Les calculs de chromodynamique quantique sur réseau prévoient, que pour un potentiel baryonique nul et une température de T ∼ 173 MeV , il devrait être possible d'observer une transition de la phase de la matière hadronique vers un plasma de quarks et de gluons. Les collisions d'ions lourds ultra-relativistes devraient permettre de mettre en évidence ce changement de phase. Les saveurs lourdes peuvent être utilisées pour sonder les premiers instants des collisions pendant lesquels la température est la plus élevée. Le LHC va permettre d'étudier les collisions entre noyaux de plomb et les collisions entre protons à une énergie jamais égalée : √s = 5.5 TeV (√sNN = 14 TeV ) pour le plomb (les protons). Le détecteur ALICE est dédié à l'étude des collisions d'ions lourds mais peut également mesurer les collisions entre protons. Il est équipé d'un spectromètre à muons conçu pour l'étude des saveurs lourdes. Cette thèse présente les performances du spectromètre pour la mesure de la section efficace de production inclusive des hadrons beaux (B) et charmés (D) dans les collisions proton-proton. La première étape de cette mesure consiste à extraire les distributions des muons de décroissance des hadrons B et D. L'étape suivante consiste à extrapoler les distributions aux sections efficaces de production inclusive des hadrons. Cette thèse contient également une étude préliminaire des performances du spectromètre pour la mesure du rapport de modification nucléaire et de l'observable associée nommée RB=D dans les collisions plomb-plomb de centralité0−10%. L'accent est porté sur les incertitudes et l'intervalle en impulsion transverse sur lequel ces observables pourront être mesurées.

La spectrométrie Raman, mettant en jeu des phonons de longueur d'onde nanométrique, est une technique de choix pour l'étude des nanostructures. Elle met en évidence les effets de localisation ou de mélange des états électroniques. La cohérence spatiale des modes de vibration, à l'origine du phénomène d'interférence Raman, permet quant à elle de sonder de la structuration spatiale de la matière, tant d'un point de vue électronique qu'acoustique, ouvrant ainsi la voie vers des dispositifs de caractérisation intégrés. La spécificité de l'approche développée dans ce manuscrit réside dans la comparaison entre mesures et calculs de la section efficace de diffusion Raman. Elle apporte une compréhension quantitative des fréquences mais aussi des intensités des pics mesurés. Ainsi, cette démarche a permis d'identifier un nouveau mécanisme de couplage phonon-plasmon qui s'est avéré être le mécanisme dominant la diffusion Raman basses fréquences dans les nano-particules métalliques.

All over the world, the level of poverty is increasing. In South Africa it is mainly concentrated in rural areas and differs significantly from whether considering race, sex, provinces or community areas. This dissertation studies the relationship between poverty and inflation in Sharpeville by determining the impact of rising prices on the poor households in Sharpeville. The study focuses on three areas, namely the theoretical background of poverty and inflation, the impact of rising prices in expenditure patterns and the relationship to poverty. There are different approaches in defining poverty. Poverty can either be absolute or relative. For the purpose of this study, poverty is defined as absolute. Thus the study defines individuals as poor due to their inability to attain a minimum material standard of living. This minimal standard of living is normally referred to as the poverty line. Inflation may be defined in different ways. For the purpose of this dissertation, inflation is defined as the rise in the general price levels over a specific period of time. Changes in expenditure patterns are caused by an increase in inflation. This study uses the regression model to determine the impact of inflation on poverty in Sharpeville. According to the macroeconomic theory’s implication, the same level of inflation on the same basket of commodities has a different level of effect on each household. Accordingly, in this study, all households are assumed to be faced with the same inflation rate. Household size is positively related to poverty gap squared. This means that the more members there were in a household in Sharpeville the poorer they were. Households with the highest number of members were poorer than those with few members. Statistically, the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between household size and poverty gap is rejected, even at the 1% level of significance. EXPINFL is negatively related to poverty gap. The correlation matrix confirms the results in the regression analysis. The correlation coefficient between The relationship between poverty and inflation in Sharpeville Page EXPINFL and PGAP is -0.34467. Although it is relatively weak, the fact that there is a negative correlation confirms that inflation negatively affects poverty. Finally, the study recommends that government provides more job opportunities for the individuals without any source of income in Sharpeville. The government could also provide business funding to the unemployed individuals to enable them to start their own businesses. This would enable those individuals to create additional employment. In addition, measures should be introduced to determine the effect of inflation on those households who are not employed (that is, not receiving any form of income, not even through any form of grant), but do benefit from some form of feeding scheme administered by either government or non-profit organisations. / MCom, Economics, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

