L’aménagement des systèmes d’assainissement conventionnel des eaux usées domestiques entraine actuellement la déplétion de ressources naturelles et la pollution des milieux récepteurs. L’utilisation d’une approche écosystémique plus globale telle que l’Assainissement Écologique, visant la fermeture du cycle de l’eau et des éléments nutritifs (phosphore et azote), contenus dans les excréments, par leur réutilisation à travers l’agriculture, permettrait d’améliorer de façon écologique cette situation. Toutefois, ce paradigme émergent est peu enseigné aux professionnels de l’aménagement responsables de sa planification, surtout au niveau de son application dans les pays développés nordiques. C’est pourquoi, afin d’améliorer la planification de ce type de système, il faut informer ces derniers des pratiques les plus adéquates à adopter. Pour y arriver, un scénario d’aménagement type a été développé à partir d’une revue exhaustive de la littérature et de l’analyse des données en se basant sur les recommandations de l’approche en fonction du contexte étudié. Ce scénario aidera les professionnels à mieux comprendre l’Assainissement Écologique et son aménagement. Il représente alors un point de départ pour les discussions interdisciplinaires et participatives que celui-ci requiert. En conclusion, il y a encore de nombreux manques d’informations concernant l’utilisation de traitements alternatifs dans les climats nordiques et l’acceptation de ceux-ci par les usagers. De plus, les cadres législatifs demeurent un obstacle considérable à l’aménagement d’un tel système. Cette recherche permet cependant de démystifier l’approche auprès des professionnels et pourrait aider à modifier certains cadres législatifs afin d’y intégrer sa philosophie. / At the moment, the planning of conventional sanitation systems for the treatment of domestic wastewater is responsible for the depletion of natural resources and pollution of receiving waters. A more holistic approach, respecting the local ecosystem, such as the new paradigm of Ecological Sanitation would greatly improve this situation. The idea pursues the closure of water and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus found in the human excreta) cycles through their reuse in agriculture. However, this new approach remains relatively unknown except for a few planning professionals responsible for the implementation of sanitation systems especially in the context of northern industrialized countries. Therefore to enhance the design of this kind of system, there is a need to educate and inform these professionals on more suitable treatment options to adopt. To achieve this, a planning scenario has been developed using a literature review and analysis of the data using a grid based on the recommendations of the paradigm when planned in this particular context. This scenario will help the professionals to better understand the philosophy of this approach and its implementation. It will represent a starting point for the interdisciplinary and participatory discussions that this approach demands. In conclusion, there is still a lack of knowledge surrounding the use of certain alternative options and their degree of acceptance by the public. Moreover, the legislation surrounding sanitation represents a significant obstacle to the implementation of this sort of alternative system. Still, this research helps the planning and design professionals demystify the new paradigm and may even be helpful in the modification of laws for the integration of its philosophy.

The maintenance or replacement of deteriorated pipes and culverts is a constant and significant concern for municipalities and transportation agencies in the United States (Donaldson and Wallingford, 2010). Trenchless technologies and especially the Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) method have become increasingly common ways to preserve infrastructures owing to their feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and fewer social impacts (Jung and Sinha, 2007). Therefore, there is a growing need to understand the direct and indirect effects of pipeline rehabilitation activities on the environment. Nearly all past CIPP studies have focused on its mechanical properties, and its environmental impacts are poorly investigated and documented (Allouche et al. 2012). Sewer pipelines and storm-water culverts are administered by municipalities and transportation agencies who bear the responsibility for rehabilitation and renewal of these infrastructures. In consequence, they rarely allow sampling and research projects in the field due to liability issues. This is a main obstacle to conducting comprehensive, precise, and unbiased research on CIPP environmental impacts and to date, the degree of relevant health effects and related environmental impacts have remained unknown. Numerous building indoor air contamination incidents indicate that work is needed to understand the magnitude of styrene emission from CIPP sanitary sewer repairs. The main goal of this study was to better comprehend Volatile Organic Compounds emission at three CIPP sanitary sewer installation sites in one U.S. city. Results showed that CIPP chemical emissions may be a health risk to workers and nearby building inhabitants. Additional testing and investigations regarding chemical emissions from CIPP should be commissioned to fill in the environmental and public health knowledge gaps. The acute and chronic chemical exposure risks of CIPP chemical steam constituents and styrene to sensitive populations should be further examined. Other goals of this study were to estimate the magnitude of solid waste generated as well as the amount of certain criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gases emitted from onsite heavy equipment for both CIPP and open-cut sites in a U.S city. The results indicated that the amount of open-cut related solid waste, criteria air pollutants, and greenhouse gases were greater than those during CIPP activities. Additional work is needed to quantify pollutant emissions from CIPP and open-cut activities and consider emissions from a cradle-to-grave standpoint.

