Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-30T21:28:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SIMONE NÓBREGA RIBEIRO ALMEIDA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2016..pdf: 4691319 bytes, checksum: 936fbab62885503318d5fdee07417693 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T21:28:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SIMONE NÓBREGA RIBEIRO ALMEIDA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2016..pdf: 4691319 bytes, checksum: 936fbab62885503318d5fdee07417693 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-02 / A disposição inadequada de resíduos sólidos é um dos sérios problemas enfrentados pela sociedade moderna. Uma alternativa para esta disposição de forma ambientalmente adequada são os aterros sanitários. Desta forma, o município de Pombal - PB juntamente com outros municípios circunvizinhos buscam a implantação de um aterro sanitário consorciado tendo em vista o atendimento a legislação em vigor. Objetivou-se, portanto, realizar um estudo para identificar, por meio de geoprocessamento, áreas aptas para a implantação de um aterro sanitário no município de Pombal - PB, observando critérios ambientais,sociais e econômicos. Foi estimado o tamanho da área necessária a implantação do aterro. Posteriormente foram avaliadas três áreas, seguindo critérios preestabelecidos e atribuição de nota. Quanto ao tratamento de dados espaciais utilizou-se o Qgis 2.18. Com isso, selecionou-se preliminarmente a Área 1 como possível área para implantação do aterro sanitário, haja vista ter sido a que melhor atendeu aos critérios estabelecidos. / The inadequate disposal of solid waste is one of the serious problems faced by modern society. An alternative to this provision in an environmentally appropriate manner is landfills. In this way, the municipality of Pombal - PB together with other surrounding municipalities, seek the implementation of a consortium sanitary landfill in order to comply with current legislation. The objective of this study was to identify, through geoprocessing, suitable areas for the implantation of a sanitary landfill in the city of Pombal - PB, observing environmental, social and economic criteria. The size of the land required for the landfill was estimated. Subsequently, three areas were evaluated, following pre-established criteria and note assignment. As for spatial data processing, Qgis 2.18 was used. With this, it was preliminarily selected Area 1 as a possible area for landfill implantation, since it was the one that best met the established criteria.

Introdução A carne-de-sol é um produto artesanal, resultado de técnicas superficiais de salga e desidratação, empregado por populações do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. A ausência de tecnologia sofisticada na elaboração e de padrões oficiais de identidade e qualidade possibilita produção, comercialização e distribuição em condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias, permitindo a presença de microrganismos patogênicos e sujidades prejudiciais à saúde, podendo não atender aos padrões mínimos de qualidade, tornando-se agente de disseminação de patógenos e colocando em risco a saúde do consumidor. Objetivo Avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias da carne-de-sol comercializada em casas do norte quanto à presença de microrganismos patogênicos e matérias prejudiciais à saúde. Metodologia Foram analisadas 88 amostras de carne-de-sol, adquiridas em 22 casas do norte localizadas na cidade de DiademaSP, quanto à presença de coliformes totais e fecais, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, e matérias estranhas macro e microscópicas, prejudiciais ou não à saúde. As condições de exposição e comercialização do produto nas casas do norte foram avaliadas, servindo de informação complementar na apreciação do grau de segurança alimentar do produto. Resultados e Discussão - O número mais provável de coliformes/mL a 45°C, nas carnes-de-sol, variou de 3 NMP/mL até 240 NMP/mL. Escherichia coli, foi identificada em 3 amostras (13,6 por cento); Staphylococcus aureus em 11 (50,0 por cento), entre contagens de 103 a 105 UFC/mL; e Salmonella spp, em 2 (9,1 por cento). Em 44 amostras foram encontrados diversos tipos de matérias estranhas, tais como, insetos inteiros e fragmentos, larvas, exúvias, ácaros, pêlos de roedor, bárbula de ave, fungos filamentosos, e objetos pontiagudos e cortantes. A refrigeração não era utilizada na maioria dos estabelecimentos e os produtos não estavam protegidos por nenhuma embalagem. As facas e superfícies de corte, confeccionadas em madeira, eram empregadas em outros produtos prontos para consumo. Em 11 locais foi verificada a presença de vetores mecânicos na área de venda. A manipulação simultânea de dinheiro e alimentos foi evidenciada em 16 casas do norte, onde não havia lavatório para os manipuladores. Conclusão Os resultados obtidos indicaram que 90,9 por cento das carnes-de-sol das casas do norte, apresentavam condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias, pela presença de perigos físicos e/ou microbiológicos. Tais resultados, associados às condições observadas nas casas do norte, indicam que estes produtos podem configurar-se em agentes de disseminação de patógenos, colocando em risco a saúde do consumidor / Introduction - The sun meat is a handmade product, combining surface techniques of salting and dehydration, commnly used by people from the North and Northeast of Brazil. The lack of sophisticated technology in its development, and official standards of identity and quality, leds to production, marketing and distribuition in unsatisfactory sanitary-hygienic conditions, allowing pathogenic microorganisms containing dirt harmful to health. Because they may not attend the minimum quality standards, becoming agents of pathogens spreading and putting at risk consumers health. Objective - To evaluate the sanitary-hygienic conditions of sun meat sold in the houses of the north, for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and materials harmful to health. Methodology It was analyzed 88 samples of sun meat, acquired in 22 