Avec l'ouverture de la bande 57-66 GHz en Europe, de nouvelles technologies de communication sans fil à haut débit sont en cours de développement. De nombreux avantages liés à cette bande de fréquence ont notamment conduit à envisager la transposition du principe de l'identification par radiofréquence (RFID) en bande millimétrique : la MMID. Les réglementations internationales font notamment apparaître une bande passante commune de 5 GHz qui permettrait la mise en place de solutions universelles. De plus la sécurisation des communications point-à-point et la directivité des réseaux d'antennes offrent des perspectives intéressantes.Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visent à contribuer au développement de la MMID. Ils soulignent les principaux verrous de cette technologie et présentent les différentes solutions proposées qui couvrent de multiples aspects : conception d'antennes et de réseaux d'antennes, conception de prototypes de tags MMID passifs, caractérisation et méthodologie de mesure dont la conception intégrale d'un banc de mesure en bande V, amélioration des performances des tags, et étude de fonctionnalités de capteur intégrées aux tags. Les différents prototypes de tags MMID fabriqués ont permis de réaliser des communications passives de type rétro-modulation jusqu'à 20 cm. De plus, des fonctions de capteur d'humidité et capteur de pression intégrées aux tags MMID ont été montrées expérimentalement. L'ensemble de ces résultats ouvre la voie à de nouvelles perspectives pour les domaines des télécommunications et des réseaux de capteurs en bande millimétrique. / With the opening of the 57-66 GHz band in Europe, new high data-rate wireless communication technologies are currently under development. Numerous advantages linked to the frequency band conducted to consider the transposition of the radiofrequency identificaion (RFID) principle to the millimeter frequency band: the MMID. The international regulations provide a common bandwidth of 5 GHz allowing universal solutions. Moreover, the communication security of point-to-point networks and the directivities of the antennas present interesting perspectives.The presented work in this thesis looks for contributing to the development of MMID. The work underlines the principal locks of this technology and it presents the different proposed solutions covering multiple aspects: conception of antennas and antennas arrays, conception of MMID tags prototypes, characterization and measurement methodology including the complete conception of a measurement bench in V-band, improvement of the tags performances and study of sensing functionalities integrated in the tags. Different prototypes of MMID tags are fabricated and passive communications based on the backscattering of the tags were demonstrated up to 20 cm. In addition, humidity and pressure sensing functionalities were proved by experimentations. The overall of these results pave the way for new perspectives for the wireless communication domain and sensors networks in the millimeter-wave band.

No description available.

MPD is an entity within the SANDF responsible for maintaining law and order, prevent and combat crime, investigates criminal cases or alleged within the DoD. The role of the MPs has changed drastically over the past years especially after the integration of the non-statutory and statutory forces with all changes in crime growth increased in South Africa and affected the DoD. This led to the MPD shifting from disciplinary crime prevention issues to criminal crime prevention, as the basic mission of the police is to prevent crime and disorder. MPs form part of the police agencies that are within South Africa, the uniqueness of the MPs they operating within the SANDF but they cannot be isolated from the complicated growing crime phenomenon that affects the whole South African community. As crime prevention is the catchphrase for all the police agencies and government departments, it is imperative for the MPs to align its crime prevention to the modern policing. This study gives a comprehensive explanation of what crime prevention is, from the literature reviewed relevant to the study, with the aim to critically analyse the role of the MPs in crime prevention within the military proclaimed environment. The researcher collected data in the form of unstructured interviews, documents and literature. Collected data was transcribed; larger text was broken into smaller segments, coded and then selected into themes. Participants had different views of the understanding of the meaning of crime prevention and different comprehension of the MPs crime prevention guideline and procedures. This analysis was done in order to determine the level of understanding of the role of the MPs, in crime prevention within the military proclaimed environment and how MPs can be effective and efficient within this environment. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Police Practice)

Self-management is a relatively new concept in South Africa. The transformation of education after 1994 resulted in the promulgation of the South African Schools Act (SASA) 84 of 1996, which started the process of decentralisation of education. The SASA mandates the school governing bodies (SGBs) to play an active role in decision making in schools. The justification for the self-management of schools is that it promotes effectiveness and efficiency in schools. The aim of the study was to investigate the challenges that are faced and the benefits/opportunities that exist for self-managing schools. The secondary aim of the study was to investigate how self-managing schools could be supported so that they become more efficient and effective. This study focuses on 2 ex-DET self-managing schools in Gauteng. The findings reveal that teamwork amongst educators, parents and communities is essential for self-managing schools to be effective and efficient. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Education Management)

