The thesis presents a research project in graphic design including the development of a symbol system that represents tastes of wine as consumer information. The thesis has three main chapters; design, theory and empirical foundation. The design chapter clarifies the design concept and its evolution from a traditional standpoint to its present state in the international area of design research as design theory. The theoretical chapter presents a map of concepts in order to explain problems and practical solutions in the design process. The concepts are based on the philosophical ideas of Ernst Cassirer and Ludwig Wittgenstein, and concern interpretation of sense information, symbols and signs, picture and image. The design of the symbol system concerns the experience of taste, as a translation from words to pictures. The empirical chapter comprehends both a description of the design process and of the empirical research. The method used is prototyping with a reference group of branch experts. The empirical research has evaluated the possibility to interpret, learn, use and understand the symbol system. The method used is a survey with questionnaires to a group of wine consumers

<p>Video mediated communication (VMC) is a two way real time audio and video communication between remote places. VMC has the potential to be applied favourably to many activities, services and functions in smart homes. The concept of smart homes refers to homes equipped with technological systems and appliances enabling centralised or remotely controllable integrated functionalities and services. </p><p>The main question for the current research work is formulated accordingly: How can spaces for video mediated communication be designed and integrated into smart homes? The governing idea is that there are two main perceptions of space in the design and integration of video mediated communication into smart homes. One concerns the conception of private and public spaces, the other relates to the idea of physical and digital spaces. The interrelationship between these two concepts is supposed to become important when VMC is considered for smart home applications.</p><p>This thesis is written from an architectural perspective. It refers to the functionalistic paradigm here defined basically as the set of essential functions of the home that have to be solved in order to achieve good dwellings. The function of the home can be described as the organisation of space and furniture to support activities and processes in and around it. The thesis is based upon five papers and a covering text providing background, analysis and reflection, as well as ideas on further development. The research method can be described as mainly explorative and design-oriented. </p><p>A principal result from the study is that a novel modality of space, the public digital space, appears when VMC is introduced into smart homes. Further, it is advocated that this modality is a relevant issue for the architectural profession and architectural research. </p>

<p>The thesis presents a research project in graphic design including the development of a symbol system that represents tastes of wine as consumer information. The thesis has three main chapters; design, theory and empirical foundation.</p><p>The design chapter clarifies the design concept and its evolution from a traditional standpoint to its present state in the international area of design research as design theory.</p><p>The theoretical chapter presents a map of concepts in order to explain problems and practical solutions in the design process. The concepts are based on the philosophical ideas of Ernst Cassirer and Ludwig Wittgenstein, and concern interpretation of sense information, symbols and signs, picture and image. The design of the symbol system concerns the experience of taste, as a translation from words to pictures.</p><p>The empirical chapter comprehends both a description of the design process and of the empirical research. The method used is prototyping with a reference group of branch experts. The empirical research has evaluated the possibility to interpret, learn, use and understand the symbol system. The method used is a survey with questionnaires to a group of wine consumers</p>

<p>Examensarbetet syftar till att inhämta kunskap om planering för cykeltrafik i städer och att identifiera problem som uppkommer när andelen cyklister ökar i städerna. Framkomligheten och trafiksäkerheten påverkas när andelen cyklister ökar och dessa problem studeras i examensarbetet.</p><p>Examensarbetet grundas på en litteraturstudie där kunskap om cykeltrafik och planering för cykelplanering har inhämtas. Vidare har liknande studier om cykeltrafik i städer sökts. Då arbetet är en pilotstudie och saknar jämförelse i liknande format har även kunskap om datainsamling och metodik studerats.</p><p>Datainsamling har skett med hjälp av pendlingscyklister i Stockholm som utrustats med GPS logger och kamera på cykeln. 17 cyklister har under maj – juni 2009 samlat in data till och från arbetet. Dessa cyklister valdes ut med hjälp av Krister Isaksson, Stockholm Stad Trafikkontoret. Data har sedan analyserats med hjälp av ett nytt, egentillverkat, analysverktyg som möjliggör samtidig analys av GPS- och filmdata. Utifrån analysen har problem i Stockholms cykelnätverk kategoriserats och identifierats.</p> / <p>The purpose of this Master Thesis is to obtain increased knowledge about the planning and design of cycle infrastructures in cities. When the number of cyclists increases it affects accessibility, mobility and traffic safety. Further, the purpose is to identify where, when and what types of problems occur in cities when the proportion of cyclists in traffic increases.</p><p>The Master Thesis is founded on a literature study in which knowledge about the planning and design of cycle infrastructures as well as information about similar projects have been reviewed. No similar study of this kind has been found which is why information regarding data collection and analysis has been studied as well.</p><p>Data collection was performed by 17 cycle commuters in Stockholm. The cyclists were selected in a dialog with Krister Isaksson, City of Stockholm. The cyclists were equipped with a GPS logger and an action camera mounted on the bike. During May – June 2009 they cycled between home and work with the equipment while at the same time collecting data for the project. The analysis was performed using a specially developed analysis program. The program enables the simultaneous analysis of GPS and video data. The analysis has resulted in an identification and categorization of accessibility and safety problems in Stockholm’s cycle network.</p>

