da superfície celular das bactérias sensíveis. Os espectros infravermelhos evidenciaram alterações na composição química da membrana/parede celular principalmente para bactérias Gram positivas. A permeabilidade da membrana celular aumentou de acordo com o aumento da concentração de RL. A atividade antimicrobiana do RL foi evidenciada para as bactérias Gram positivas sendo mais sensíveis B. cereus e L. monocytogenes. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que o RL promove alterações na permeabilidade e composição química da membrana celular bacteriana sendo um agente potencial para controle de bactérias Gram positivas de importância alimentar. / Pathogenic bacteria are main agents that contaminate food and are harmful to human health. The search for new compounds to combat and control food pathogens is of increasing interest. Rhamnolipid (RL) is a biosurfactant (BS) typically produced by Pseudomonas spp., showing high biodegradability, low toxicity and antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of RL against the food pathogenic Gram positive bacteria Bacillus cereus (ATCC 33018), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19112), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 8095) and Gram negative, Escherichia coli (EHEC) (ATCC 43895) and Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13076) and also contribute to the elucidation of RL mechanism of action. Susceptibility tests were performed by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the broth microdilution method. The effect of pH on antimicrobial action was also investigated ranging from 5 to 9. Mechanism of action was studied using membrane permeability, infrared spectroscopy and cell hydrophobicity assays. The MIC value for B. cereus was 19.5 μg/mL and MBC was 39.1 μg/mL. L. monocytogenes was inhibited at concentration 156.2 μg/mL showing MBC of 312.5 μg/mL. B. cereus presented bactericidal effect after 30 minutes and for L. monocytogenes after 8 hours. The Gram-negative E. coli and S. enterica were resistant to RL. The pH influence antimicrobial activity of the RL showing decreasing MIC values at acidic conditions. Cell hydrophobicity was reduced by RL for the sensitive bacteria. Infrared spectroscopy showed that RL induced changes in chemical composition of cell membrane/ wall especially for the Gram positive bacteria. Cell permeability also increases as RL concentration increases. Antimicrobial activity of RL was evidenced for Gram positive bacteria and the most sensitive were B. cereus and L. monocytogenes. The results of this study suggest that rhamnolipid biosurfactant promotes changes in the permeability and membrane chemical composition showing potential to control foodborne Gram positive bacteria.
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Acid tolerance and organic acid susceptibility of selected food-borne pathogensSlabbert, R.S January 2013 (has links)
Published Article / The development of tolerance to low pH levels and the existence of cross-resistance may promote survival of bacteria in acidic foodstuff and in acidic environments such as the human stomach, in so doing escalating the probability of food poisoning. Similar to antimicrobial resistance developing, there is growing concern that effectiveness of organic acids may decrease as a result of the emergence of acid-tolerant food-borne pathogens. The objectives of this study were to determine the development of acid tolerance in selected food-borne pathogenic bacteria and to explore the activity of organic acids against acid tolerant pathogens. Bacterial strains were screened for acid-tolerance and susceptible strains were induced through exposure to increasing concentrations of an inorganic acid, as well as acidic foodstuffs. Susceptibility to six organic acids at various pH levels was assessed in order to evaluate the possible relationship between altered antimicrobial activity and acid tolerance. Salmonella enterica sv. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were found to rapidly develop acid tolerance, while intrinsic acid tolerance was noted in Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium ATCC 14028. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 demonstrated intermediate intrinsic acid tolerance. As expected, pH played a significant role in inhibitory activity of the organic acids as these compounds exhibit optimum antimicrobial activity at a lower pH (pH ≤5). It is, however, necessary to further elucidate the two-way role of pH in foodstuff concomitant to the addition of an organic acid.