One of the objectives of the Securities Regulation Code on Takeovers and Mergers ("the Code") was to achieve neutrality of treatment of minority shareholders in takeover situations irrespective of the method employed to effect the takeover. This objective has not yet been achieved despite the inclusion of Rule 29 in the Code. Different levels of minority protection apply depending on the method used to effect a takeover. Asset takeovers are also excluded from the ambit of the Code. It is suggested that capital reductions and security conversions be prohibited to effect a takeover unless the Code is applicable to the transaction. The scheme of arrangement procedure, with certain suggested amendments, should be retained as a takeover method. It is further suggested that section 228 of the Companies Act be amended to ensure greater minority shareholder protection but that asset takeovers not be included within the ambit of the Code at this stage. / Private Law / LL.M.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Wanvoorstelling van wesenlike feite deur omiss/o aan 'n versekeraar kan tot gevolg he dat die versekeringskontrak ongeldig verklaar word ingevolge die gemene reg. In Mutual and Federal Insurance Co Ltd v Oudtshoorn Municipality 1985 (1) SA 419 (A) is beslis dat wesenlikheid bepaal moet word vanuit die oogpunt van die redelike man. In 'n paging om bewys van die wesenlikheid van feite te vermy, het versekeraars vereis dat aansoekers die voorstellings in die kontrak moat waarborg. Dit het tot gevolg gehad dat voorstellings wat in die kontrak gewaarborg is outomaties wesenlik was. Sedert die invoering van artikel 63(3) van die Versekeringswet 27 van 1943 deur die wetgewer gedurende 1969, is die wesenlikheid van voorstellings egter 'n vereiste, selfs waar dit in die kontrak gewaarborg is. Versekeraars sou dus in die toekoms nie agter kontraktuele wanvoorstellings kon skuil nie. Hierdie maatreel het meer beskerming aan die versekerde gebied. In Qilingele v South African Mutual Life Assurance Society 1993 (1) SA 69 (A) is die toets vir wesenlikheid, soos vereis deur artikel 63{3), aangespreek. Dit het die vraag laat ontstaan of daar twee aparte toetse vir wesenlikheid bestaan, naamlik gemeenregtelik en statuter, en of daar een algemene toets bestaan. / Misrepresentation by omissio of material facts to an insurer may lead to an insurance contract being declared invalid in terms of the common law. In Mutual and Federal Insurance v Oudtshoorn Municipality 1985 (1) SA 419 (A) it was decided to determine materiality in the eyes of the reasonable man. To avoid proving materiality of facts, the insurers required proposers to warrant the representations in the contract. This resulted in the facts automatically being material. In 1969 parliament, .however, enacted section 63(3) of the Insurance Act 27 of 1943 whereby materiality of presentations, even where it was warranted in the contract, became a requirement. Therefore insurers could in future not hide behind contractual misrepresentations. This provided more protection to the insured. Qilingele v SA Mutual Life Assurance Society 1993 (1) SA 69 (A) addresses the test for materiality as required by section 63(3). This resulted in the question whether two separate tests for materiality in terms of common law and statute, or only one exists. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M.

South Africa’s labour legislation went through significant changes recently, with the changes to section 198 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 being the most contentious. The purpose of this research was to explore the perceptions of employees in the HR department of an integrated petroleum and chemical company regarding the changes to labour broking and the potential implications of these changes for an integrated petroleum and chemical company and its employees. The qualitative exploratory study was conducted with six employees of a large integrative petroleum and chemical company making use of labour brokers, until data saturation was reached. The data were collected by means of individual interviews and telephonic interviews. The results indicated that the changes to section 198 will have some positive and negative implications. The positive implications for an organisation included more productive employees and the ability to identify high-quality employees more easily. The positive implications for the company's employees are that the lower-income employees will be protected, the new legislation will provide permanent employment and there will be better dispute resolution procedures. The negative implications to the changes to section 198 for the organisation, include for instance higher costs, the drafting of new policies and guidelines and less employment flexibility. Negative implications for the employees include unemployment, negative attitudes towards the organisation, poor employability and a situation where the current and/or permanent employees have to do all the work. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)