houses of the north located in the city of Diadema-SP- Brazil, for the presence of total and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and macroscopic and microscopic foreign matter, that could or not be harmful to health. The product conditions of exposure and marketing in the houses of the north were evaluated, providing the additional information in assessing the degree of food security of this product. Results and Discussion - The most probable number of coliforms /mL at 45°C, ranged from 3 MPN /mL to 240 MPN/mL. Escherichia coli, was identified in 3 samples (13,6 per cent), Staphylococcus aureus in 11 (50,0 per cent) in counts ranging from 103 to 105 CFU /mL, and Salmonella spp in 2 (9,1 per cent). In 44 samples were found various types of foreign materials such as whole insects and debris, larvae, exúvia, mites, hairs of rodent, pieces of bird feather, fungi, and pointed and sharp objects. Refrigeration was absent in most of the establishments and the products were not protected by any package. The knives and cutting surfaces were made of wood, and used in other products ready for consumption. Mechanical vectors were observed in 11 locations of the sale area. The simultaneous manipulation of money and food was seen in 16 houses of the north, in wich there was no sink for the defeat. Conclusion - The results indicated that 90,9 per cent of the sun meat of the houses of north, have unsatisfactory sanitary-hygienic conditions, caused by the presence of physical hazards contamination and/or microbiological contamination. These results, associated with conditions found in the houses of the north, indicate that these products can constitute agents in the spread of pathogens, putting at risk the health of consumers

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T17:47:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lorena Saboya Vieira.pdf: 287547 bytes, checksum: 684a346149f05c27cb25330a8c6cfce7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-25 / Today, one of the most important concerns is the search for the environment balance, where the man becomes possible the perpetuation of his specie in harmony with the nature. Many problems with the destruction of the environment have been elected as priority for the governmental actions. The gradual increase of the solid waste generation and, in special, the health solid waste, is in evidence at the national and international environmental discussion, witch beyond the environmental disequilibrium they can either cause through the inadequate handling risk of epidemiologists alterations and public health exposition. Strategies that make possible the safe waste management had been created with the intention to minimize the environment and sanitary impacts preceding from this special type of residue, with prominence, the rules of the regulating agencies as CONAMA and ANVISA. The city of São Luís, in its turn, regulated the treatment of Health Solid Wast Management by the creation of many laws. However, this regulation is incomplete and unprovided of effectiveness, since the establishments of health disobey what is demanded in the law. In this direction, this thesis aims at to study the scene of the health solid waste in the city of São Luís, as well as all legislation that regulates its. This research tried to contribute with the solution of the problematic by a critical discussion about the current legislation and, also, making suggestions for new regulations more rigorous, specific, educative, effective and, still, with focus on the local reality. The research was based on information supplied by the State and Local Sanitary Secretary, Local Secretary of Public Services and for the State Secretary of Environment. The thesis was built to contribute with the scientific discussion about the rules effectiveness and the performance of the agencies / Uma das principais preocupações modernas é a busca pelo equilíbrio ambiental, de forma que o homem consiga perpetuar sua espécie em harmonia com a natureza. Inúmeros problemas de agressão ao meio ambiente têm sido elencados como prioritários para as ações governamentais. O progressivo aumento da geração de resíduos sólidos e, em especial, dos resíduos de serviços de saúde (RSS), está no foco das discussões ambientais de âmbito nacional e internacional, visto que além do desequilíbrio ambiental que podem acarretar através do manejo inadequado há o risco alarmante de alterações epidemiológicas e da exposição da saúde pública. No âmbito nacional, estratégias que possibilitem o gerenciamento seguro dos RSS foram criadas com o intuito de minimizar os impactos ambientais e sanitários provenientes desse tipo especial de resíduo, destacando-se a legislação dos órgãos reguladores, como CONAMA e ANVISA. O Município de São Luís, por sua vez, disciplinou o tratamento dos RSS através da criação de diversas leis. No entanto, essa regulamentação é incompleta e desprovida de efetividade, posto que há um descumprimento, por parte dos estabelecimentos de saúde, quase que total com relação ao exigido na lei. Neste sentido, esta dissertação de mestrado visa a estudar o cenário dos RSS na cidade de São Luís, bem como toda legislação que regula o assunto. Buscou-se contribuir com a solução da problemática através de discussão crítica à legislação atual e, também, pela sugestão de novas regulamentações mais criteriosas, específicas, educativas, efetivas e, ainda, que focassem a realidade local. A pesquisa baseou-se em dados fornecidos pela Vigilância Sanitária Estadual e Municipal, Secretaria de Obras e Serviços Públicos do Município e pela Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente do Maranhão. A dissertação foi construída no sentido de contribuir com a discussão científica sobre a efetividade das normas jurídicas e a atuação dos órgãos fiscalizadores.