La presente investigación se realizó con el fin de encontrar los factores que influyen en la exportación de aceite de pescado (1540201000) a China, durante los años 2007 al 2017. Por tal motivo, se analizó todos los factores que se consideraron influyente al tema, siendo estas: las Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias, el Valor FOB y los Fenómenos Ambientales-El Niño. Debido a esto, se investigó sobre las Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias presentadas por China, para poder exportar y entrar a su país con este producto, ya que debido al Tratado de Libre Comercio, en el 2010, este tipo de medidas fueron más rigurosas, lo cual fue una barrera comercial para los exportadores porque eran nuevos requerimientos por obtener. Así también, se revisaron los valores FOB exportados a China del aceite de pescado, que vienen influenciados por la poca o la mucha producción de dicho producto, dependiendo de la temporada. Además, se analizó el impacto que causan ciertos fenómenos ambientales, tales como el Niño, que afecta directamente a la producción, a la biomasa de la anchoveta y su consecuencia con las exportaciones al mercado de China. Para la realización de esta proyecto, se utilizó el método de investigación cualitativo, tomando en cuenta información de expertos relacionado al tema de empresas exportadoras de aceite de pescado a China, y entidades como IMARPE, SANIPES y la Sociedad Nacional de Pesquería, con la finalidad de poder obtener una información más confiable para el desarrollo de la tesis, así mismo se utilizaron herramientas metodológicas como datos estadísticos de SUNAT y MINCETUR. / The present investigation was conducted in order to find the factors that influence the export of fish oil (1540201000) to China, during the years 2007 to 2017. For this reason, factors that were considered influential to the subject were analyzed, being these, the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, the FOB Value and the Environmental-El Niño Phenomena. Due to this, it is investigated which are the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures presented by China, to be able to export and enter their country with this product, since due to the Free Trade Agreement, in 2010, this type of measures were more rigorous, which was a commercial barrier for exporters because they were new requirements to obtain. Likewise, the FOB values exported to China from fish oil were reviewed, which are influenced by the low or high production of said product, depending on the season. In addition, we analyzed the impact caused by certain environmental phenomena, such as El Niño, which affects production, anchovy biomass and its consequence with exports to the Chinese market. To carry out this project, the qualitative research method was used, taking into account information from experts related to the topic of fish oil exporting companies to China, and entities such as IMARPE, SANIPES and the National Fisheries Society, with the purpose of of being able to obtain a more reliable information for the development of the thesis, likewise, methodological tools were used as statistical data of SUNAT and MINCETUR. / Tesis

La doctrine du libre-échange a favorisé la création d’un cadre multilatéral en 1947 avec l’accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) puis avec l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) en 1995. Les négociations commerciales multilatérales sous l’égide du GATT puis de l’OMC, aboutissent à une réduction considérable des droits de douane au niveau mondial. Or, devant la diminution progressive des droits de douane, un fort accroissement des barrières dites non tarifaires (BNT) apparaît.En effet, l’expansion du commerce international et l’extension des règles commerciales multilatérales à de nouveaux domaines, autrefois protégés, tels que l’agriculture, les services