O objetivo desta Dissertação é analisar como determinadas práticas culturais, ocorridas no recreio escolar, atuam na produção e no tensionamento de processos de pertencimentos identitários juvenis. Foram observados jovens alunos de turmas de sexta, sétima e de oitava séries em sua rotina escolar no ano letivo de 2007, em uma escola municipal de ensino fundamental do município de São Leopoldo/RS. Foram consideradas suas diferentes maneiras de estar no recreio escolar, sejam através das múltiplas, simultâneas e às vezes descartáveis formas de sociabilidade, ou mesmo do fortalecimento de amizades. Os caminhos teórico-metodológicos para o estudo partiram de referenciais teóricos inscritos no campo dos Estudos Culturais e na etnografia pós-moderna, tendo nos diários de campo, na transcrição das conversas realizadas, bem como nos registros fotográficos, a base para a construção dos dados. Observou-se que, durante o momento do recreio escolar, esses jovens percorriam diferentes espaços da escola destinados a tal prática, transbordando conversas, respingando inconstâncias, contornando obstáculos, inundando espaços, compondo temporariamente lugares, como se fossem vitrinas dinâmicas que se dissolviam ao término do período destinado para se recrear. Os jovens observados constituíam grupos, comunidades fundidas por ideias, produzindo práticas, lugarizando espaços nos quais alguns sujeitos eram incluídos e/ou excluídos dentre seus pares. Nesse sentido, infere-se que o momento do recreio escolar, apesar de estar inserido num contexto institucionalizado, atrelado a um espaço específico e com tempo estabelecido, constitui-se em importante lugar de socialização, de tensionamentos, de processos de pertencimentos, que ultrapassam o espaço da sala de aula e do currículo formal, ou seja, através das práticas culturais ocorridas nesse período de recrear, pode-se observar um 'borramento de fronteiras', alguns 'escapes' que permeiam esse espaço/tempo, local de produção e fortalecimento de identidades. / The aim of this study is analyzing how specific cultural practices, occurred during break time in a school environment, may affect the production and the stressing points in teenagers' identity and membership processes. Sixth, seventh and eighth graders of an elementary public school in São Leopoldo/RS were observed during their school routine along the 2007 school term. Students' different postures during break time were analyzed, considering the multiple, simultaneous and sometimes dischargeable ways of sociability, or even of friendship enhancement. The theoretical and methodological paths taken in this study belong to the Sociocultural Studies field and to the Post-modern Ethnography. Data are constituted by field notes, transcription of conversations and photographic registers. It was observed that during break time these kids used different spaces of the school dedicated to such practice, overflowing colloquies, showing inconstancies, skirting obstacles, flooding spaces, temporarily occupying places, as if they were dynamic display windows that dissolved at the ending of the specific recreation time. The observed teenagers formed groups, communities formed by ideas, producing practices, and selecting arenas in which some individuals were included by or excluded from their peers. Thus, it is inferred that break time, although inserted in an institutionalized structure and related to the context of a specific space and with a defined duration, consists of an important arena for socialization, for stress, and for processes of social inclusion that are not limited to the classroom and the formal curriculum. In other words, it means that through the cultural practices occurred during break time a blurring of borders can be observed, as well as some escapes that permeate this space/time, an arena for the production of identities.