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-19T18:15:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AleciaMariaSilva.pdf: 1720159 bytes, checksum: 83f9ac635ea23bbd7925f09ceff83e20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T18:15:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AleciaMariaSilva.pdf: 1720159 bytes, checksum: 83f9ac635ea23bbd7925f09ceff83e20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-22 / Introduction: The Maternal Mortality (MM) is a problem of public health in several countries. It represents a grave violation of the human rights and of women’s reproductive functions. Its statistics points out the level of women’s and population’s health in general. Although efforts have been implemented to its reduction, most of the countries still have high values of maternal mortality, including Brazil. It presents important variations among the regions and cities of the country. Objective: To analyse the maternal mortality and its distribution in Sanitary Districts of São Luís - MA in the period from 2003 to 2013. Methodology: Descriptive study performed by means of secondary data of the Mortality Information System (SIM) and Information System of Living Born One (Sinasc) available electronically through the site of the through the Computing Department of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS; Datasus). Results: it was analyzed 201 deaths of women residents in São Luís - MA, present in 07 sanitary districts of the city. It was observed a major perceptual of deaths among singles (women) (64.1%), dark ones (51.7%), between 20 and 29 years old (51.7%) and with 8 to 11 years of schooling (39,3%), being the majority by direct causes (62.7%), detaching the years 2007 and 2010 as the ones of major death event. The reason for maternal mortality was bigger than that one of the state of Maranhão and Brazil. Among the sanitary districts Tirirical detached itself for its major number of deaths (13.9%) besides the Itaqui-Bacanga (12.9%) and Cohab (12.0%) being by direct causes. The puerperium was the period under a major number of deaths. Conclusion: We observed that São Luís presented higher values as yet of Maternal Mortality, not being possible to reach the fifth aim of the goals of the millennium. The not informed data were present under high perceptual so showing clearly the need of a better data register in the death declarations. The Primary Health Care must be strengthened, so getting high their percentage of coverage, making systematized actions of that level of attention as to the maternal health, for effective services of prenatal care offered in the ESF of the different Sanitary Districts can represent an important intervention for the increase of the mother’s health and, extensively, of the whole population. / Introdução: A Mortalidade Materna (MM) é um problema de saúde pública em vários países. Representa grave violação dos direitos humanos e reprodutivos das mulheres e que suas estatísticas indicam o nível de saúde de mulheres e da população em geral. Embora esforços venham sendo implementados para sua redução, a maioria dos países ainda têm valores elevados de mortalidade materna, inclusive o Brasil, o qual apresenta variações importantes entre suas regiões e cidades. Objetivo: Analisar a mortalidade materna e sua distribuição nos Distritos Sanitários de São Luís-MA no período de 2003 a 2013. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo realizado com dados secundários do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM) e Sistema de Informação de Nascido Vivo (Sinasc) disponíveis eletronicamente através do site do Departamento de Informática do SUS (Datasus). Resultados: Foram analisados 201 óbitos de mulheres residentes em São Luís-MA, presentes em 07 distritos sanitários da cidade. Observou-se maior percentual de óbitos em mulheres solteiras (64,1%), pardas (51,7%), entre 20 e 29 anos de idade (51,7%) e com 8 a 11 anos de estudo (39,3%) sendo a maioria por causas diretas (62,7%), destacando os anos de 2007 e 2010 como os de maior ocorrência de óbito. A razão de mortalidade materna foi maior do que a do Estado do Maranhão e do Brasil. Entre os distritos sanitários, o Tirirical se destacou com o maior número de óbitos (13,9%) além do Itaqui-Bacanga (12,9%) e Cohab (12,0%) sendo por causas diretas. O puerpério foi o período com maior número de óbitos. Conclusão: Observamos que São Luís apresentou valores ainda elevados de mortalidade materna, não sendo possível alcançar a quinta meta dos objetivos do milênio. Os dados não informados estiveram presentes com percentuais elevados evidenciando a necessidade de se melhorar registro dos dados nas declarações de óbito. A atenção básica precisa ser fortalecida, elevando seu percentual de cobertura e sistematizando ações nesse nível de atenção em relação a saúde materna, pois efetivos serviços de pré-natal oferecidos pela ESF nos diferentes Distritos Sanitários representam uma importante intervenção para a melhoria da saúde materna e, por extensão, de toda a população.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martha San Juan Franca.pdf: 1361631 bytes, checksum: e5d6649463705b1407ade34e19f6dc43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-10 / This thesis aims to show how and why Brazil developed its internationally acclaimed model for fighting Aids. This model is based on Latin America s pioneer program, created in the Brazilian state of São Paulo in 1983, two years after the epidemic officially began in the United States. Based on reports by doctors and other healthcare professionals who started the São Paulo program, this study aims to present the ethical, political, and scientific references that gave rise to the Brazilian model for fighting AIDS and to show how these references have influenced the majority of public positions adopted in Brazil. The reports and complimentary research have shown how the ideas of the sanitary reform movement of the 1980s influenced the São Paulo program for fighting AIDS. This movement proposed the expansion and improvement of health coverage in Brazil, and, above all, an increase of public participation in matters related to health and illness. Given the period of history in which the epidemic appeared, in São Paulo it was possible to carry out a constructive dialogue between medicine and society, that is to say, between the creation of knowledge and the application of knowledge. Should this dialogue be