<p><p>Since the first car appeared, the pollution on the roads became an issue, which is still mainly unsolved. Too many people complain about traffic noise. Various methods have been developed that aimed at minimizing the noise pollution and improving the environment.</p><p>This thesis presents the problems posed by noise pollution, covers the background of noise pollution and its effects on human health. Another important part of the thesis covers the method of noise calculation which applies in specific Nordic countries.</p><p>The main goal of the thesis is to present maps of noise levels on roads for region Skåne in Sweden. Because the regulation and the limits for noise levels are different for different countries, I could find various calculators for traffic noise. Australia, England, USA have the noise level calculators open for public. Another professional calculator, SoundPlan, is a program that can perform a very accurate calculation for traffic noise but only for small areas. Because of this disadvantage, the request for my thesis was to provide a program which can calculate traffic noise level for wide areas. As a master student specialist in GIS (Geographic Information System) it was natural to develop the traffic noise calculator with available GIS tools.</p><p>The software system to calculate the traffic noise maps was implemented in ArcMap 9.1, a GIS program which allows creation of tools, according to a mathematical description of noise calculator. The mathematical description is based on the Nordic Prediction method, a document which set up requirements for prediction of road traffic noise. ArcMap 9.1 allows the development of extensions in different programming languages. The tools implemented in this thesis are written in Visual Basic. The thesis work implements several tools for calculating noise levels, starting from the basic traffic noise level and introducing additional noise corrections to perform more accurate noise calculation. The additional corrections could be added because I had access to additional data regarding buildings and population location. The available population data from Lund gave me the opportunity to create a tool which performs population exposure to noise in this region.</p><p> </p></p>

No description available.

This thesis deals with the legal procedures indicated forchanges in land-related rights, i.e. land use planning andproperty acquisitions. The rules of procedure in this field oflaw are extensive and complicated. As a first step, the rules of procedure are structured intoa number of procedural types: administrative, cadastral andjudicial. The procedural characteristics and the substantivelegal character of the decisions are clarified andcompared. In a second step an institutional perspective is adopted,based on economic theory. The different types of procedure areperceived as alternative institutional solutions to the problemof transaction costs in transformations of land-related rightstructures. An economic analysis is made of the transactioncosts arising in the different types of procedure in connectionwith, respectively, permissibility assessment and propertyacquisition assessment. The administrative procedures present distinct comparativeadvantages in the assessment of permissibility questions, e.g.utility concessions or permits for environmentally hazardousactivity. In these questions, an extensive, heterogeneouscollective of individuals is made subject to external effects.Those effects are divided into smaller value fragments. Throughthe publicity and ready availability of the administrativeprocedures, coupled with the system of politicalaccountability, important information about the preferences ofthe collective concerned can be produced and made to form thebasis of the decision. The cadastral and judicial procedures present comparativeadvantages in connection with property acquisition assessments,such as compulsory purchase of land or exaction of utilityeasements. For the limited collective of individuals involved,the right of negotiating and concluding agreements willeffectively utilise the high degree of information and thestronger economic incentives for action. The negotiation phasebecomes a low-cost procedure which at the same time acts as aselective mechanism for transactions not requiring the coerciveand more expensive procedure of official assessment. Theself-containment of cadastral and judicial procedures and theirisolation from political influences benefit the quality andcontrol of the documentation on which decisions arefounded. / QC 20100528

