Orientador: Vera Regina Toledo Camargo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T07:48:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_MarcosRogerio_M.pdf: 9331268 bytes, checksum: 83a33eacaa5b46e2776300a967e6c32d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este estudo é vinculado ao projeto científico "Geração de cenários de produção de álcool como apoio para a formulação de políticas públicas aplicadas à adaptação do setor sucroalcooleiro nacional às mudanças climáticas". Seu objetivo é produzir e divulgar informações científicas para públicos distintos sobre o tema das mudanças climáticas no âmbito da internet. O estudo se justifica graças à sua relevância, no universo digital, como canal de difusão de informação e de conhecimento na vida contemporânea. Enquanto em um primeiro momento enfatiza o uso de sites, blogs e redes sociais on-line para compartilhar ciência, permitindo identificar o público-alvo e, consequentemente, atraindo novos pesquisadores e interessados nas mudanças climáticas e seus impactos, o segundo aborda a criação de um site como horizonte de ação para tornar a informação acessível ao maior número de pessoas possível. A introdução de temas científicos na web requer estudo, compreensão e análise do conteúdo quanto à propagação das informações resultantes desse projeto científico. Considerando que o objeto da pesquisa é como usar a sociedade em rede para transmitir conhecimento, enfatizam-se as principais características deste trabalho: recuperar informações acessíveis e detalhadas geradas pela equipe científica, fatos recentes e de grande repercussão sobre temas de interesse do público-alvo do projeto e difundi-los na rede. De forma sistemática, este estudo mapeou o processo de divulgação científica mediado pelas tecnologias de comunicação e informação. Além do uso em conjunto das redes sociais on-line e o emprego de estratégias de divulgação científica que foram exploradas como tentativa de transmitir e promover amplo acesso ao conhecimento gerado pelos pesquisadores, os principais resultados do trabalho foram o aprimoramento e análise das informações científicas colocadas à disposição do público na web, e as estratégias empregadas para favorecer o acesso ao conhecimento gerado pelo projeto, além do site que foi desenvolvido com recursos técnicos de acessibilidade, usabilidade e design responsivo e que serviu de base para preservar e divulgar o conteúdo científico produzido pelo projeto de pesquisa. Os resultados visam contribuir com a circulação da informação científica na internet e tornar acessíveis artigos, dissertações, teses, entrevistas, vídeos, áudios, textos, fotos, imagens, matérias jornalísticas e informações sobre eventos científicos no contexto das mudanças climáticas. A expectativa é que o uso da internet possa levar as pessoas a identificar os posicionamentos que sustentam os estudos sobre o tema e estimule outras leituras que auxiliem na tomada de decisões sobre o mundo contemporâneo e as mudanças, que nele acontecem, causadas pela atividade humana / Abstract: This research is linked to the scientific project in global climate changes "Generation of Alcohol Production Scenarios as Support for the Formulation of Public Policies Applied to the Adaptation of the National Sugar and Alcohol Industry to the Climate Changes". Its aim is to focus more extensive disclosures, for different audiences, on the topic of global climate changes within the internet. This study is justified by its relevance as a channel for diffusion of information and knowledge of contemporary life. It emphasizes, in the first place, how the use of sites, blog and digital social networks, as science communication platforms, serves to identify the target audience and hence attracting new researchers and stakeholders on climate change and its impacts. Still at the process of adjustment to social networks and medias, the introduction of scientific subjects on those networks demands studies, comprehension and analyses of the content in relation to the spread of information and knowledge resulting of this scientific project. When the object of the research is "how to use the network society" to impart knowledge, it is emphasized that the main features of the work are: to recover accessible and detailed information generated by the scientific staff, to retrieve recent and highly publicized events on topics of interest to the target audience of the project and spread them online. Systematically, the purpose of this study was to map the process of scientific dissemination mediated by communication and information technologies. Besides the use of digital social network together with scientific dissemination strategies that have been explored as attempts of conveying and promoting a broad access to the knowledge generated by the researchers, the main results of the work were the improvement and analyses of the scientific information made available to public on the web, and the strategies employed to facilitate access to knowledge generated by the project, together with the website, that was developed with technical features of accessibility, usability and responsive design and that has been the basis for preserving and disclosing the scientific and technological content produced by the research. And, more broadly, contribute to the circulation of scientific information on the Internet and make available papers, dissertations, theses, interviews, videos, audios, texts, photos, newspaper articles and images, information and news about national and international scientific events in context of climate change. The expectation is that the use of the internet can lead users to identify positions that support the studies on the subject and stimulate other readings that help in making decisions about the contemporary world and the changes that happen in it, caused by human activity / Mestrado / Divulgação Científica e Cultural / Mestre em Divulgação Científica e Cultural