Seasonal heat storage, which is used to balance the supply of and demand for heat, e.g. in district heating networks, is necessary for the large-scale utilization of solar heat. The aim of this thesis was to study and develop seasonal heat storage to a point where it, if possible, would be an option in Swedish heating systems. Initial theoretical calculations indicated that the borehole heat store was feasible for seasonal heat storage. In the borehole heat store sensible heat is stored in the bedrock. The bedrock is penetrated by evenly spaced vertical boreholes, which are drilled within a square or circular land area. The holes work as heat exchangers between a heat carrier (normally water), which is pumped through the pipe system of the boreholes and the storage volume. Performed measurements in a pilot plant verified the predicted thermal behaviour of the store. A pre-design of a large-scale heat store, within the University area, was performed. After assuming the operation cycle and the properties of the store, the thermal behaviour of the Luleå heat store was simulated. The construction work of this large-scale borehole heat store (120,000 m 3) was studied in detail and the performance was evaluated during the first five years of operation. It was found that there were several short-comings in design, construction and operation. The operation of the heat pumps caused problems. The borehole pipes were incorrectly installed, which decreased the charged heat by 23% and recovered heat by about 34%. Without changing the storage task the store could have been built at a cost of 4.5 MSEK instead of 6.3 MSEK. A model was developed to determine the optimum design of borehole heat stores. The optimum design was defined as the design that fulfils the storage task at a minimum annual storage cost, i.e. the sum of the annual costs of the investment, operation, maintenance and heat loss. The optimum and actual designs of three stores were evaluated and compared. The more recently constructed plants differed less from the optimum design than the oldest plant, situated in Luleå. The main reason was the increasing engineering experience, which influenced the design of the later stores. Typical data for the optimum design are drilling depths of 125 m and a borehole spacing of 4 m. In a 1.6 GWh store, 65 boreholes result in a storage volume of about 125,000 m3. The specific construction cost, which decreases with increasing heat extraction capacity, is 1.50 SEK/ KWh or 20 SEK/m3 at an heat extraction capacity of 7 GWh. The annuity method (6%, 25 y) was used to calculate the annual investment cost, which stood for approximately 65% of the total annual storage cost. The sensitivity of the different parameters was investigated with the optimization model. It was demonstrated that the technical design of the store was greatly influenced by the cost parameters. For example, small changes in the drilling cost could mean a very different design. It was also found that it was cost-effective to investigate the soil depth and the rock thermal conductivity in detail before the design of the borehole heat store was performed. / Godkänd; 1994; 20070209 (ysko)

No description available.