et la propriété intellectuelle ont amené beaucoup de pays à faire un usage plus intensif, voire « abusif » des barrières non tarifaires, une issue pour contourner la règle « libre-échangiste ».Ces barrières non tarifaires viennent ainsi compléter, voire remplacer les droits de douane et peuvent réduire, voire annuler la valeur des consolidations tarifaires. De plus, les BNT sont deux fois plus restrictives que les droits de douane, CNUCED, (2005) et elles limitent nettement plus l’accès aux marchés que les droits tarifaires, CNUCED, (2012). Egalement, les BNT peuvent prendre différentes formes, elles n’ont pas le même degré de restrictivité et ne s’appliquent pas de la même méthode. Elles varient en fonction des pays et des produits et correspondent à différents objectifs.La présente thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des travaux de quantification des barrières non tarifaires et vise l’évaluation du degré de restrictivité des BNT tarifaires appliquées sur les importations des pays sud-méditerranéens (MED) en provenance des pays de l’Union Européenne (UE) dans le cadre de l’intégration euro-méditerranéenne. Ce travail de recherche introduit deux modèles économétriques : le premier modèle est une équation d’ « importations », il évalue l’ampleur des barrières non tarifaires appliquées sur les importations (corrigées des tarifs) des pays MED en provenance du partenaire UE et ceci à travers le calcul des équivalents tarifaires ad-valorem. Le second modèle est une équation gravitationnelle, il estime le rôle des BNT et les coûts de commerce dans les échanges UE-MED pour aboutir à une analyse plus fine de l’impact des BNT et d’autres barrières à l’échange à savoir : les droits de douane ; les coûts de transport ; la performance logistique ; les facteurs de la proximité culturelle et les facteurs institutionnels sur le commerce euro-méditerranéen. / The doctrine of free trade has promoted the creation of a multilateral framework in 1947 with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and then with the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. Multilateral trade negotiations under the GATT and the WTO have resulted in a considerable reduction of tariffs worldwide. However, before the gradual reduction of tariffs, a strong increase in non-tariff barriers (NTBs) appeared.Indeed, the expansion of international trade and the expansion of multilateral trade rules to new areas previously protected, such as agriculture, services and intellectual property have led many countries to make more intensive use of non-tariff barriers, a way to overcome the " free-market " rule.These non-tariff barriers thus complement or replace tariffs and may reduce or cancel the value of tariff bindings. In addition, NTBs are twice as restrictive tariffs and imply a much more limited market access than tariffs. In addition, NTBs can take different forms, they do not have the same degree of restrictiveness and do not apply the same method. They vary across countries and products, and correspond to different objectives.This thesis aims to quantify non-tariff barriers and to assess their degree of restrictiveness on imports of Southern Mediterranean countries (MED) from the European Union (EU) in the framework of the Euro- Mediterranean integration. This research introduces two econometric models: the first model is an equation of "imports". It assesses the magnitude of non-tariff barriers applied by MED countries to the EU and other partners through the calculation of ad valorem tariff equivalents. The second model is a gravity equation. It considers the role of NTBs and trade costs in the EU -MED trade to achieve a more detailed analysis of the impact of NTBs and other barriers to trade, such as tariffs, transport costs, logistics performance as well as cultural proximity and institutional factors on the Euro- Mediterranean trade.