<p>In this thesis, I investigate the effects of social and political context on the process and outcomes of science communication in two different settings, using Dietram Scheufele’s interpretation of science communication as political communication. </p> <p>In the first setting, I examine the communication of climate tipping points at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) using 26 semi-structured interviews and 271 surveys administered to members of the UNFCCC policy community. Survey results revealed that only a small minority (14.3%) of policymakers defined climate tipping points consistently with the scientific community. Interview responses revealed that many policymakers believed they were not responsible for incorporating new scientific advice into their work on negotiations, and that this was the responsibility of scientists. Scientists interviewed expressed frustration that policymakers were not willing to hear scientific information they saw as irrelevant to their work on the negotiations. Policymakers responding to interviews were also unwilling to defy social norms by introducing a topic they saw as “complicated” into negotiations. Interview respondents who believed climate tipping points should be discussed within formal negotiations also noted that they interpreted the effects of climate change as temporally or spatially immediate to themselves. </p> <p>In the second setting, I examine how the United States print media incorporated discussion of climate change into coverage of the 2017 hurricane season via a content analysis of hurricane coverage in six major US newspapers. Conservative papers and liberal papers displayed significant differences in frequency and directness of references to climate change, as well as a significant difference in the references to climate denial messages, climate consensus messages, and use of proximity cues. However, the conservative paper near a 2017 hurricane consistently displayed significant differences in coverage from the other conservative papers. This paper frequently used social norms in messaging to shift narratives of acceptability of climate change discussion among conservatives. Both conservative and liberal papers near a 2017 hurricane used proximity cues to indicate the effects of climate change are both physically and temporally near at greater rates than elite and regional papers not near a 2017 hurricane.</p> <p>Taken together, these results reveal that three major factors influenced climate change communication in these two settings. First, power to define direction and content of science communication explains the lack of communication about climate tipping points at the UNFCCC. Policymakers’ hold legitimate power over science communication. This power is codified within UNFCCC structure. Policymakers’ expert power is also interpreted as more relevant to negotiations processes than scientists’ expert power; meaning policymakers are free to define what information is “policy relevant” and therefore, what is communicated. Second, social norms influenced how and whether communication occurred. Social norms prohibiting behavior disruptive to consensus building influenced policymaker definitions of “policy relevant.” Social norms among US conservatives prohibiting serious discussion of climate tipping points were also apparent. Finally, perceptions of climate change as immediate and nearby seemed related to willingness to defy social norms around climate change communication. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>