<p>Heat transfer in window frames with internal air cavities is studied in this thesis. Investigations focus on two- and three-dimensional natural convection effects inside air cavities, the dependence of the emissivity on the thermal transmittance, and the emissivity of anodized and untreated aluminum profiles. The investigations are mostly conducted on window frames which are the same size as real frames found in residential buildings.</p><p>Numerical and experimental investigations were performed to study the effectiveness of one commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program for simulating combined natural convection and heat transfer in simple three-dimensional window frames with internal air cavities. The accuracy of the conjugate CFD simulations was evaluated by comparing results for surface temperature on the warm side of the specimens to results from experiments that use infrared (IR) thermography to map surface temperatures during steady-state thermal tests. In general, there was good agreement between the simulations and experiments. </p><p>Two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics and conduction simulations are performed to study the difference between treating air cavities as a fluid and as a solid when calculating the thermal transmittance of window frames. The simulations show that traditional software codes, simulating only conduction and using equivalent conductivities for the air cavities, give U- values that compare well with results from fluid flow simulations. The difference between the two models are mostly limited to the temperature distribution inside air cavities. It is also found that cavities with an interconnection less than about 7 mm can be treated as separate cavities. </p><p>Three-dimensional natural convection effects in simple and custom-made PVC and thermally broken aluminum window frames with one open internal cavity were studied, with the use of CFD simulations and thermography experiments. Focus was put on corner effects and heat transfer rates. From the results it appears that the thermal transmittance of a four-sided section can be found by calculating the average of the thermal transmittance of the respective single horizontal and vertical sections. In addition, it was found that two-dimensinal conduction heat transfer simulation software agrees well with tree-dimensional CFD simulations if the natural convection correlations used for the internal cavities are correct. </p><p>Numerical studies were done with natural convection in three-dimensional cavities with a high vertical aspect ratio and a low horizontal aspect ratio. The cavities studied had vertical aspect ratios of 20, 40, and 80 and horizontal aspect ratios ranging from 0,2 to 5. It was shown that three-dimensional cavities with a horizontal aspect ratio larger than five can be considered to be a two-dimensional cavity to within 4 % when considering heat transfer rates. Nusselt number correlations for the different horizontal aspect ratios are presented for cavities with vertical aspect ratios of 20 and 40. Complex multicellular flow was studied for the case where the vertical and horizontal aspect ratios were 40 and 2, respectively.</p><p>Experimental studies included the normal spectral and total emissivity of specimens from six meter long untreated and anodized aluminum profiles. Specimens facing the internal cavities (thermal break cavity and all aluminum cavity) were measured. Some masking tapes often used in hot box experiments were also measured. The normal total emissivity was found to be is fairly constant (between 0.834 and 0.856) for exterior parts of the anodized profile and for surfaces facing the thermal break cavity. The normal total emissivity of the all-aluminum internal cavities was found to vary between 0.055 and 0.82. The experiments were performed with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer in the wavelength interval from 4.5 to 40 μm.</p>