furthered, it can serve as a tool to evaluate the role of science in the politics of health, and vice-versa, thus incorporating important social considerations into the scientific process of identifying options and making decisions. In this thesis, we aim to follow the methodology of the Simão Mathias Center / History of Science Post-Graduation Studies Program (Cesima/PEPGHC) of PUCSP. According to this methodology, the History of Science represents an opportunity to reflect upon and give context to multiple areas of knowledge today Natural Sciences and Human Sciences among them. Considering that the interests of these two areas have become more integrated, we have been able to explore aspects formerly neglected by Science History, such as the various institutions that intermediate between knowledge and society with the goal of showing how knowledge is produced, organized, and measured / A presente tese pretende mostrar como e por que o Brasil desenvolveu um modelo de combate à Aids elogiado internacionalmente a partir do programa pioneiro na América Latina, criado no Estado de São Paulo em 1983, dois anos depois do início oficial da epidemia nos Estados Unidos. A partir do relato dos médicos e de outros profissionais de saúde que deram início ao programa em São Paulo, o estudo pretende apontar os referenciais éticos, políticos e científicos que deram origem ao modelo brasileiro de combate à Aids e como esses referenciais influenciaram a maioria das posições públicas assumidas pelo país. Esses relatos e as pesquisas complementares apontam para a influência das idéias do movimento da reforma sanitária, em andamento na década de 1980, no programa de Aids desenvolvido em São Paulo. O movimento propunha a expansão e melhoria da cobertura de saúde no país, mas principalmente uma ampliação do espaço de participação popular nas questões ligadas à saúde e doença. Em São Paulo, devido ao momento histórico em que a epidemia começou a se manifestar, foi possível realizar um diálogo profícuo entre medicina e sociedade, entre produção de conhecimento e sua aplicação. Esse diálogo, se for levado adiante, pode servir para avaliar o papel da ciência na política de saúde e, vice-versa, para a incorporação de importantes aspectos sociais no processo de opções e decisões em ciência. Para essa tese, procuramos seguir a metodologia do Centro Simão Mathias/Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em História da Ciência (Cesima/PEPGHC) da PUCSP, segundo a qual a História da Ciência representa hoje um espaço de reflexão e contextualização de múltiplas áreas do conhecimento, entre elas tanto as Ciências Naturais como as Humanas. Como as preocupações desses dois campos se tornaram mais integradas, foi possível explorar aspectos antes negligenciados da História da Ciência, como as várias instituições que fazem a mediação entre conhecimento e sociedade com o objetivo de mostrar como o conhecimento é produzido, organizado e dimensionado

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-28T19:47:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Rodrigues.pdf: 1135227 bytes, checksum: 8dd259ca27667826c215ed0567d0b320 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-28T19:47:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Rodrigues.pdf: 1135227 bytes, checksum: 8dd259ca27667826c215ed0567d0b320 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-25 / Nenhuma / Atualmente, os casos de interrupção na cadeia de suprimentos da carne bovina no Brasil estão relacionados, principalmente, aos eventos de contaminação. Embora a maioria das fontes de contaminação estejam vinculadas ao campo (subsistema produção), é nas indústrias frigoríficas (subsistema industrialização) que estão inseridas as condições teoricamente mais adequadas para o efetivo controle desses eventos. Por esse motivo, em termos de importância na cadeia de suprimentos, o subsistema industrialização pode ser considerado o elo que mais impacta para a sanidade e qualidade do produto final. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar como as características do sistema de inspeção sanitária estão associadas à detecção dos casos de contaminação na cadeia de suprimentos da carne bovina. A amostra é composta por 103 estabelecimentos frigoríficos, certificados com o selo de inspeção estadual, e por 19 Unidades Regionais de Inspeção (SRA) do Rio Grande do Sul. Para análise estatística, a técnica utilizada foi a análise de regressão de contagem multinível, sendo um dos fatores relevantes para a escolha a preservação dos níveis hierárquicos dos dados. Ao que se refere à SRA, os resultados apontaram a influência de variáveis como o número de Empresas Atendidas, Recursos Internos e o Coeficiente de Variação de Abates nos casos de contaminação detectados. No âmbito da Empresa, os resultados apontaram que o porte, definido a partir do número de Animais Abatidos, apresentou relação com os casos de contaminação verificados. Nos testes de interação entre as variáveis dos diferentes níveis, Animais Abatidos (nível Empresa) apresentou uma interação considerada significativa com a variável de segundo nível Recursos Internos (nível SRA). À luz da Teoria Institucional, confirmou-se o papel do Estado como uma importante força de coerção do ambiente (isomorfismo regulativo) que pressiona as empresas para que se tornem mais homogêneas, principalmente, nas operações de abate e ratifica que as profissões (isomorfismo normativo), através do Médico Veterinário e Auxiliar de Inspeção, também constitui-se em uma importante força do ambiente que induz os estabelecimentos frigoríficos a se assemelharem. Nas Implicações gerenciais os resultados indicam que o Sistema de Inspeção Sanitária possui uma considerável associação com os eventos de Contaminação de Detectados, principalmente, por fatores como a estrutura interna da Unidade Regional, a capacidade e quantidade de atendimentos suportada, e as condições estruturais das empresas atendidas. / Nowadays, the cases of interruption at the beef supplying chain in Brazil, are connected, mainly, to the events of contamination. Although the majority of contamination sources are linked to the