Inclusive public dialogue about issues of concern to science and society can democratise and widen the knowledge base for decision-making so scientific research and developments are made accountable to citizens’ priorities. This participatory model of science communication is not yet widely practiced. More research is needed into how to make such communication effective. Formative audience research can inform a communication strategy’s design to meet its objectives effectively and enhance its relevance to participants’ needs and communication preferences. However, audience research designs based on transmission models are inadequate for the participatory objectives of public dialogue. They must therefore be adapted. This dissertation proposes how audience research should be designed and conducted when the objective of communication is public dialogue about science, such as biotechnology. The methodology involves building an evaluation framework from the literature and applying this to a case of applied research. Four sub-questions are addressed. First, audience research and participatory development communication literature is reviewed to propose how audience research should be designed and conducted for public dialogue broadly. Second, literature on public engagement about science is analysed for the challenges in public dialogue about science and the implications for audience research. Third, a set of guidelines is presented for evaluating the appropriateness of audience research for public dialogue about science. Finally, these guidelines are used to evaluate a case of qualitative audience research commissioned by the Public Understanding of Biotechnology (PUB) programme, judging the appropriateness of its design to the communication objectives and extracting further lessons for audience research. The findings present a “double-dialogical” approach to audience research, where the research methods and the information elicited reflect dialogical objectives. This approach emphasises listening over telling, building relationships over interrogating targets, and optimising inclusivity and diversity in identifying participants, framing issues, and selecting channels and spaces for deliberative dialogue, wherein participation and information dissemination play complementary roles. Following these principles, audience research can build democratic foundations for public dialogue about science while recognizing the following challenges: the specialized and technical nature of science, the complexity of issues, the power of commercial interests, the need for social accountability, low motivation and interest amongst publics, and the resistance of technical experts and decision-makers towards dialogue. A framework of guidelines is offered for designing and evaluating audience research for public dialogue about science, structured around 5 interrelated elements: WHY – clarifying the objectives of communication and audience research; GENERAL – overall research design considerations; WHO – conceptualizing and investigating dialogue participants; WHAT – framing issues from multiple perspectives; and HOW – identifying spaces and channels for public dialogue. Applying the framework to the case study demonstrates the guidelines’ usefulness for evaluation purposes, grounds the study in an actual case of audience research and extracts lessons for future applications. The framework succeeds in judging the appropriateness of the study’s design for its purpose. The study contributes to the search for effective means of public engagement by proposing practical guidelines for the first steps of such a process, a methodological praxis for audience research that can be useful in scholarly and practitioner communities and can be refined and adapted for various contexts. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Information Science / unrestricted

The doctoral thesis studied the behaviour of scientists on Internet profiles. The scientific community is founded on communication. The advance of research, the evaluation of research results, the reputation of individual scientists - all rest on constant interaction among the community members. The Internet, as a flexible channel for world-wide communication, has a considerable potential for the scientific community. Besides often discussed consequences for scientific publishing, the Internet also offers new opportunities for self-presentation of scientists. In this thesis, the online presence of scientists was studied with a 'positive lens', concentrating on how the Internet can be used to enhance scientists' individual self-presentation. The doctoral thesis consists of five essays: an overview and four essays documenting separate research projects. The research was founded on the radical constructivist understanding of reality. It was classified as connected to three areas: research on science communication, research on digital identity, and research on generation of online content. Viewing the existing literature in these areas, three focal points were identified, which informed and guided the formulation of research aims and the implementation of research projects: focus on Internet self-presentation, assumption of strategic importance, and need for a holistic view. The aims of the thesis were (A) to develop a holistic understanding of scientists' Internet presence, (B) to study behavioural patterns on scientists' Internet profiles, and (C) to develop an instrument to support the development and management of scientists' Internet self-presentation. Based on these aims, four research projects were carried out. Each project pursued own research questions or objectives using suitable methods, yet all contributed to the overall aims of the thesis. Thus the thesis presents conceptual, empirical, and applied findings resulting from a multi-method approach and contributing both to research on Internet self-presentation as well as to practice in the management of online presence.:1 Introduction 2 Theoretical foundation 3 Research areas 4 Research aims and questions 5 Methods 6 Findings 7 Conclusions References Essay 1: Bukvova, H. (2011). Scientists online: A framework for the analysis of Internet profiles. First Monday, 16(10). Essay 2: Bukvova, H. (2012). A holistic approach to the analysis of online profiles. Internet Research, 22(3). Essay 3: Bukvova, H. (2011). Information demand on scientists’ Internet profiles. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 11(173). Essay 4: Bukvova, H. (2011). Online Impression Management for Scientists. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 11(140).