Introdução A carne-de-sol é um produto artesanal, resultado de técnicas superficiais de salga e desidratação, empregado por populações do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. A ausência de tecnologia sofisticada na elaboração e de padrões oficiais de identidade e qualidade possibilita produção, comercialização e distribuição em condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias, permitindo a presença de microrganismos patogênicos e sujidades prejudiciais à saúde, podendo não atender aos padrões mínimos de qualidade, tornando-se agente de disseminação de patógenos e colocando em risco a saúde do consumidor. Objetivo Avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias da carne-de-sol comercializada em casas do norte quanto à presença de microrganismos patogênicos e matérias prejudiciais à saúde. Metodologia Foram analisadas 88 amostras de carne-de-sol, adquiridas em 22 casas do norte localizadas na cidade de DiademaSP, quanto à presença de coliformes totais e fecais, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, e matérias estranhas macro e microscópicas, prejudiciais ou não à saúde. As condições de exposição e comercialização do produto nas casas do norte foram avaliadas, servindo de informação complementar na apreciação do grau de segurança alimentar do produto. Resultados e Discussão - O número mais provável de coliformes/mL a 45°C, nas carnes-de-sol, variou de 3 NMP/mL até 240 NMP/mL. Escherichia coli, foi identificada em 3 amostras (13,6 por cento); Staphylococcus aureus em 11 (50,0 por cento), entre contagens de 103 a 105 UFC/mL; e Salmonella spp, em 2 (9,1 por cento). Em 44 amostras foram encontrados diversos tipos de matérias estranhas, tais como, insetos inteiros e fragmentos, larvas, exúvias, ácaros, pêlos de roedor, bárbula de ave, fungos filamentosos, e objetos pontiagudos e cortantes. A refrigeração não era utilizada na maioria dos estabelecimentos e os produtos não estavam protegidos por nenhuma embalagem. As facas e superfícies de corte, confeccionadas em madeira, eram empregadas em outros produtos prontos para consumo. Em 11 locais foi verificada a presença de vetores mecânicos na área de venda. A manipulação simultânea de dinheiro e alimentos foi evidenciada em 16 casas do norte, onde não havia lavatório para os manipuladores. Conclusão Os resultados obtidos indicaram que 90,9 por cento das carnes-de-sol das casas do norte, apresentavam condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias, pela presença de perigos físicos e/ou microbiológicos. Tais resultados, associados às condições observadas nas casas do norte, indicam que estes produtos podem configurar-se em agentes de disseminação de patógenos, colocando em risco a saúde do consumidor / Introduction - The sun meat is a handmade product, combining surface techniques of salting and dehydration, commnly used by people from the North and Northeast of Brazil. The lack of sophisticated technology in its development, and official standards of identity and quality, leds to production, marketing and distribuition in unsatisfactory sanitary-hygienic conditions, allowing pathogenic microorganisms containing dirt harmful to health. Because they may not attend the minimum quality standards, becoming agents of pathogens spreading and putting at risk consumers health. Objective - To evaluate the sanitary-hygienic conditions of sun meat sold in the houses of the north, for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and materials harmful to health. Methodology It was analyzed 88 samples of sun meat, acquired in 22 houses of the north located in the city of Diadema-SP- Brazil, for the presence of total and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and macroscopic and microscopic foreign matter, that could or not be harmful to health. The product conditions of exposure and marketing in the houses of the north were evaluated, providing the additional information in assessing the degree of food security of this product. Results and Discussion - The most probable number of coliforms /mL at 45°C, ranged from 3 MPN /mL to 240 MPN/mL. Escherichia coli, was identified in 3 samples (13,6 per cent), Staphylococcus aureus in 11 (50,0 per cent) in counts ranging from 103 to 105 CFU /mL, and Salmonella spp in 2 (9,1 per cent). In 44 samples were found various types of foreign materials such as whole insects and debris, larvae, exúvia, mites, hairs of rodent, pieces of bird feather, fungi, and pointed and sharp objects. Refrigeration was absent in most of the establishments and the products were not protected by any package. The