O objetivo desta Dissertação é analisar como determinadas práticas culturais, ocorridas no recreio escolar, atuam na produção e no tensionamento de processos de pertencimentos identitários juvenis. Foram observados jovens alunos de turmas de sexta, sétima e de oitava séries em sua rotina escolar no ano letivo de 2007, em uma escola municipal de ensino fundamental do município de São Leopoldo/RS. Foram consideradas suas diferentes maneiras de estar no recreio escolar, sejam através das múltiplas, simultâneas e às vezes descartáveis formas de sociabilidade, ou mesmo do fortalecimento de amizades. Os caminhos teórico-metodológicos para o estudo partiram de referenciais teóricos inscritos no campo dos Estudos Culturais e na etnografia pós-moderna, tendo nos diários de campo, na transcrição das conversas realizadas, bem como nos registros fotográficos, a base para a construção dos dados. Observou-se que, durante o momento do recreio escolar, esses jovens percorriam diferentes espaços da escola destinados a tal prática, transbordando conversas, respingando inconstâncias, contornando obstáculos, inundando espaços, compondo temporariamente lugares, como se fossem vitrinas dinâmicas que se dissolviam ao término do período destinado para se recrear. Os jovens observados constituíam grupos, comunidades fundidas por ideias, produzindo práticas, lugarizando espaços nos quais alguns sujeitos eram incluídos e/ou excluídos dentre seus pares. Nesse sentido, infere-se que o momento do recreio escolar, apesar de estar inserido num contexto institucionalizado, atrelado a um espaço específico e com tempo estabelecido, constitui-se em importante lugar de socialização, de tensionamentos, de processos de pertencimentos, que ultrapassam o espaço da sala de aula e do currículo formal, ou seja, através das práticas culturais ocorridas nesse período de recrear, pode-se observar um 'borramento de fronteiras', alguns 'escapes' que permeiam esse espaço/tempo, local de produção e fortalecimento de identidades. / The aim of this study is analyzing how specific cultural practices, occurred during break time in a school environment, may affect the production and the stressing points in teenagers' identity and membership processes. Sixth, seventh and eighth graders of an elementary public school in São Leopoldo/RS were observed during their school routine along the 2007 school term. Students' different postures during break time were analyzed, considering the multiple, simultaneous and sometimes dischargeable ways of sociability, or even of friendship enhancement. The theoretical and methodological paths taken in this study belong to the Sociocultural Studies field and to the Post-modern Ethnography. Data are constituted by field notes, transcription of conversations and photographic registers. It was observed that during break time these kids used different spaces of the school dedicated to such practice, overflowing colloquies, showing inconstancies, skirting obstacles, flooding spaces, temporarily occupying places, as if they were dynamic display windows that dissolved at the ending of the specific recreation time. The observed teenagers formed groups, communities formed by ideas, producing practices, and selecting arenas in which some individuals were included by or excluded from their peers. Thus, it is inferred that break time, although inserted in an institutionalized structure and related to the context of a specific space and with a defined duration, consists of an important arena for socialization, for stress, and for processes of social inclusion that are not limited to the classroom and the formal curriculum. In other words, it means that through the cultural practices occurred during break time a blurring of borders can be observed, as well as some escapes that permeate this space/time, an arena for the production of identities.

O objetivo desta Dissertação é analisar como determinadas práticas culturais, ocorridas no recreio escolar, atuam na produção e no tensionamento de processos de pertencimentos identitários juvenis. Foram observados jovens alunos de turmas de sexta, sétima e de oitava séries em sua rotina escolar no ano letivo de 2007, em uma escola municipal de ensino fundamental do município de São Leopoldo/RS. Foram consideradas suas diferentes maneiras de estar no recreio escolar, sejam através das múltiplas, simultâneas e às vezes descartáveis formas de sociabilidade, ou mesmo do fortalecimento de amizades. Os caminhos teórico-metodológicos para o estudo partiram de referenciais teóricos inscritos no campo dos Estudos Culturais e na etnografia pós-moderna, tendo nos diários de campo, na transcrição das conversas realizadas, bem como nos registros fotográficos, a base para a construção dos dados. Observou-se que, durante o momento do recreio escolar, esses jovens percorriam diferentes espaços da escola destinados a tal prática, transbordando conversas, respingando inconstâncias, contornando obstáculos, inundando espaços, compondo temporariamente lugares, como se fossem vitrinas dinâmicas que se dissolviam ao término do período destinado para se recrear. Os jovens observados constituíam grupos, comunidades fundidas por ideias, produzindo práticas, lugarizando espaços nos quais alguns sujeitos eram incluídos