The water and heat exchange in thesoil-snow-vegetation-atmosphere system was studied in order toimprove the quantitative knowledge of land surface processes.In this study, numerical simulation models and availabledatasets representing arable land, sub-alpine snowpack, andboreal forest were evaluated at both diurnal and seasonaltimescales. Surface heat fluxes, snow depth, soil temperatures andmeteorological conditions were measured at an agriculturalfield in central Sweden during three winters and two summersfrom 1997 to 2000 within the WINTEX project. A one-dimensionalsimulation model (COUP) was used to simulate the water and heatbalance of the field. Comparison of simulated and measured heatfluxes in winter showed that parameter values governing theupper boundary condition were more important for explainingmeasured fluxes than the formulation of the internal mass andheat balance of the snow cover. The assumption of steady stateheat exchange between the surface and the reference height wasinadequate during stable atmospheric conditions. Independentestimates of the soil heat and water balance together with thecomparison of simulated and measured surface heat fluxes showedthat the eddy-correlation estimates of latent heat fluxes fromthe arable field were on average 40 % too low. The ability of a multi-layered snowpack model (SNTHERM) tosimulate the layered nature of a sub-alpine snowpack wasevaluated based on a dataset from Switzerland. The modelsimulated the seasonal development of snow depth and densitywith high accuracy. However, the models ability to reproducethe strong observed snowpack layering was limited by theneglection of the effect of snow microstructure on snowsettling, and a poor representation of water redistributionwithin the snowpack. The representation of boreal forest in the land surfacescheme used within a weather forecast (ECMWF) model was testedwith a three-year dataset from the NOPEX forest site in centralSweden. The new formulation with separate energy balances forvegetation and the soil/snow beneath the tree cover improvedthe simulation of seasonal and diurnal variations in latent andsensible heat flux. Further improvements of simulated latentheat fluxes were obtained when seasonal variation in vegetationproperties was introduced. Application of the COUP model withthe same dataset showed that simulation of evaporation fromintercepted snow contributed to a better agreement with themeasured sensible heat flux above forests, but also indicatedthat the measurements might have underestimated latent heatflux. The winter sensible heat flux above the forest wasfurther improved if an upper limit of the aerodynamicresistance of 500 s m-1 was applied for stable conditions. A comparison of the water and heat balance of arable landand forest confirmed the general knowledge of the differencesbetween these two surface types. The forest contributed withconsiderably more sensible heat flux to the atmosphere than thearable land in spring and summer due to the lower albedo andrelatively less latent heat flux. Latent heat flux from theforest was higher in winter due to the evaporation ofintercepted snow and rain. The net radiation absorbed by theforest was 60 % higher than that absorbed by the arable land,due to the lower surface albedo in winter. Key words:soil; snow; land surface heat exchange;forest; arable land; eddy-correlation. / QC 20100614

The objective of this thesis is to examine the legal procedures and systems concerning granting or possessing mineral rights, and how such rights may be exercised, particularly given the diametric interests of land use, ownership and land tenure. The study, comparative in its nature, aims at highlighting the similarities and differences between the countries and states of comparison, and thereby identify interesting solutions of issues relating to the granting and exercising of mineral rights. The study examines mineral rights and different legal systems regulating mineral exploration and exploitation. The focus is on mining and mineral legislation and its application, including the exercise of mineral rights. The systems chosen are those of Sweden, Finland and the states of Ontario and Western Australia. The main result is generated by the comparison dealing with the application, granting and possession of mineral rights related to the development of a mine. Several processes are thereby identified. In addition, the content and extent of the different rights and obligations related to exploration and exploitation activities are examined, as well as land areas open or closed for the exercise of these rights. The legal processes concerning granting mineral rights are in fact complex as evidenced by this work, particularly when land-use and environmental legislation is taken into account. The perception of a good balance in legislation between diametric interests of land use, ownership and land tenure is heavily linked to the view of sustainable development. The difficulties of achieving this are confirmed by the countries and states compared. The continuous change of mineral legislation during the course of this study is an indication of the complexity of the topic. / QC20100723

This interdisciplinary thesis combines psychological and transportation planning knowledge. Three main questions are investigated: 1) What concepts and ideas do people have with regard to a public transportation system (cognitive user perspective)?; 2) What orientation and information factors within the public transportation system enhance Ease-of-Use and make it simpler and more efficient to use public transportation in metropolitan areas?; 3) How can Ease-of-Use of a public transportation route be measured? A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Between 2002 and 2007 a total of nine different studies were conducted: An in-depth study on a single exchange student, an interview study with exchange students, a questionnaire study on exchange students, a before-after interview study with travellers on selected bus stops, an before-after telephone interview study on residents, an expert questionnaire study via email, a behaviour observation study on travellers, a before-after questionnaire study on travellers on a tram line, and an on-board questionnaire study. To analyse the cognitive user perspective the term memory representation was introduced, that includes cognitive maps of and additional knowledge about a public transportation system such as service frequency. Memory representation is influenced by experience. Three learning phases in an unknown public transportation system are proposed and a general information search script is described. A new approach is presented regarding the organisation of public transportation knowledge: The ground level is that there exists a public transportation option, the next level is the identification of the mode of transport and at the highest level of the hierarchy is the code for the line. Within the second level, the public transportation mode, a hierarchical structure of public transportation option knowledge is proposed. Three factors are postulated that contribute to the extent to which a line is represented in people’s memory: visibility, straight route layout and labelling. Which orientation and information factors within the public transportation system enhance Ease-of-Use, i.e. match the cognitive user perspective? It was found that trunk bus lines enhanced Ease-of-Use and at-stop real-time information can have various positive effects. The role of good maps is explained and stretched and the importance of consistent information throughout the travel chain is also pointed out. In addition, many valuable concrete hints are given with regard to how to match the system properly with the cognitive user perspective. Undoubtedly, an interaction exists between system and user and they influence each other. This is where the third research question comes in: How can Ease-of-Use in public transportation systems be measured? The iterative process of defining and measuring Ease-of-Use resulted in a scale that measured the defined concept well with good reliability and validity. The final discussion highlights the contribution to science of this thesis and presents some possible paths for further research. The thesis consists of a summary and eight papers. / QC 20100621