knives and cutting surfaces were made of wood, and used in other products ready for consumption. Mechanical vectors were observed in 11 locations of the sale area. The simultaneous manipulation of money and food was seen in 16 houses of the north, in wich there was no sink for the defeat. Conclusion - The results indicated that 90,9 per cent of the sun meat of the houses of north, have unsatisfactory sanitary-hygienic conditions, caused by the presence of physical hazards contamination and/or microbiological contamination. These results, associated with conditions found in the houses of the north, indicate that these products can constitute agents in the spread of pathogens, putting at risk the health of consumers

O lixiviado de aterro sanitário possui constituição complexa e é altamente poluente. Neste contexto, os processos oxidativos avançados se destacam como pré-tratamento, objetivando a remoção ou diminuição da recalcitrância do lixiviado. Neste trabalho foram utilizados os Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POAs) foto-Fenton, ozônio e ozônio combinado com peróxido de hidrogênio. Avaliou-se a influência do pré-tratamento por air-stripping, a variação na produção de ozônio em 80 e 100%, a melhor dose de peróxido de hidrogênio correspondente a 20, 40 e 80% da dose de 6g O3/L empregada nos tratamentos com ozônio, a remoção de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio amoniacal total (NAT), alcalinidade, sólidos dissolvidos totais (SDT) (cloretos), produção de nitrito e nitrato, melhor razão molar [H2O2]/[Fe2+] para o tempo de contato de 80 min no foto-Fenton, uso do número médio de oxidação do carbono (NMOC) e a quantificação do ácido oxálico formado após a aplicação dos POAs. O tratamento por O3/H2O2 (1,2 g H2O2/L e produção de O3 em 80%) obteve a maior remoção de matéria orgânica, 0,14 g massa removida de Carbono Orgânico Total (COT) / massa consumida de O3 e 0,43 g/g para a Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO). Quanto ao foto-Fenton, averiguou-se o máximo de 74% remoção de COT e 65% remoção DQO para a razão molar [H2O2]/[Fe2+] igual a 2. Também se notou formação de sólidos sedimentáveis neste processo aplicado ao lixiviado bruto. O pré-tratamento por air-stripping não promoveu incremento na remoção de matéria orgânica. As concentrações de NAT, alcalinidade, SDT (cloretos) se mantiveram elevadas após a aplicação dos POA. Ocorreu formação de nitrato em todos os tratamentos. O uso do NMOC foi adequado e demonstrou ocorrência de oxidação nos processos. A quantificação do ácido oxálico formado após a aplicação dos POAs não foi apropriada nesta pesquisa. / The landfill leachate is a major waste produced by the landfill and its constitution complex and highly polluting motivate research in order to adapt their disposal on the environment. In this context, the advanced oxidation processes stand out as a pretreatment, in order to remove or decrease the recalcitrance of the leachate. In this work we used the photo-Fenton AOPs, ozone and ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide. We evaluated the effect of pretreatment for air-stripping, the variation in the production of ozone 80 and 100%, the best dose of hydrogen peroxide equal to 20, 40 and 80% of the dose of 6g O3/ L used in the treatments with ozone, the removal of organic matter, total ammonia nitrogen, alkalinity, dissolved solids (chlorides), production of nitrite and nitrate, best molar ratio [H2O2]/[Fe2+] to the contact time of 80 min in the photo-Fenton, average number of carbon oxidation use and the measurement of oxalic acid formed after application of the AOPs. The AOP O3/H2O2 (1.2g H2O2/L and O3 production by 80%) had the highest removal of organic matter, 0.14 g of TOC removed mass/ mass consumed O3 and 0.43 g/g for COD. As for the photo-Fenton, it was found a maximum of 74% removal of TOC and 65% for COD removal molar ratio [H2O2]/[Fe2+] equal to 2. It was also noted the formation of settle able solids in the process applied to the raw leachate. Pretreatment by air-stripping did not promote an increase in organic matter removal. Total ammonia nitrogen concentrations, alkalinity, dissolved solids (chlorides) remained high after application of the AOP, indicating possible oxidant demand. For nitrate formation occurred in all treatments, while only the photo-Fenton was no formation of nitrite. The use of average number of carbon oxidation was adequate and showed occurrence of oxidation processes. The quantification of oxalic acid formed after the application of AOPs was not appropriate in this research.