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Modulating the gut microbiota with a synthetic stool “MET-1”: protective effects in animal models of antibiotic associated colitisMartz, SARAH-LYNN 02 October 2013 (has links)
Thesis (Master, Microbiology & Immunology) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-29 21:18:18.966
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Study of the dissemination of cefoxitin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg from human, abattoir poultry and retail poultry sourcesEdirmanasinghe, Romaine Cathy Shalini 15 September 2016 (has links)
This study characterized Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg from human, abattoir poultry and retail poultry isolates to examine the molecular relationships of cefoxitin resistance between these groups. A total of 147 S. Heidelberg (70 cefoxitin-resistant and 77 cefoxitin-susceptible) isolates were studied. All cefoxitin-resistant isolates were also resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ceftiofur and ceftriaxone, and all contained the CMY-2 gene. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing illustrated that 93.9% isolates clustered together with ≥ 90% similarity. Core genome analysis using whole genome sequencing identified 12 clusters of isolates with zero to four single nucleotide variations. These clusters consisted of cefoxitin-resistant and susceptible human, abattoir poultry and retail poultry isolates. Analysis of CMY-2 plasmids from cefoxitin-resistant isolates revealed all belonged to incompatibility group I1. Analysis of plasmid sequences using WGS revealed high identity (95-99%) to a previously described plasmid (pCVM29188_101) found in Salmonella Kentucky. When compared to pCVM29188_101, all sequenced cefoxitin-resistant isolates were found to carry one of ten possible variant plasmids. The discovery of several clusters of isolates from different sources with zero to four SNVs suggests that transmission between human, abattoir poultry and retail poultry sources may be occurring. The classification of newly sequenced plasmids into one of ten sequence variant types suggests transmission of a common CMY-2 plasmid amongst S. Heidelberg with variable genetic backgrounds. / October 2016
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Implementación de pruebas de PCR para el diagnóstico serotipo-específico de Salmonella enterica serotipos Hadar y TyphimuriumAguilera Ríos, Yasna Karina January 2015 (has links)
Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario / Los serotipos de Salmonella tradicionalmente se han clasificado mediante métodos serológicos que determinan antígenos somáticos y flagelares específicos. Sin embargo, este método diagnóstico es caro y tarda mucho tiempo en dar un resultado ya que requiere implementar una batería de anticuerpos para detectar los más de 2.500 serotipos de Salmonella enterica que se han identificado. Por otra parte, la identificación molecular de los genes responsables de la expresión de antígenos flagelares son más rápidos y más sensibles que la identificación serológica. Es por esto que, en la presente memoria se implementaron pruebas de PCR para identificar S. enterica serotipos Typhimurium y Hadar, ambas incluidas en un plan nacional de control de Salmonella en establecimientos comerciales de aves.
Se analizaron 135 cepas, 50 correspondientes a S. Typhimurium, 50 a S. Hadar y 35 enterobacterias como controles negativos. Estas cepas, previamente serotipificadas en el Instituto de Salud Pública (ISP), fueron sometidas a la prueba de PCR para determinar si existen diferencias de diagnóstico entre ambas técnicas.
Del total de cepas analizadas, sólo 46 cepas de S. Typhimurium dieron positivas a la prueba de PCR y cuatro dieron negativas, mientras que las 50 cepas de S. Hadar dieron positivas a las dos pruebas de PCR. Las 35 enterobacterias dieron negativas a las 3 pruebas de PCR.