The following report is based on the fact that we today aren´t building enough small apartments with the right of tenancy around the country. Numbers show that many young people and students will be in need of an apartment in the upcoming years. Because we already have a lack of small apartments in many of the student cities we have to find a solution today. Could module apartments be the solution? The report is a part of a project, which with the help of industrial building and its prerequisites, smaller apartments in module form has been planned. The apartments, are as far as possible, standardized but concludes a flexibility in the shaping which creates possibilities for different solutions. The apartments can be combined in different ways for use at different sites. In the project the quarter Järnbäraren has been used as a plot example, where the apartments have been used as student housing. The report describes the theoretical reasons to why you should use industrial building and what it takes for it to be a successful concept. It also contains analysis of earlier projects which can be compared with this one. The report also includes historical aspects on the development of industrial buildings during the 20th century and how the housing market has changed over the past years. The report shows the thoughts and speculations that lies behind the decisions which have been made during the project. It also works as a description of the prerequisites in the project. Most prerequisites came from the company Moelven, who there have been a cooperation with since the start of the project. The result has shown that it is possible to develop module apartments with high quality despite standardization and cost conscious thoughts. Since it is the technical parts in the apartment that is the biggest cost for the module, you’re able to increase dwelling space improve the quality in the apartment without the rent being raised and be absurd for example students.

The sun is an endless energy source and the heat it produces can be used to heatup our homes. This technology is relatively old and was introduced in the late70-s. There are two kinds of solar collectors that are most frequently used todayand these are plain solar collectors and vacuum solar collectors. The plain solarcollectors are the once that are used the most but the vacuum solar collectorshave increased more as a percentage the last couple of years.The biggest question asked regarding an investment in solar heating is if theplant is economically profitable. This question has no direct answer because itis dependent on a couple of prerequisites. These prerequisites are for examplewhich the existing heating system is used for the house, the accumulator tankbeing used and the houses orientation to mention a few.An investment in solar heating can be considered if the existing heating systemis either oil heating or direct electrical heating. The ground for this is that theprices for these fuels have increased a great deal in the last couple of years andbecause of that solar heating can be competitive. On the contrary, if you havean existing system that is either wood heating, pellets or long-distance heatingthe investment in solar collectors would not in most cases be profitable. Otherreasons could be current here like the environmental winnings. The sun is aclean and “free” heating method and this has been the reason why some peoplehave decided to invest in it. The energy that is produced by the solar collectorsis free and the economical calculation is based on the investment cost, whichoften is expensive, spread over the life-span of the system.There have been state funds to apply for over the years. These have caused theinvestment cost to sink for the plants ant the interest to increase. There are acouple of state funds to apply for and these can not be combined. The one mostcommonly used is SFS 2000:287 – förordning om statligt bidrag tillinvesteringar I solvärme that was introduced in the year 2000 and concernedsolar heating. This is a contribution that is bound to the yearly heat exchangethe plant can produce and it can, at most, give 7 500 Swedish crowns in funds.This regulation was replaced in the year 2008 by the regulation SFS 2008:1247– Förordning om stöd för investeringar I solvärme that is a similar edict wherethe difference lies in the calculation process for the amount of the funds that aregiven for the plant. As in the earlier regulation the maximum amount of thecontribution is 7 500 Swedish crowns per household.A new state fund contribution is proposed where the changes are to increase thecontribution to 3,90 kr per kWh with a maximum amount of 12 000 kr perhouse. The contribution will not include bigger projects and will extend over aperiod of 4 years with a total budget of 160 000 000 kr.