country area (subsystem production), it is inside the industries (subsystem industrialization) that are inserted the conditions, more appropriated, theoretically, to the effective control in these events. For that reason, related to the importance at the supplying chain, the subsystem industrialization can be considered the linking that causes more impact to the sanity and quality of the final product. This research aimed to analyze how the characteristics of the Sanitary Inspection System are linked to the detection of contamination cases at the beef supply chain. The sample is composed by 103 cold-store buildings, certificated with the state inspection stamp, and by 19 Regional Units of Inspection in Rio Grande do Sul. To statistical analyzes, the used technique was the regression analysis at multilevel counting, being one of the most relevant facts to the choice the preservation of hierarchic levels of data. Related to the Sanitary Inspection System, the results point to the influence of aspects as the number of Considered Companies, Inner Resources and the Coefficient of Variation of Slaughtering at the cases of detected contamination. Related to the Company, the results point to the transport, defined from the number of animals slaughtered, presented relation to the cases of contamination detected. In the tests of interaction between the variables of different levels, Animals Slaughtered (Company level) showed an interaction considered meaningful with a variable of second level of the Inner Resources (Resources level). To the light of Institutional Theory, it was confirmed the rule of the State as an important force of coercion of the environment (regulative isomorphism) that pressures the companies so that they become more homogeneous, mainly, in the operations of slaughtering and it ratifies that the professions (normative isomorphism), through the Veterinarian and Assistant of Inspection, also consists in an important force of the environment that induces the packing plants to be similar. In the management implications, the results indicate that the System of Sanitary Inspection has a considerable association with the Detected events of Contamination, mainly, for factors as the internal structure of the 8 Regional Unit, the capacity and amount of supported requests, and the structural conditions of attended companies.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em avaliar o desempenho de um sistema experimental para pós-tratamento de reatores anaeróbios. Foram testados reator microaerado e reator com aeração intermitente, seguidos de flotação por ar dissolvido. Foram avaliadas condições para se obter nitrificação, desnitrificação e remoção de fósforo, em reator com baixa concentração de OD e em reator em que se alternaram fases aeróbia e anaeróbia. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas distintas: a Etapa I constituiu de ensaios preliminares, utilizando instalação em escala de laboratório, alimentados com efluente de reator anaeróbio compartimentado, composta de sistema de aeração com quatro reatores em paralelo, com capacidade de 11,5 L cada, operando em regime hidráulico contínuo, com concentrações de OD na faixa de 0,2 a 0,9 mg/L, em temperatura controlada de 30±2°C. Na Etapa I também foram operados reatores com aeração intermitente. Na Etapa II, empregou-se instalação para tratamento aeróbio, com capacidade de 100 L, seguida de flotador, em temperatura ambiente de 25±6°C, sendo operado um reator microaerado e outro com aeração intermitente; ambos foram alimentados com efluente de um reator anaeróbio de leito expandido. O sistema com aeração intermitente (&#952h: 6 h) mostrou-se estável, apresentando elevada remoção média de DQO (92%), de P-PO4-3 (90%) e de nitrogênio (sem utilização de fonte externa de carbono; apenas com recirculação adequada do lodo). Para &#952h médio de 8 h, nos ensaios com ciclos alternados de 2 h, com aeração e 4 h, sem aeração, foi obtida remoção máxima de P-PO4-3, de 95% para as amostras brutas e 97% para as amostras filtradas, com remoção média de 84%, e 88%, respectivamente. Considerando apenas os valores médios, registrou-se ligeira queda de remoção de P-PO4-3, e de DQO em relação ao período com &#952h médio de 6 h. Os resultados com aeração intermitente foram sensivelmente melhores em relação aos obtidos com microaeração. / The aim of this research the performance evaluation of a pilot system for post treatment of anaerobic reactors. Microaeration and intermittent aeration reactors, followed by dissolved air flotation (DAF) were examined. It was assessed the conditions to obtain nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal, in reactor operated with low concentration of OD and in a reactor operated were alternated aerobic and anaerobic phases were used. The research was developed in two different stages. The first one, constituted of preliminary test, using installation in laboratory scale, fed with effiuent of compartment anaerobic reactor. This system was composed of aeration system with four reactors in parallel, with 11,5 L each, operating in continuous flow, with concentrations of DO between 0.2 to 0.9 mg/L, in controlled temperature of 30±2 ºC. The reactors were also operated with intermittent aeration. In the second stage, an installation with 100L was used for aerobic treatment, followed by DAF, in room temperature of 25±6°C. One reactor was operated under microaeration and another with intermittent aeration. Both were fed with effiuent of an expanded bed anaerobic reactor. The system with intermittent aeration (&#952h: 6 h) shown stable, presenting high COD removal of (92%) and phosphorus removal (90%), without use of external carbon source; just with adapted recirculation of the sludge. For an average hydraulic retention time of 8 h, in the test with alternate cycles of 2 h with aeration and 4 h without aeration, it was obtained a maximum removal of P-PO4-3 equal 95% for the raw samples and 97% for the filtered samples, with average removal of 84%, and 88%, respectively. The results with intermittent aeration were significantely better in relation to the obtained with microaeration.