e/ou excluídos dentre seus pares. Nesse sentido, infere-se que o momento do recreio escolar, apesar de estar inserido num contexto institucionalizado, atrelado a um espaço específico e com tempo estabelecido, constitui-se em importante lugar de socialização, de tensionamentos, de processos de pertencimentos, que ultrapassam o espaço da sala de aula e do currículo formal, ou seja, através das práticas culturais ocorridas nesse período de recrear, pode-se observar um 'borramento de fronteiras', alguns 'escapes' que permeiam esse espaço/tempo, local de produção e fortalecimento de identidades. / The aim of this study is analyzing how specific cultural practices, occurred during break time in a school environment, may affect the production and the stressing points in teenagers' identity and membership processes. Sixth, seventh and eighth graders of an elementary public school in São Leopoldo/RS were observed during their school routine along the 2007 school term. Students' different postures during break time were analyzed, considering the multiple, simultaneous and sometimes dischargeable ways of sociability, or even of friendship enhancement. The theoretical and methodological paths taken in this study belong to the Sociocultural Studies field and to the Post-modern Ethnography. Data are constituted by field notes, transcription of conversations and photographic registers. It was observed that during break time these kids used different spaces of the school dedicated to such practice, overflowing colloquies, showing inconstancies, skirting obstacles, flooding spaces, temporarily occupying places, as if they were dynamic display windows that dissolved at the ending of the specific recreation time. The observed teenagers formed groups, communities formed by ideas, producing practices, and selecting arenas in which some individuals were included by or excluded from their peers. Thus, it is inferred that break time, although inserted in an institutionalized structure and related to the context of a specific space and with a defined duration, consists of an important arena for socialization, for stress, and for processes of social inclusion that are not limited to the classroom and the formal curriculum. In other words, it means that through the cultural practices occurred during break time a blurring of borders can be observed, as well as some escapes that permeate this space/time, an arena for the production of identities.

The purpose of this bachelor thesis Leisure-time pedagogues physical positioning on the school playground from a gender perspective is to examine the interaction between the leisure-time pedagogues and pupils during school break activities and how their physical positions on the school playground, and the pedagogues’ gender, reduces or amplifies the current gender stereotypes. Previous research has indicated that the school’s pedagogues play a significant part in the development of the pupils’ identity. Pedagogues’ approach, treatment, interaction and expectations towards pupils’, along with the school playground’s layout, are of importance. This thesis uses gender theory based upon various feminist perspectives. These present relevant concepts such as gender order, feminism, “genderfication” and gender equality. The empirical data has been collected through three observations and three computer-aided interviews. The result has proven that the gender of the pedagogue plays a certain part in the interaction with the pupils. Popular sports such as football and basketball are preferred by boys and male pedagogues while softer activities without competitive elements are preferred by girls and some boys. Our interpretation is that there is some reinforcement of stereotypical gender patterns during the school break activities. We see a correlation between how pedagogues work at our observed schools and what other researchers have presented in their studies. / Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att utforska samspelet mellan fritidshemspersonalen och eleverna under rastverksamheten, hur de placerar sig fysiskt på skolgården och om pedagogens kön kan försvaga eller förstärka könsmönster. Tidigare forskning har indikerat att skolans olika pedagoger spelar en väsentlig roll för elevernas identitetsutveckling. Pedagoger förhållningssätt, bemötande, interaktion, förväntningar på eleverna och skolgårdens utformning är centrala. Den här uppsatsen använder sig av genusteori med rötter i olika feministiska perspektiv. Dessa presenterar relevanta begrepp som könsordning, feminism, genusifiering och jämställdhet. För att samla in det empiriska materialet har vi använt observation och datorstödd intervju som metod. Materialet består av tre observationer och tre intervjuer. Resultatet visar att pedagogens kön spelar en viss roll i arbetet med eleverna. Dels är sport som fotboll och basketboll dominerat av pojkar och manliga pedagoger medan lugnare lek utan tävlingsmoment lockar fler flickor och en del pojkar. Vår tolkning är att det råder viss förstärkning av stereotypa könsmönster ute under rastverksamheten. Sett till tidigare forskning uppfattar vi en klar korrelation mellan hur pedagoger arbetar på de observerade skolorna och vad andra forskare har presenterat i sina studier.