We live in a time where the influence of citizens is taking a larger role in the spatial  planning. The Swedish laws, such as PBL, deals with matters of citizen participation  which advocates that the youth should be included in the consultation circuit, but there is  no directive given.   The report's purpose is to demonstrate methods for how to get the young people's  influence included in the spatial planning, with a main focus on the ages between 13 and  21. On the base of literature and two case studies, the goal is to illustrate how to integrate  young people through a meeting place in Jonkoping, Sweden.  The report is structured along with an analysis based on the literature, two case studies  from previous projects and discussions/interviews with young people from four selected  areas in Jonkoping.   The case studies from Malmo and Gothenburg show how the cooperation between  different participants can be organized during the planning and how to give the users a  greater involvement.  Based on literature and case studies, we carried out a field analysis of the four most  segregated areas of Jonkoping; Osterangen, Oxnehaga, Ekhagen and Raslatt. Young  people in these areas were interviewed, as a basis for a proposal for a new all-activity  center at the expended location of Kungsang School.  During this project, the following three issues were investigated:   In what need are young people of a meeting place in Jonkoping?   Our research has proved that there is no greater connection between the young people in  Jönköping, because the young people appear generally in their own neighborhoods.  Therefore, segregation patterns are created and there is a need for a common meeting  place, a place in the municipality of Jönköping would be of great value to promote  integration between young people.  What can an all-activity house contribute to in Jonkoping?  An all-activity house which is available for everyone would contribute to what young  people are missing, by being a meeting place for everyone in the municipality of  Jonkoping.  Based on literature studies we believe that an all-activity house will break the segregation  pattern and reduce the distinction between "us" and "them", which will result in a more  integrated environment. By involving young people from the beginning until the end of  the projects, their influence will increase and it will give a wider understanding of their  neighborhoods and needs. This should be done through meetings and open dialogues  between users and planners. To assessment the degree of influence, Arnstein’s step  model can be used. An all-activity house with a wide range of activities benefits the  participants’ health by making them active and enabling conditions for movement.  School activities are not sufficient for young people to fully develop competencies, such  as sport accomplishments, playing instruments and artistic abilities. To have an activity  benefiting a person's health, the requirements is to gradually develop the person's abilities  based on active learning, engage in various types of exercises and have clear goals. The  school's activities do not have this kind of structure and it is therefore important that  young people have the opportunity outside of school and in the very neighborhood.    How can you precede the work of involving the youth in the spatial planning?  In real practice, the young people’s influence is not included during the whole planning  stage, only in the very beginning. This is considered as manipulation. To fulfill the co-  degree of influence, it requires that young people are involved and enthused through the  implementing-, planning- and management stage. The best way to capture young people's  thoughts, ideas and experiences is to use methods such as recreational centers, mental-  maps, walking trips or internet communication. / Vi lever i en tid då medborgarnas inflytande börjar ha en större betydelse under  projekteringsskedet. De svenska lagarna som exempelvis PBL, behandlar frågor kring  medborgarinflytande genom att förespråka att barn och ungdomar skall ingå i  samrådskretsen, men de anvisar ingen särskild metod.  Rapportens syfte är att visa på arbetsmetoder för hur man kan öka ungdomars inflytande  i planeringsprocessen, med fokus på åldersgrupperna 13-21 år. Målet är att utifrån  litteraturstudier och två fallstudier, belysa hur man integrerar ungdomar för att sedan ge  förslag om en mötesplats i form av ett all-aktivitetshus i Jönköpings kommun.   Rapporten består av en litteraturstudie, två fallstudier av genomförda projekt, samt  samtal och intervjuer med ungdomar från fyra utvalda områden i Jönköping.  Två fallstudier från Malmö och Göteborg visar hur samarbetet kan organiseras mellan de  olika aktörerna i planeringsprocessen och hur man kan ge brukarna ett större  medbestämmande.   Baserat på litteratur- och fallstudier genomfördes en områdesanalys över de fyra mest  segregerade områdena i Jönköping: Österängen, Öxnehaga, Ekhagen och Råslätt.  Ungdomar i dessa områden intervjuades, som underlag för ett förslag till ett nytt all-  aktivitetshus på den nedlagda Kungsängsskolans område.  Under arbetets gång har följande frågeställningar utreds:     Vilket behov har ungdomar av en mötesplats i Jönköpings kommun?   Vår forskning har visat att det inte existerar något större samband mellan ungdomarna i  Jönköpings kommun, utan dem flesta ungdomarna uppehåller sig inom sina egna  områden. Vi kan se hur ett segregationsmönster har skapats och att det finns ett behov  av en gemensam mötesplats, en mötesplats i Jönköpings kommun skulle därför ha ett  stort värde för att främja integrationen mellan ungdomarna.   Vad kan ett all-aktivitetshus bidra med/leda till i Jönköping ?   Ett all-aktivitetshus som framför allt är kostnadsfri och öppen för alla skulle fylla ut det  som ungdomarna saknar genom att vara en mötesplats för alla inom Jönköpings  kommun. Baserat på litteraturstudierna menar vi att ett all-aktivitetshus kan bryta  segregations mönstret och minska gränsdragningen mellan ”vi” och ”de”, vilket kan leda  till en mer integrerad miljö. Genom att involvera ungdomar i de tre olika  projekteringsskedena ökar deras inflytande och man får större förståelse kring deras  område och behov. Detta bör göras genom möten och öppna dialoger mellan brukare  och planerare. Bedömning av inflytandegraden kan göras utifrån Arnsteins stegmodell.  Ett all-aktiviteshus med ett stort utbud av aktiviteter hade gynnat de delaktigas hälsa  genom att göra de aktiva och möjliggöra förutsättningar för rörelse. Skolans aktiviteter,  som exempelvis idrott, är inte tillräckliga för att ungdomar skall utveckla kompetenser  fullt ut, inom t.ex. sportliga prestationer, instrumentspelning och konstnärliga förmågor.  Då en aktivitet ska gynna en persons hälsa så krävs det att aktiviteten gradvis utvecklar  personens förmågor, bygger på en aktiv inlärning, bedriver olika typer av övningar och  har tydliga mål. Skolans aktiviteter saknar denna aktivitetsstruktur och det är därför  viktigt att ungdomar har denna möjlighet utanför skolan och i självaste bostadsområdet.   Hur kan man gå tillväga för att öka ungdomars inflytande i planeringen?  Vid verkliga projekt är det vanligt att man involverar ungdomar endast under  planeringsskedet, detta anses som manipulation. För att uppfylla kravet på verkligt  medbestämmande krävs att ungdomarna ska vara med under genomförandes-,  planerings- och förvaltningsskedet. För att på bästa möjliga sätt fånga upp ungdomars  tankar, idéer och upplevelser kan man använda sig av metoder som fritidsverkstäder,  mental-maps, gå-tur och ungdomskanaler på internet.