A presente dissertação, apresentada em dois estudos, buscou verificar as condições de boas práticas de higiene e manipulação (BPHM) e de infraestrutura (IE) de oito restaurantes/lanchonetes e de sete pontos de comércio ambulante localizados na Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (CUASO-USP) e a qualidade higiênico-sanitária de 45 amostras de alimentos prontos para o consumo colhidas nos mesmos. O primeiro estudo traz uma abordagem exploratória e qualitativa através da aplicação de listas de verificação; o segundo analisa laboratorialmente aspectos higiênico-sanitários dos alimentos comercializados pelos estabelecimentos alvo do estudo anterior. Concluiu-se que 1) os estabelecimentos de comércio alimentício da CUASO-USP apresentaram índices regulares de cumprimento de BPHM e adequação de IE, sendo que o eixo de higiene e manipulação de alimentos mostrou-se em melhor situação quando comparado ao de infraestrutura; 2) os ambulantes analisados apresentaram melhores resultados no cumprimento das normas de BPHM e IE e na avaliação das condições higiênico-sanitárias quando comparados aos estabelecimentos fixos de comércio alimentício. Constatou-se que é possível a prática do comércio de alimentos de rua com qualidade higiênico-sanitária, sem caracterizar uma ameaça à saúde publica, desde que o empreendedor conheça e aplique os procedimentos necessários e críticos à obtenção da garantia dos produtos comercializados, assumindo responsabilidade social ao realizar o seu modo de produção mercantil simples, porém comprometido moralmente com a sociedade. / This investigate, presented in two studies, examined the good hygiene practices and handling (GHPH) and the infrastructure (IS) conditions from eight restaurants and seven street vendors located in University City Armando de Salles Oliveira (UCASO-USP) and the sanitary conditions of 45 samples of ready to eat food harvested in them. The first study provides an exploratory and qualitative approach through the application of checklists; the second laboratory analyzes the hygienic and sanitary aspects of the food sold by the previously discussed establishments. We concluded that 1) the UCASO-USP food trade establishments showed regular compliance rates of GHPH and appropriateness of IS, and the axis of hygiene and food handling proved to be better off compared to the infrastructure; 2) the street vendors analyzed showed better results in meeting the GHPH and IS standards and in the evaluation of sanitary conditions when compared to fixed establishments of food trade. It was found that it is possible to practice the street foods trade in sanitary conditions, without characterizing a public health threat, provided that the enterprising know and apply the necessary and critical procedures to obtaining the products marketed assurance, with social responsibility while make their commodity production simple mode.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-05-07T18:37:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ERIKA SOARES CARVALHO VILELA.pdf: 10551193 bytes, checksum: 210274192f6918a85a44d3026060d9b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T18:37:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ERIKA SOARES CARVALHO VILELA.pdf: 10551193 bytes, checksum: 210274192f6918a85a44d3026060d9b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa ? CNPq / This dissertation aimed at investigating the relationship between city and territory in the process of constitution of the discipline urbanism in S?o Paulo. For that, the professional trajectory of the engineer Adolpho Augusto Pinto from 1880 to 1924 and his legacy for the state of S?o Paulo during the period of production of his works were studied. The methodology adopted was based on the reading of plans, reports and maps of the period, using materials available in libraries, collections of rare works, sebum, official websites and archives of the state. This research is inserted in the current historiographical of Social History and contributes to the deepening of the historiography of S?o Paulo on the origins of urbanism in Brazil. / A presente disserta??o de Mestrado visou investigar a rela??o entre cidade e territ?rio no processo de constitui??o da disciplina urbanismo em S?o Paulo. Para tal foi estudado a trajet?ria profissional do engenheiro Adolpho Augusto Pinto de 1880 ? 1924 e seu legado para o estado de S?o Paulo durante o per?odo de produ??o de suas obras. A metodologia adotada teve como base a leitura de planos, relat?rios e mapas, utilizando materiais dispon?veis em bibliotecas, acervos de obras raras, sebos, sites oficiais e arquivos do estado. Esta pesquisa est? inserida na corrente historiogr?fica da Hist?ria Social e contribui para o aprofundamento da historiografia paulista sobre as origens do urbanismo no Brasil.