De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en el estudio, la detección de antígenos mediante serotipificación y PCR para las cepas de S. Typhimurium fue menor al esperado (92%), a diferencia de lo que ocurrió con las cepas de S. Hadar en que hubo 100% de acuerdo entre ambas técnicas, sugiriendo que esta prueba de detección de Salmonella es posible reemplazarla por los métodos tradicionales de identificación y así poder acelerar el diagnóstico de esta bacteria de gran importancia para la salud pública
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"YfeR", un nuevo regulador de la familia "LysR", está implicado en la respuesta al estrés en "Salmonella enterica" serovar TyphimuriumBaños Molina, Rosa Carmen 08 April 2005 (has links)
Una de las características de la célula bacteriana es la capacidad de adaptarse a los cambios ambientales del entorno en el que se desarrolla modificando el patrón de expresión génica. Uno de los ejemplos mejor caracterizados es la respuesta frente al cambio de osmolaridad del medio, pero la mayoría de trabajos se han centrado en el estudio de genes cuya expresión se induce a elevada osmolaridad. Mediante mutagénesis al azar con el transposón MudJ se diseñó una estrategia para identificar genes en Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium cuya expresión se viera reducida a elevada osmolaridad. Siguiendo esta estrategia se identificó el gen yfeR, que codifica para una proteína, YfeR, descrita en los bancos de datos como un hipotético regulador de la familia LysR de reguladores transcripcionales. Los miembros de esta familia son generalmente proteínas activadoras de la transcripción y se encuentran en muchos géneros procariotas, regulando genes u operones que codifican funciones extremadamente diversas. En base a la regulación por osmolaridad del gen yfeR, y a la posibilidad de pertenecer a la familia LysR, se planteó como objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral estudiar el modelo de regulación de YfeR.El análisis de secuencia de la proteína YfeR reveló características distintivas de los reguladores transcripcionales LysR: un extremo N-terminal altamente conservado con un dominio "helix-turn-helix" de unión al ADN; una cadena aminoacídica de 308 residuos (proteínas LysR tienen 300 +/- 20 AAs); una relación Lys/Arg anómala; además de la homología tanto con reguladores de la familia descritos como tal como con hipotéticos reguladores LysR. Al proporcionar el producto del gen yfeR en trans su expresión se autorregula negativamente, capacidad que presentan la mayoría de reguladores LysR. En la región promotora del gen yfeR se localizó una secuencia de unión de las proteínas LysR, T-N11-A, con la T y la A formando parte de una región invertida. Mediante ensayos de retardo en gel se demostró la capacidad de unión de la proteína YfeR a esta región, y por lo tanto al ADN. Todos estos resultados definen a YfeR como un miembro de la familia LysR.Los resultados de la regulación de la expresión del gen yfeR muestran tanto de forma indirecta, mediante una fusión génica yfeR::lacZ (MudJ), como de forma directa mediante el ensayo de protección frente a la RNasa-ONE, que el genyfeRestá osmoregulado reprimiéndose a elevada osmolaridad. A 89 pb del inicio de traducción del gen yfeR se localizó una pauta abierta de lectura, denominada yfeH, que se transcribía de forma divergente, característica compartida entre muchos reguladores de la familia LysR y sus genes regulados. Así, se planteó como hipótesis de trabajo que éste era el gen regulado por YfeR. Sin embargo, el estudio de la regulación de la expresión del gen yfeH demuestra que ésta se induce en fase estacionaria, pero de forma independiente a la presencia o ausencia de su posible regulador YfeR y de su regulación por osmolaridad. En base a este resultado se planteó la posibilidad de que la proteína YfeR regulase la expresión de otros genes alternativos al adyacente. El análisis de extractos celulares de un mutante yfeR respecto a la cepa salvaje mediante geles 2D demostró la presencia de diferentes proteínas con expresión diferencial. Dos de ellas pudieron ser identificadas por MALDI-TOF: IbpA, implicada en la protección frente a un estrés por superóxidos, y Lrp, un regulador global implicado en la modulación de una gran variedad de funciones metabólicas, así como de genes que se inducen en fase estacionaria y en respuesta a cambios ambientales. Este resultado posiciona a YfeR como una proteína LysR implicada en una red de regulación global frente a estímulos ambientales. / Bacteria adapt to changes in their environment by modifying its pattern of gene expression. Adaptation to the medium osmolarity is one of the best characterized examples, however many of the well-known situations correspond to genes whose expression is induced when medium osmolarity increases. Previous work identified by random mutagenesis in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium gene yfeR, a hypothetical LysR-like regulator repressed at high osmolarity. This work is focused on the study of the model of regulation of YfeR.The sequence analysis of YfeR protein showed most of the common features of LysR family: an N-terminal conserved domain, 308 amino acids long, an anomalous Lys/Arg ratio, and homology with members of the LysR family. As for the majority of LysR regulators, YfeR negatively autoregulated its own transcription. In the promoter region of yfeR was located a sequence having characteristics of a LysR-type target consensus motif. Gel retardation assays demonstrated that YfeR binds specifically to this region. All these results clearly related YfeR to the LysR family of transcriptional regulators. About the osmoregulation of yfeR gene expression we confirmed, by indirect and direct methods (transcriptional fusion yfer::lacZ and RNasa protection assays, respectively), that its expression is repressed at high osmolarity.An ORF, yfeH, was found oriented in the opposite direction to yfeR, a common property of genes regulated by members of the LysR family. However, expression of yfeH gene is induced in stationary phase independently of the presence of YfeR and osmolarity conditions. Then we decided to search for other possible regulated genes by YfeR but not in adjacent position. Protein extracts of an yfeRmutant and wild type strains were analyzed by 2D electrophoresis. Some differences were found and two of them were identified as IbpA and Lrp. These results suggest that YfeR could be implied in a global regulation network related to environmental stimuli.