En Viticulture de Précision, l’imagerie multi-spectrale est principalement utilisée pour des dispositifs de télédétection. Ce manuscrit s’intéresse à son utilisation en proxidétection, pour la caractérisation du feuillage. Il présente un dispositif expérimental terrestre mobile composé d’un GPS, d’une caméra multi-spectrale acquérant des images visible et proche infrarouge, et d’un Greenseeker RT-100 mesurant l’indice Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Ce système observe le feuillage de la vigne dans le plan de palissage, en lumière naturelle. La parcelle étudiée comporte trois cépages (Pinot Noir, Chardonnay et Meunier) plantés en carré latin. En 2013, six jeux de données ont été acquis à différents stades phénologiques.Pour accéder aux propriétés spectrales de la végétation, il est nécessaire de calibrer les images en réflectance. Cela requiert l’utilisation d’une mire de MacBeth comme référence radiométrique. Lorsque la mire est cachée par les feuilles, les paramètres de calibration sont estimés par une interpolation linéaire en fonction des images les plus proches sur lesquelles la mire est visible. La cohérence de la méthode d’estimation employée est vérifiée par une validation croisée (LOOCV).La comparaison du NDVI fournie par le Greenseeker avec celui déterminé via les images corrigées permet de valider les données générées par le dispositif. La polyvalence du système est évaluée via les images où plusieurs indices de végétation sont déterminés. Ils permettant des suivis de croissance de la végétation originaux offrant des potentialités de phénotypage ou une caractérisation de l’état sanitaire de la végétation illustrant la polyvalence et le gain en précision de cette technique. / Mutispectral imaging systems are widely used in remote sensing for Precision Viticulture. In this work, this technique was applied in the proximal sensing context to characterize vine foliage. A mobile terrestrial experimental system is presented, composed of a GPS receiver, a multi-spectral camera acquiring visible and near infrared images, and a Greenseeker RT-100 which measures the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI). This optical system observes vine foliage in the trellis plan, in natural sunlight. The experimental field is planted with Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Meunier cultivars in a latin squared pattern. In 2013, six datasets were acquired at various phenological stages.Spectral properties of the vegetation are accessible on images when they are calibrated in reflectance. This step requires the use of a MacBeth colorchart as a radiometric reference. When the chart is hidden by leaves, the calibration parameters are estimated by simple linear interpolation using the results from resembling images, which have a visible chart. The performance of this method is verified with a cross-validation technique (LOOCV).To validate the data provided by the experimental system, the NDVI given by the Greenseeker was compared to those computed from the calibrated images. The assessment of the versatility of the system is done with the images where several indices were determined. It allows an innovative follow-up of the vegetative growth, and offering phenotyping applications. Moreover, the characterization of the sanitary state of the foliage prove that this technique is versatile and accurate.

OBJETIVO: Establecer la contribución de los integrones de clase 1 a la resistencia antibiótica en aislados clínicos de enterobacterias de dos contextos epidemiológicos: zoonosis por Salmonella enterica e infección por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a amoxicilina/clavulánico (ACL) adquirida en un centro sociosanitario. AISLADOS: Se estudiaron (a) 92 aislados humanos de Salmonella enterica serotipo Typhimurium (ST) recuperados entre 2004 y 2006 en el laboratorio de microbiología del Hospital Verge de la Cinta de Tortosa (35 aislados adicionales de una colección de 2000-2001 para estudios de epidemiología molecular) y 382 aislados de S. enterica de otros serotipos (SNT) recuperados en ese laboratorio en 2001 y entre 2004 y 2009 (b) 45 aislados de K. pneumoniae resistentes a ACL y sensibles a cefazolina y dos resistentes a ACL con fenotipo sugestivo de AmpC plasmídica y resistencia transferible a quinolonas recuperados entre 2006 y 2008 de muestras clínicas de pacientes de un centro sociosanitario de la región sanitaria Terres de l’Ebre. RESULTADOS: (a) Salmonella enterica: El 77,2% de los aislados de ST y el 16,5% de los de SNT fueron resistentes a más de dos familias de antibióticos (MDR). El 3,3% de los aislados de ST y el 41% de los de SNT fueron resistentes a ácido nalidíxico y sólo se constató resistencia a ciprofloxacino en tres aislados de S. Kentucky. Las β-lactamasas presentes en los aislados de ST resistentes a amoxicilina (60,9%) fueron OXA-1 (52%), TEM-1 (32%) y PSE-1 (18,7%) y en los aislados resistentes de SNT (24,3%) TEM-1 (90,3%), CTX-M-9 (1 aislado de S. Virchow y 1 aislado de S. Grumpensis qnrA1 positivo), CTX-M-15 (1 aislado de S. Kapemba) y DHA-1 (1 aislado de S. Newport qnrB4 positivo); ésta es la primera descripción de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido en S. Kapemba y S. Grumpensis. 