Trata do tema da higiene da habitação urbana paulista. Objetiva analisar em fontes documentais originais como a moradia foi incluída nas iniciativas governamentais estadual e municipal - para melhorar o estado sanitário da cidade de Campinas/SP, entre 1880 e 1934. Trabalha com a hipótese de que as medidas tomadas pelo governo de São Paulo e pela municipalidade, no final do século XIX, sob a organização do regime republicano e para combater as epidemias de febre amarela, estiveram fundamentadas nos princípios do urbanismo sanitarista europeu, que foram sistematizados na legislação sanitária estadual e edilícia municipal, embasando as práticas relacionadas à higiene das habitações e orientando a atividade edificativa em Campinas. Analisa o panorama da construção civil em Campinas por meio do procedimento administrativo que autorizou as licenças para construção de moradias, que foi formalizado na legislação edilícia e organizado na Repartição de Obras, identificando os protagonistas na concepção e na análise dos requerimentos e dos projetos arquitetônicos. Verifica que a expressiva maioria das obras foi conduzida por construtores não diplomados, sem formação acadêmica nas escolas tradicionais de engenharia e arquitetura, mas que foram licenciados conforme a normativa que estabeleceu a regulamentação profissional. Conclui que essa normativa municipal, atendendo aos preceitos da legislação sanitária estadual e dando suporte ao aparato sanitarista, foi decisiva para promover reformas e orientar a construção de novas habitações em Campinas/SP, ao estabelecer a obediência às determinações técnicas de aspecto, de solidez e de higiene, principalmente relacionadas à impermeabilização, à insolação e ao arejamento das edificações urbanas. / The theme of this thesis is the hygiene of urban housing of São Paulo state. It objectives to analyze, based on original documentary sources, how it was included in government initiatives - state and local - to improve sanitary conditions of the city of Campinas/SP, between 1880 and 1934. It works with the hypothesis that, the measures taken by São Paulos government and by the municipality - in the late nineteenth century - under the republican regimes organization and to fight yellow fever epidemics, were based on the European principles of sanitarian urbanism, which were organized in sanitary and constructive legislation, providing input to practices related to housing hygiene and guiding Campinas building activity. Examines construction scenery in Campinas through the administrative procedure that authorized permits for housing edification, which was formalized in constructive legislation and organized in the municipality, identifying the protagonists in the conception and analysis of requirements and architectural projects. It verifies that the significant majority of the work was conducted by non-graduated constructors, without academic degree in traditional schools of engineering and architecture, however were licensed according to rules that established the professional regulation. It concludes that these municipal rules, taking into account state laws provisions and supporting the sanitary apparatus, was decisive to promote reforms and guidance for the construction of new private urban houses in Campinas/SP, when establishes obedience to aspect, solidity and hygiene technical determinations, mainly related to buildings waterproofing, insolation and ventilation.

O escopo principal desse projeto foi o de criar um conjunto de ações integradas que permitissem minimizar os impactos de sistemas de saneamento in situ nos recursos hídricos subterrâneo. Sendo as fossas sépticas, mesmo as bem construídas, pouco efetivas onde há alta densidade populacional, foi desenvolvido e aplicado no loteamento Jardim Santo Antônio (situado na APA de Capivari-Monos, Parelheiros) um novo conceito de saneamento in situ: uma fossa alternativa melhorada com uso de barreiras reativas, que possibilitasse a degradação mais eficiente de nitrato e de microorganismos patogênicos. Para a degradação de microorganismos, o material reativo utilizado correspondeu ao BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace - resíduo de altos fornos de fundição em siderúrgicas) e para a desnitrificação, a serragem. A barreira reativa para remoção de nitrato foi alvo de estudos desse projeto. Desenvolveu-se um questionário de avaliação de risco sanitário para uma área onde foram cadastrados 178 lotes, em um total de 218 poços e 182 fossas. A partir da análise dos dados por Cluster foi possível selecionar um conjunto de perguntas que estivessem mais relacionadas a riscos de contaminação por bactérias e nitrato. Observou-se que a relação entre as características de construção e operação dos poços pouco pode prever a contaminação por nitrato, o que evidencia que sua presença é de caráter regional, fruto de uma ocupação desordenada e densa. Em contrapartida, as perguntas tiveram maior relação com o parâmetro bactérias, o que implica em uma característica local (do poço em si). Antes da implantação da fossa alternativa melhorada, foram realizados experimentos de colunas de sedimentos em laboratório para se testar a eficiência de serragem na