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The Salmonella enterica virulence plasmid : its role in bacterial adaptation to mammalian and protozoan cells /Tezcan-Merdol, Dilek, January 2004 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
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Charakterisierung der Aktin-ADP-Ribosyltransferase SpvB aus Salmonella entericaFigura, Guido von, January 2005 (has links)
Freiburg i. Br., Univ., Diss., 2007.
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The PhoPQ two-component regulatory system : at the crossroads of nitrosative stress and Salmonella pathogenesis /Bourret, Travis John. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D. in Microbiology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-132). Free to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
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Caracterização imunomodulatória de proteases cisteínicas obtidas do látex de Calotropis procera em culturas de macrófagosTAVARES, Lethicia Souza 24 February 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Calotropis procera, is a medicinal plant known in Pernambuco as “silk-cotton”. Is laticífer plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae broadly found in the Brazilian Northeast. Current literature data show that proteins obtained from its latex harbour anti-inflammatory action. In the present study, a protein fraction obtained by ion-exchange chromatography named LPPII, which is rich in cysteine proteases, had its immunmodulatory activity evaluated in cultures of peritoneal macrophages infected by Salmonella enterica Sor. Typhimurium. Macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal cavity of Swiss mice using RPMI culture medium containing antibiotics. The cells obtained were adjusted to 1 x 106 cell/mL and incubated at 37° C and 5% CO2, in cell culture plates, and the adherent macrophages used in the assays. The bacterial quantification assays were performed in a preventive manner, where the macrophages were treated with LPPII (1 μg/ mL or 10 μg/ mL) or LPPII+IAA (10 μg / mL) (inactivated with iodoacetamide) followed by infection with S. Typhimurium (1 x 108 CFU / mL), and in a curative manner, where macrophages were first infected with S. typhimurium (1 x 108 CFU / mL) followed by treatment with LPPII (1 μg/ mL or 10 μg/ mL) or LPPII+IAA (10 μg/ ml). The cell viability assay was performed curatively with macrophages infected with S. Typhimurium (1 x 108 CFU / ml). For IL1β, TNF, IL-6, iNOS and TLR-4 cytokine gene expression assays, macrophages were only treated with LPPII (1 μg/ mL or 10 μg/ mL) or LP+IAA (10 μg / mL), or bacterial LPS stimulation, followed by curative or preventative treatments with LPPII (1 μg/ mL or 10 μg/ mL) or LP+IAA (10 μg/ mL). The results show that macrophages infected with a S. Typhimurium C5 and treated with LPPII in a preventative or curative manner, reduced the number of viable bacteria in the intracellular environment. In this case, macrophages treated preventively with LPPII 10 μg/ mL, showed a significant decrease (p <0.05) in the amount of intracellular bacteria when compared to the control, macrophages without LPPII treatment. In the curative form, significant decrease of intracellular S. Typhimurium was observed in LPPII1μg/ mL-treated macrophages compared to control cells, without LPPII treatment. On the other hand, the groups treated with LPPII+IAA had a greater number of intracellular bacteria, suggesting the action of cysteine proteases on the observed antimicrobial effect. Curative treatment with LPPII also increased the viability of infected macrophages relative to the untreated control groups. Thus, groups treated with LPPII1μg/ mL obtained viability 14.74% greater than the control group without