<p>Syftet med detta arbete är att ge byggföretaget NCC ett underlag för hur kommunerna runt Vänern och längs Göta älv planerar inför den nya dimensionerande vattennivån på + 47,4 m (RH70) som klimat- och sårbarhetsutredningen presenterat i sin rapport.</p><p>Vänerns medelvattenstånd ligger i dag på + 44,3 m (RH70). Under en 100-årsperiod är det 1% risk att den dimensionerande nivån uppkommer. Enligt klimat- och sårbarhetsutredningen är det alltså möjligt att vattennivån kan stiga med ca tre m vid ett extremfall. Detta kan medföra en rad olika konsekvenser för kommunerna runt Vänern och längs Göta älv. NCC är intresserade av att få kännedom om de åtgärder som kommunerna planerar att vidta för att skydda ny och befintlig bebyggelse mot översvämningar och skred till följd av högre vattennivåer. De är även intresserade av hur åtgärder skall finansieras samt vilken byggvolym kommunerna planerar för inför framtiden.</p><p>Det som har skett inom kommunerna hittills är att det under våren 2008 startats ett gemensamt samarbete där målet är att komma fram till en gemensam ståndpunkt gentemot staten i denna fråga. Först och främst måste en konsekvensbeskrivning tas fram för att kunna visa vilka följder en översvämning kan tänkas föra med sig för respektive kommun. Därpå skall ett bra geografisk material tas fram för att få fram höjderna på marken och därefter kunna simulera hur vattennivåerna kommer att drabba kommunerna. Utifrån detta kan en samhällsekonomisk kalkyl göras av vad skadorna förväntas bli.</p><p>Under våren 2008 beslutade även länsstyrelsen i Västra Götaland tillsammans med Vattenfall om en akut strategi för att reglera Vänerns högsta vattennivåer. Överenskommelsen innebär att Vattenfall veckovis tappar ur Vänern med hänsyn till högsta beräknade vattenstånd. Enligt beräkningar som Länsstyrelsen gjort i samråd med Vattenfall och SMHI har man kommit fram till en avtappningsstrategi där Vänerns högsta vattennivå kan minskas med upp till 40 cm.</p><p>Varje enskild kommun har även lokala åtgärdsplaner för att skydda sig mot översvämningar och skred. Det stora problemet anses i de flesta kommuner vara hur den befintliga bebyggelsen skall skyddas medan all nyproduktion i de flesta fall inte uppförs lägre än vad den dimensionerande nivån säger.</p><p>Angående finansieringsfrågan råder det delade meningar. Vissa av kommunerna anser att fastighetsägaren själv får finansiera de åtgärder som måste vidtas medan vissa kommuner anser att kostnaderna kommer bli så höga att ett statligt stöd krävs.</p> / <p>The purpose of this project is to give the construction company NCC a basis for how the municipalities around Vänern and along the river Göta plans in front of the new dimensioning water level at +47,4 m (RH70) as the climate - and vulnerability investigation presented in their report.</p><p>Vänern's average water level is today +44,3 m (RH70). During a 100-year period is it 1% risk that that the dimensioning water level arises. According to the climate - and vulnerability investigation is it therefore possible that the water level can ascend with approximately three m at an extreme case. This can mean a series of different consequences for the municipalities around Vänern and along the river Göta. NCC is interested in getting knowledge about the measures that the municipalities plan to take in order to protect newly and existing settlement against floods and landslides as a result of higher water levels. They are also interested in how the measures will be financed and what construction volume the municipalities plan to do in the future.</p><p>What the municipalities have done so far is that they during the spring 2008 has started a common cooperation where the objective is to come until a common position towards the government in this matter. The first thing to do is to make a consequence description to show what result a flood can make in each municipality. Subsequently, a reliable geographic material will be made in order to get the heights of the land and then simulate how the water levels will strike the municipalities. On the basis of this a socio-economic calculation can be done to see what damages that will be expected.</p><p>During the spring 2008 the county administration in Västra Götaland along with Vattenfall decided about an urgent strategy in order to regulate Vänern's highest water levels. The agreement means that Vattenfall weekly draws Vänern regarding the highest estimated water levels.</p><p>The county administration has in consultation with Vattenfall and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute drawn up a drawing strategy and according to calculations the highest water level of Vänern can be decreased up to 40 cm.</p><p>Each individual municipality also has local action plans in order to protect itself against floods and landslides. The big problem in most of the municipalities is how the existing settlement will be protected while all new production in most cases is not built lower than what the dimensioning level says.</p><p>Concerning the financial matter there are different views. Some of the municipalities consider that the real-estate owner alone has to finance the measures that must be taken while some of the municipalities consider that the costs will become so great that a government subsidy is required.</p>

No description available.

Even though the practical experience of using coarse unbound granular materials is extensive, detailed knowledge on the mechanical and hydraulic behavior is to a large extent lacking. Regarding influence of water on mechanical properties, this is even more pronounced. The main objective of this work was to investigate the influence of water on behavior and properties of coarse granular materials. The study comprises measurements of resilient properties, soil-water characteristic curve and influence of water content on dielectric properties measured by the use of time domain reflectometry (TDR). The work described herein comprised two test series in terms of materials: firstly, a series where the grading was changed and secondly, a series where the influence of increased contents of free mica was studied. To measure resilient response, triaxial testing, using sample size of 500 mm diameter and 1000 mm height, was performed mainly using constant confining pressures. Tests were performed at incrementally varying water contents up to almost full saturation. Dielectric response and matric suction of compacted specimens were measured in a steel box at varying water content. Results from the first series indicated that the influence of water content on resilient properties depends on the material grading. The coarsest grading, containing least fines, experienced only a small reduction when brought close to saturation. Specimens with an increased amount of fines and more even distribution responded with a substantial loss of resilient modulus upon increased water content. It also appeared as water content increased, the specimens became more dilative. From the second series, generally, resilient modulus decreased with increased mica content and furthermore, elevated water contents caused reduction in stiffness. However, in relative terms, the reduction in resilient modulus caused by water decreased with increased mica content. The soil-water characteristic curves are influenced by grading coefficient and mica content; retentive capacity increases with decreased grading coefficient and increases with increased amount of mica. Volumetric water content as a function of apparent relative permittivity was fitted using a third-degree polynomial. Although, determined relationships deviated from Topp's (1980) relationship. Detailed information on the work is given in five enclosed papers. / QC 20100705