degradação de nitrato. Montaram-se 3 colunas: uma só com sedimentos da área, que correspondeu ao branco, e as outras duas com sedimentos e 10cm e 20cm de espessura de uma mistura de serragem (Cedrinho) com areia, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram uma eficiência de degradação do nitrato de até 96,5% e 99,7% para as colunas de 10cm e 20cm. Foram instaladas duas fossas na área de estudo: a fossa alternativa melhorada com o uso de barreiras reativas (FA) e a fossa controle (FC), equivalente ao esgotamento usualmente empregado pela comunidade (ausência de materiais reativos). Na Fossa Alternativa, estruturada com as barreiras reativas contendo BOF (1m abaixo do tanque receptor do efluente) e serragem (abaixo do BOF, mas separada deste por 1m de pacote arenoso), é possível discriminar certos comportamentos ao longo de suas posições. O BOF que é rico em óxidos de cálcio e ferro confere ao efluente percolante uma condutividade elétrica mais acentuada e um pH muito básico, em torno de 12. Já a barreira com serragem caracterizou-se por concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido mais baixas e presença de C orgânico na forma dissolvida, condições necessárias para a ocorrência da desnitrificação do nitrato gerado perfil acima. No entanto, as concentrações de oxigênio não devem ter sido suficientemente baixas para uma maior eficiência na desnitrificação na barreira de serragem. Além disso, a eficiência pode ter sido comprometida pelo elevado pH que essa barreira foi submetida pelo efluente percolado antes no BOF, o que afetou a capacidade das bactérias desnitrificantes em suas reações metabólicas. Na Fossa Controle, os íons distribuíram-se ao longo do perfil de forma mais regular. A composição dessa fossa representa a fonte em si, com altas concentrações de N-amoniacal e de carbono orgânico dissolvido e baixas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido. Para esse tipo de cenário, a nitrificação deve ocorrer na zona não-saturada abaixo da fossa, para que depois o nitrato possa alcançar o lençol freático. / The main purpose of this project was to create a set of integrated actions that could minimize impacts of septic systems on groundwater resources. Since the septic tanks, even the well-constructed ones, are not effective on areas where the population density is high, an alternative latrine improved with reactive barriers was developed and applied in Jardim Santo Antônio settlement (Parelheiros, São Paulo, SP). In order to degrade the microorganisms, the reactive material was BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) slag from steel producer facilities, and in order to enhance the denitrification, the material of the reactive barrier was sawdust. The sawdust barrier was the main issue in this project. A risk assessment questionnaire was developed and it was applied to an area where 178 residences were evaluated, totalizing 218 water wells and 182 latrines. A Cluster Analysis was used to select the questions that would be related to the risk of contamination by bacteria or nitrate. It was observed that the inapropriated construction and operation of the wells are poorly related to the level of nitrate contamination, what suggests that the nitrate contamination is a more regional problem. On the other hand, it was found a good relationship between the level of bacteria contaminations and the characteristics of construction and operation of the wells, what suggests that this contamination has a local factor. Before the installation of the enhanced septic tank, soil columns breakthrough experiments were conducted in laboratory to test the efficiency of sawdust in nitrate removal. Three soil columns were set up: one filled only with sediments of Jardim Santo Antonio settlement, and another two with the same kind of sediments and sawdust layers introduced with 10cm and 20cm thickness. The results showed an efficiency of sawdust to denitrification of 96,5% and 99,7%, respectively. Two septic tanks were installed in the study area: the alternative latrine enhanced with reactive barriers (AL), and the control latrine (CL), equivalent to the usual tanks founded on the area. In AL, structured with reactive barriers containing BOF (1m below the wastewater tank) and sawdust (under the BOF layer, but first separate from it by 1m of sand package), it\'s possible to discern few parameter behaviors. BOF, which is rich in calcium oxides and iron oxides, incrises the electrical conductivity and the pH of the effluent (~12). The sawdust barrier, in its turn, was characterized by low concentration of dissolved oxygen and by the presence of dissolved organic carbon, essential conditions denitrification ocurrence. The denitrification efficiency of the sawdust barrier was affected by the high pH observed in the effluent that crossed the BOF barrier, which perturbed the denitrifying bacteria performance. In CL, the vertical distribution of the ions was more regular. The samples from this system presented high levels of ammonium and DOC and low values for dissolved oxygen. For this case, the nitrification must happen in the unsaturated zone bellow the tank, so the nitrate formed can reach the groundwater.