56 aislados de ST y 35 de SNT, todos excepto uno MDR, poseían integrones de clase 1. En ST los aislados predominantes fueron los que albergaban el integrón de región variable (RV) blaOXA-1-aadA1, cuya frecuencia superaba la registrada para el conjunto de España, seguidos de los aislados con el perfil de integrones aadA2 + blaPSE-1 típico de la presencia de SGI1; la mayoría de aislados con uno u otro perfil de integrones estaban relacionados clonalmente. En SNT se identificaron 11 tipos de integrones en 15 serotipos distintos (incluidos S. Kapemba, S. Mikawasima y S. ser [9,12:Iv:i:-] en los que no se habían descrito previamente), siendo los de RV dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA17-aadA5 y dfrA12-orf-aadA2 los presentes en mayor número de serotipos; en los dos aislados blaCTX-M-9 positivos, este gen estaba ubicado en un integrón complejo cuya RV 1 fue dfrA16-aadA2 en S. Virchow y aadB-aadA2 en S. Grumpnesis. Se detectaron dos variantes de integrones atípicos asociados a sul3: dfrA12-orF-aadA2-cmlA-aad1 (5 aislados de ST y 4 de S. Enteritidis) y estX-psp (2 S. Grumpensis). Este último integrón y el de RV aadA13-sat, también identificado en S. Grumpensis, no se habían descrito anteriormente en S. enterica. (b) Klebsiella pneumoniae centro socio-sanitario: Todos los aislados resistentes a ACL y sensibles a cefazolina producían una penicilinasa resistente a inhibidores, IRT-11 (n=19) u OXA-1 (n=26). Los aislados productores de IRT-11 se agrupaban en tres clones y sólo uno portaba un integrón de clase 1 (RV dfrA12-orf-aadA2); este es el segundo caso comunicado de brote nosocomial por producción de un enzima IRT. Todos los aislados productores de OXA-1 eran MDR y 23 de ellos acarreaban un integrón de clase 1, transferible por conjugación y asociado a qnrS2, de RV [aac (6’)-1b-cr- blaOXA1-catB3-arr3], que en tres aislados era defectivo en 3’. Los aislados se agrupaban en tres clones diferentes según poseyesen integrones de clase 1 convencionales, defectivos o no presentaran integrones. Un integrón de idéntica RV y vinculado a blaDHA-1 y qnrB4 en un integrón complejo de nueva estructura (Genbank GU906294) muy semejante a In37 y del que se diferenciaba por haber sufrido la deleción, por la inserción de IS26, de la región comprendida entre la primera copia de 3’CS y qnrB4, se detectó en otros dos aislados MDR de K. pneumoniae, indistinguibles genéticamente y qnrS2 positivos. / The aim of this work was to assess the contribution of class 1 integrons to antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae of human origin from two epidemiological settings: zoonosis caused by Salmonella enterica and infection due to amoxicillin-clavulanate(ACL)-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae acquired in a chronic care center. RESULTS: (a) S. Typhimurium: 71 of the 92 isolates recovered from 2004 to 2006 at the microbiology laboratory of Hospital Verge de la Cinta (Tortosa. Catalonia. Spain) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), of which 56 carried class 1 integrons. Isolates bearing the blaOXA-1-aadA1 variable region integron were the commonest among this serovar, showing a higher frequency than that reported in other areas of Spain, followed by isolates exhibiting the integron profile typical of SGI1 (aadA2 + blaPSE-1); most isolates displaying any of these two integron profiles shared identical genotype. Five isolates possessed a sul3-associated class 1 integron whose structure was 5’CS–dfrA12–orfF–aadA2–cmlA1–aadA1–qacH–IS440–sul3. (b) Non-Typhimurium S. enterica: 16.5% of the 382 isolates recovered in 2001 and from 2004-2009 at the same laboratory were MDR and 35 carried class 1 integrons. Overall, 11 different class 1 integrons were identified in 15 distinct serotypes (including S. Kapemba, S. Mikawasima and S. ser [9,12:Iv:i:-], where they had not been previously described), being those with dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA17-aadA5 and dfrA12-orf-aadA2 variable regions the most widely distributed. Two isolates (one qnrA1 positive S. Grumpensis and one S. Virchow) bore a complex class 1 integron linked to blaCTX-M-9 and 4 S. Enteritidis and 2 S. Rissen carried atypical sul3-type integrons (5’CS–dfrA12–orfF–aadA2–cmlA1–aadA1–qacH–IS440–sul3 and 5’CS–estX-psp-IS440–sul3, respectively). The former integron and the aadA13-sat one, detected in S. Grumpensis, had never been reported before in S. enterica. (c) Klebsiella pneumoniae: 47 ACL-resistant (45 cefazolin-susceptible and 2 broad-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant) isolates, recovered between 2006 and 2008 from patients attending a chronic care center, were investigated. All cefazolin-susceptible isolates produced an inhibitor-resistant penicillinase, IRT 11 (n= 19) or OXA-1 (n=26); 23 OXA-1-producing isolates harboured a class 1 integron, associated with qnrS2, with the aac(6’)- Ib-cr, blaOXA-1, catB3, arr3 cassette arrangement (in 3 cases the integron was defective in 3’ end). An integron with identical structure, linked to blaDHA-1 and qnrB4 within an In37-like complex class 1 integron of novel structure (Genbank GU906294), was found in two epidemiologically closely related qnrS2 positive isolates.