<p>  </p> <p>Science by its very nature is a networked discipline. Experiments and research build off of past experiments and research. Labs are collaborative spaces where many individuals work together with an array of technologies and other infrastructural elements. Much of the work of network building in science is done online as scientists communicate with each other and with the public on platforms like Twitter. But how do science communicators work in these online, digital spaces to build their networks and communicate? What kinds of rhetorical choices do science communicators make when they share research or reach out to connect with others? How do social media, networking, and other technologies influence those choices? What kinds of networks are created in these online, public discussions? In this study, I draw from actor-network theory and assemblage theory methodologies to begin answering these questions. Using snowball sampling, I recruited 12 climate science communicators from three network clusters: Purdue scientists, scientists whose work was highlighted by the nonprofit Black in Environment, and science writers for NASA. Drawing from choices I observed in the Twitter writing of participants, I then spoke with each participant in a discourse-based interview, inviting them to reflect on the choices they made as they wrote online. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The resulting conversation indicated the nonhuman (such as technologies) and human influences on their online discourse. Our discussions also revealed how participants used rhetorical strategies around identification and emotion to better appeal to their specific audiences. With identification, they not only asked themselves how an audience might react to their writing, but also engaged in internal dialogue with their imagined audiences and used conversational language. With emotion, participants emphasized the importance of humor and positivity as strategies by which to make online spaces more appealing and welcoming. This study offers four takeaways from the data: (1) science communicators should be aware of and take control of the networks that surround them; (2) public science communication should still be specific and directed at smaller audiences; (3) science communication—especially in online public spheres like Twitter—should not shy away from engaging with emotion; and (4) those of us who teach writing can (and should) teach writing as a networked process. </p>

This dissertation describes and presents a new type of interactive visualization for communicating about evolutionary biology, the dynamic evolutionary map. This web-based tool utilizes a novel map-based metaphor to visualize evolution, rather than the traditional "tree of life." The dissertation begins with an analysis of the conceptual affordances of the traditional tree of life as the dominant metaphor for evolution. Next, theories from digital media, visualization, and cognitive science research are synthesized to support the assertion that digital media tools can extend the types of visual metaphors we use in science communication in order to overcome conceptual limitations of traditional metaphors. These theories are then applied to a specific problem of science communication, resulting in the dynamic evolutionary map. Metaphor is a crucial part of scientific communication, and metaphor-based scientific visualizations, models, and analogies play a profound role in shaping our ideas about the world around us. Users of the dynamic evolutionary map interact with evolution in two ways: by observing the diversification of bird orders over time and by examining the evidence for avian evolution at several places in evolutionary history. By combining these two types of interaction with a non-traditional map metaphor, evolution is framed in a novel way that supplements traditional metaphors for communicating about evolution. This reframing in turn suggests new conceptual affordances to users who are learning about evolution. Empirical testing of the dynamic evolutionary map by biology novices suggests that this approach is successful in communicating evolution differently than in existing tree-based visualization methods. Results of evaluation of the map by biology experts suggest possibilities for future enhancement and testing of this visualization that would help refine these successes. This dissertation represents an important step forward in the synthesis of scientific, design, and metaphor theory, as applied to a specific problem of science communication. The dynamic evolutionary map demonstrates that these theories can be used to guide the construction of a visualization for communicating a scientific concept in a way that is both novel and grounded in theory. There are several potential applications in the fields of informal science education, formal education, and evolutionary biology for the visualization created in this dissertation. Moreover, the approach suggested in this dissertation can potentially be extended into other areas of science and science communication. By placing birds onto the dynamic evolutionary map, this dissertation points to a way forward for visualizing science communication in the future

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The overall aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of how a pervasive digitalization and mediatization takes part in shaping and reshaping the relations between science and society and popular understanding of scientific epistemologies. In recent years, the prevalence of disinformation, fake news and conspiracy theories together with suggestions on how to combat this have come to characterize general discourses on knowledge, science, truth and digital media. Encounters with myths or disinformation can give impetus to what is usually called myth debukning. On social media, there are discussions and debates about whats should be considered as truth and facts and what we should reject as disinformation. The digital platform Tiktok has in a short time become one of the most popular places for digital social interaction and is today part of public discourse. The purpose of this study is to study examples of science myth debunking or the exposure of myths about science on the digital social platform Tiktok. The study shows that discursive practices for myth debunking are formed through the interaction between a variety of human and non-human actors. Myth debunking can be seen as to shed light on scientific development and how scientific knowledge production plays out in interplay with society in general. Understanding the role of science communication as a means of disseminating scientific knowledge in some popularized form separates science from the social and cultural contexts in which learning and reflection usually take place. Here, Tiktok, with its "messyness" and as a place for diversity of expressions, palys an important role.

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