treatment, whereas macrophages treated with LPPII10μg/ mL obtained 24.11%. Groups of macrophages stimulated with LPS and then treated with LPPII had a reduction in the gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL1-β and IL-6, in addition to Toll-like receptor 4. Taken together, we found that LPPII obtained from latex of C. procera presents biomolecules with immunomodulatory activity beneficial to the control of S. Typhimurium infections. / Calotropis procera, planta medicinal conhecida popularmente em Pernambuco como algodão-de-seda. É uma planta laticífera que pertence à família Apocynaceae, sendo encontrada com facilidade no nordeste brasileiro. Dados da literatura corrente mostram que proteínas obtidas de seu látex possuem ação anti-inflamatória. Diante disso, neste trabalho, uma fração proteica obtida por cromatografia de troca iônica, chamada LPPII, rica em proteases cisteínicas, foi avaliada quanto à sua atividade imunomodulatória em culturas de macrófagos peritoneais infectadas por Salmonella enterica Sor. Typhimurium. Os macrófagos foram obtidos a partir da lavagem peritoneal de camundongos Swiss com meio de cultura RPMI contendo antibióticos penicilina e estreptomicina. As células do fluido obtido foram ajustadas a 1 x 106 cél/ mL e incubadas em estufa a 37ºC e CO2 5%, em placas de cultura de células, e os macrófagos aderentes utilizados nos ensaios. Os ensaios de quantificação bacteriana se deram de forma preventiva, onde os macrófagos foram tratados com LPPII (1 μg/mL ou 10 μg/mL) ou LPPII+IAA (10 μg/mL) (inativada com iodoacetamida) seguido de infecção com S. Typhimurium (1 x 108 UFC/mL), e de forma curativa, onde primeiro se deu infecção dos macrófagos por S. Typhimurium (1 x 108 UFC/mL) seguido de tratamento com LPPII (1 μg/mL ou 10 μg/mL) ou LPPII+IAA (10 μg/mL). O ensaio de viabilidade celular foi realizado de forma curativa com macrófagos infectados com S. Typhimurium (1 x 108 UFC/mL). Para ensaios de expressão gênica de citocinas IL1- β, TNF, IL-6, iNOS e TLR-4, os macrófagos receberam apenas tratamento com LPPII (1 μg/mL ou 10 μg/mL) ou LP+IAA (10 μg/mL), ou houve estímulo de LPS bacteriano, seguidos de tratamentos de forma curativa ou preventiva com LPPII (1 μg/mL ou 10 μg/mL) ou LP+IAA (10 μg/mL). Os resultados mostram que macrófagos infectados com uma cepa de S. Typhimurium C5 e tratados com LPPII de forma preventiva ou curativa, reduziram o número de bactérias viáveis no ambiente intracelular. Neste caso, macrófagos tratados de forma preventiva com LPPII 10 μg/mL, demonstraram diminuição significativa (p<0,05) na quantidade de bactérias intracelulares quando comparados ao controle, macrófagos sem tratamento com LPPII. Na forma curativa, observou-se diminuição significativa de S. Typhimurium intracelular em macrófagos tratados com LPPII1μg/mL, quando comparados ao controle, células sem tratamento com LPPII. Por outro lado, os grupos tratados com LPPII+IAA tiveram um maior número de bactérias intracelulares, sugerindo a ação das proteases cisteínicas no efeito antimicrobiano observado. O tratamento curativo com LPPII também aumentou a viabilidade dos macrófagos infectados em relação aos grupos controles sem tratamento. Deste modo, grupos tratados com LPPII1μg/mL obtiveram viabilidade 14,74% maior que o grupo controle sem tratamento, enquanto que macrófagos tratados com LPPII10μg/mL obtiveram 24,11%. Grupos de macrófagos estimulados com LPS e, a seguir, tratados com LPPII, tiveram redução na expressão gênica das citocinas inflamatórias TNF, IL1-β e IL-6, além de receptor do tipo Toll-4. Tomados esses resultados em conjunto, observamos que LPPII obtida do látex de C. procera apresenta biomoléculas com atividade imunomodulatória benéfica ao controle de infecções por S. Typhimurium.
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