Separation of dissolved metals from aqueous solutions using liquid membrane technology is highly advantageous owing to the degree of separation achieved, efficiency and application potential. In the present investigation four types of liquid membranes - bulk liquid membrane (BLM), emulsion liquid membrane (ELM), electrostatic pseudo liquid membrane (ESPLIM) and unified liquid membrane (ULM) have been extensively studied, for their application in extraction and concentration of dissolved metals from effluents. Experiments were conducted with various metal systems to optimize both system and process conditions and to find out the effect of various parameters on the performance of the process. Different mass transport models were proposed for each type, taking diffusional and kinetic resistances into account. Models were extended for simultaneous extraction systems and were verified by different metal-carrier experiments. Good agreement was found between the concentration profiles obtained from the models and the experimental data, thereby establishing the validity of models for all the four types of liquid membranes. The stirred cell employed in BLM process eliminates emulsification and demulsification processes. It also provides simultaneous contact of the organic liquid membrane phase with aqueous feed and strip phases. Overall rate expressions for extraction and stripping in BLM are based on an assumed kinetic mechanism to explain the process qualitatively. It was found that the magnitude^ of diffusional and kinetic resistances determines the overall mass transfer coefficient. The relative magnitude of mass transfer coefficient, reaction rate constants and equilibrium constants enables to visualize the controlling regime of the process. The problem of low flux rate due to high diffusion resistances, inefficient operation and exorbitant costs encountered in bulk and supported liquid membranes (SLM) are overcome in an ELM. In the ELM process, an emulsion of organic membrane phase and aqueous inner phase, is dispersed in the continuous aqueous feed phase. This gives a highly selective and ultra thin liquid film generating a large mass transfer area for separation. Experimental results on membrane instability and emulsion swelling indicate that volumetric leakage rate depends linearly on the stirring speed and that the nature of surfactant does not have any appreciable effect on emulsion swelling. A general permeation model was developed taking into account the external mass transfer around the emulsion drop, diffusion in the drop, reaction at the aqueous-organic interface, leakage of the internal phase to the external phase due to membrane breakup and emulsion swelling due to osmotic pressure difference. Model equations with appropriate boundary conditions were numerically solved by orthogonal collocation technique for a set of model parameters obtained either from known correlations or from independent experiments. Comparison of the model predictions with experimental data from the batch permeation of chromium and other metals using carrier Alamine 336 or LIX 64N, shows that the model predictions are in very good agreement with the experimental findings. Further this model can be used to simulate the effects of various experimental conditions such as metal and hydrogen ion concentrations, carrier concentration, drop diameters, etc., for similar systems. Studies on ESPLIM were conducted with the aim of demonstrating the effectiveness of this new separation process and to develop a simple transport model for metal permeation. In the ESPLIM process, a high electrical field (3-5 kV A.C.) is used for phase dispersion. This system consists of a rectangular reactor filled with membrane solution divided into extraction and stripping cells by a centrally placed integrated type baffle which also acts as an electrode. Two more electrodes were placed in the extraction and stripping cells, where feed and strip phases are introduced from the top of the reactor. When high electrical field is applied across the electrodes, fine droplets of feed and strip are formed and are dispersed in extraction and stripping cells where simultaneous extraction and stripping occurs. The process can be viewed as simultaneous counter current extraction and stripping. The aqueous drops coalesce in the settlers at the bottom of the reactor and are removed continuously. Steady state mass transport model proposed for ESPLIM system accounts for the vertical counter-current extraction and stripping processes taking place in the extraction and stripping cells, together with the lateral transport process of the metal-complex and carrier across the two cells through the integrated baffle zone. The model equations were solved analytically to obtain concentration profiles as a function of the height of the reactor. The required parameters such as mass transfer coefficients, diffusion coefficients etc. were estimated using different correlations. Model predictions agreed remarkably well with the experimental data under various process conditions. From this investigation, it was found that ESPLIM is a simple, efficient and economical process and can be applied in a variety of situations. Based on a suitable combination of solvent extraction, dispersion and liquid membrane technique, a new type of separation system called " Unified Liquid Membrane " was developed. The ULM unit was designed and fabricated, and experiments were conducted to evaluate its performance. The ULM is basically derived from ESPLIM by changing the reactor, baffle design and dispersion technique. Aqueous feed and strip phases were atomized using compressed air through a fine nozzle and are dispersed on either side of an integrated baffle plate that divides the reactor into extraction and stripping cells. Tapering bottom of the reactor reduces the dead volume of the liquid in the settlers and the baffle plate remarkably reduces the leakage problem as well as the resistance through the baffle. Experiments were conducted using LIX 64N and Alamine 336 as carriers for copper and chromium and / or zinc. Mass transport model proposed considers both chemical and phase equilibria in extraction and stripping cells, vertical and lateral transport of carrier and complex across the extraction and stripping cells through the baffle zone. The model equations were solved using initial conditions at the top of the reactor, and equilibrium data for extraction and stripping cells. Effect of various experimental conditions and process parameters was simulated using this model and the model predictions are found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental data. The ULM system developed in this investigation overcomes the major limitations encountered with the other types of liquid membranes while retaining all the advantages of this technology. The problem of high mass transfer resistance from bulk phase to metal permeation as in the case of BLM was eliminated by good phase dispersion. Additional resistance to mass transport from solid membrane as in the case of SLM was removed by using an integrated baffle which also avoids problems of membrane instability, pore clogging and selectivity. The complex problems of emulsification and demulsification were completely eliminated making the system much simpler and efficient. Very good phase dispersion was obtained by atomization without the need for either stirring the whole system or application of high electrical field in the reactor. The membrane liquid within the integrated baffle elements allows easy transport of different species between extraction and stripping cells while completely preventing the mixing of the two aqueous phases. The problems of leakage, swelling and occlusion were avoided due to very short residence time of the aqueous drops in the reactor. It was found that the new ULM configuration is simple, elegant, highly efficient and superior to the other types of liquid membrane systems.