Βασικός σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η ανίχνευση και αποτύπωση των στοιχείων που συγκροτούν το ελεύθερο παιχνίδι των παιδιών στο διάλειμμα, σύμφωνα με τις θεωρητικές αρχές και τα μεθοδολογικά εργαλεία (παρατήρηση, καταγραφή και συνέντευξη) της εθνογραφίας. Συγκεκριμένα, μετά την παρατήρηση και καταγραφή των ελεύθερων δράσεων των παιδιών μιας ομάδας νηπιαγωγείου κατά τη διάρκεια του διαλείμματος, αναλύονται οι κατηγορίες και υποκατηγορίες παιχνιδιών όπως αυτές προέκυψαν από τα δεδομένα του υλικού μας και οι παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν αυτούς τους τύπους παιχνιδιών. Η έρευνά μας επιπρόσθετα εστιάζει και στις δυνατότητες εισαγωγής του παραδοσιακού ομαδικού παιχνιδιού ή στοιχείων αυτού στο ελεύθερο παιχνίδι των παιδιών στο διάλειμμα μετά την υλοποίηση μιας οργανωμένης από την εκπαιδευτικό-ερευνήτρια διδακτικής συνθήκης. Όπως προέκυψε από την ανάλυση της παρατήρησης που ακολούθησε την διεξαγωγή της διδακτικής παρέμβασης και των αποτελεσμάτων που αφορούν στη διεξαγωγή συνεντεύξεων από την εκπαιδευτικό-ερευνήτρια στα παιδιά, η αδυναμία εισαγωγής οργανωμένου παραδοσιακού ομαδικού παιχνιδιού ή στοιχείων αυτού στις ελεύθερες δράσεις των παιδιών είναι απόρροια ποικίλων παραγόντων που χρήζουν περαιτέρω διερεύνηση η οποία δεν μπορεί να εξαντληθεί στα όρια της παρούσας μελέτης. Σε κάθε περίπτωση η αξιοποίηση της εθνογραφίας για τη μελέτη του φαινομένου του παιχνιδιού σε σχέση με μία συγκεκριμένη ομάδα παιδιών νηπιαγωγείου θεωρούμε ότι προσφέρει πολύτιμα στοιχεία τόσο για την ίδια την εκπαιδευτικό-ερευνήτρια (αποκάλυψη πτυχών της εκπαιδευτικής πραγματικότητας), όσο γενικότερα και για τη μελέτη ενός σύνθετου φαινομένου, του παιδικού παιχνιδιού. / The main objective of this study is to detect and identify the components of children free play during break, according to the theoretical principles and methodological tools (observation, recording and interview) of ethnography. Specifically, after observation and recording of the free actions of a group of kindergarten children, during school break, the categories and subcategories of games that emerged and the factors that affect these types of games are being analyzed. The research also focuses on the possibility of introducing traditional team play or elements of it in children free play during the break within a set didactic project by the teacher - researcher. As resulted from the analysis of observation that followed the didactic intervention and outcomes related to interviews to children conducted by the teacher - researcher, the impossibility to introduce traditional team play or elements of it in the free activities of children is due to various factors that require further investigation which can not be exhausted within the limits of this study. In any case, the use of ethnography in the study of the phenomenon of play in relation to a specific group of kindergarten children is believed to provide valuable information both for the teacher - researcher (revealing aspects of the educational reality), as well as for the study of the complex phenomenon of children play.

The diploma thesis deals with a free play with building blocks during breaks. The aim of this work is to find out how the free play with building blocks is beneficial for pupils at primary school. The whole work is divided into 3 chapters and each of them is concerned with the importance of the play in one specific area. The first part deals with the benefits of the play for the development of pupils' mathematical skills, the second part deals with the benefits of the play for the development of social skills among pupils. The third part is then aimed at the value of observing pupils during the free play for teachers. The research was conducted using observation during which photographs and video records of pupils' play were made. The photographs and the video records were consequently analyzed from the perspective of all 3 categories mentioned earlier. Key words building blocks, math, geometry, social skills, communication, cooperation, school break