The purpose is to understand the planning process for residential buildings and toinvestigate the consequences of the choices made in the process. The project will alsoprovide broader knowledge in the design and development under the current law andpractice.The goal is to present a proposal on how a city near the site where water can bedesigned from a sustainable perspective. How can a residential neighborhood be anenvironmentally sound and sustainable region? New systems and techniques havebeen presented previously in terms of sustainable environments and these are intendedof being used in the project Quarter Water-mirror.The project has been implemented on the computer program ArchiCAD in whichdrawings and visualizations have been carried out. These drawings are included asannexes to the report.For information, calculations and drawings, laws for physical planning and Swedishstandard have been followed.Residential buildings have been designed on a site, which is 2, 5 hectares. This area isexploited to a large extent, have generous space and environmentally friendlyachievements. The sustainable development of the area is supposed to contribute tolong-term management. To create an attractive and interesting environment, a channelhas been incorporated into the field.In the planning has availability, guest/ private parking, infrastructure and in the land,the farm formations, water and solar studies taken into account where the Planningand Building Act has been a starting point.Apartments have been presented with regard to the functioning, transparency andlight. When these factors were crucial in the case of a well-resolved data.The investigations made that refined solutions, including waste disposal, diversion ofwater, etc. existed. These methods will not necessarily be used in Quarter Watermirrorbecause nothing is elucidated. However, these solutions are good practice togive the area a sustainable environment.