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11	Essays on Labor Economics Debasmita Das (13154679) 27 July 2022 (has links) <p>This dissertation is a collection of three papers, each one being a chapter. In the first chapter, I examine how career interruptions related to child-raising duties affect married women’s labor market trajectory, lifetime earnings, and Social Security retirement benefits. To address this question, I develop and estimate a dynamic life-cycle model of female labor supply, savings, and Social Security benefit claiming. I explicitly model the Social Security benefits system and the federal and payroll tax structure in the United States. The framework, thus, allows me to unravel the complex interdependencies between women’s participation decisions, accumulated work experience, lifetime earnings, and public pension benefits. I estimate the model using the Method of Simulated Moments and match data for the cohort born in 1943-1954. I use the model to simulate labor supply behavior of married women in a revenue-neutral counterfactual scenario where I introduce Social Security caregiver credit that covers the lost earnings during the first 5 child-rearing years through changes in retirement benefits. I find that the model predicts that introducing the provision of earning credits for child care in the Social Security system would reduce participation of married women during the child-rearing years, but the contributory nature of the caregiver credits creates incentive to work in the post-childrearing period.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In the second chapter, I evaluate the implication of introducing Social Security caregiver credit by examining whether and to what extent implementing this child-related policy to the existing Social Security system would help reduce the motherhood earnings penalty over the life cycle. I utilize the dynamic lifecycle model developed in Chapter 1 and conduct revenue-neutral counterfactual policy experiments by introducing caregiver credits in in various settings. First, I analyze the effect of the policy at different generosity levels; and second, I implement the policy in the presence as well as in the absence of the marriage-based noncontributory Social Security benefits (spousal and survivors benefits). Third, I conduct an alternative counterfactual policy experiment where mothers could drop five additional work years from the average career earnings (or equivalently Social Security benefits) calculation. The model predicts that lifetime pre-tax labor earnings of married women increase significantly under when the caregiver credits are introduced in a setting where spousal and survivors benefits are eliminated, and there is a sizeable reduction in gender gap in average career earnings at the Social Security Early Retirement Age. The alternative policy of computing average career earnings based on a mother's 30 years of earnings has significantly smaller impact on offsetting motherhood earnings penalty through retirement benefits compared to the provision of Social Security caregiver credits.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In the third chapter, I examine the effect of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) work requirement reinstatement on food insecurity outcomes of able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs). The policy restricts SNAP benefits of ABAWDs to 3 months in a 36 month period if they are not working or participating in any work program for at least 20 hours a week. In the aftermath of the 2008 recession, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 waived work requirements nationwide, and many states reimplemented the work rule at different times beginning in 2011. I employ a difference-in-differences approach utilizing this cross-state variation in the reimplementation of the policy. Using rich information on food affordability and food intake behavior from the Food Security Supplement of the Current Population Survey (CPS-FSS), I find that promoting work for food assistance improved the overall food security status of ABAWDs by reducing disruptions in food intake, anxiety over food affordability and dependency on emergency food receipt. Subsample analyses indicate that effects are stronger for never married and less educated ABAWDs.</p> Labour economics Public economics - taxation and revenue social security benefits female employment Retirement public pension reform food security welfare reform
12	La protection sociale des fonctionnaires : étude critique d’un régime spécial / Social protection of the civil servants : critical review of a special social security scheme Pierron, Luc 03 November 2016 (has links) Les régimes spéciaux de sécurité sociale des fonctionnaires nourrissent la mythologie française. Leur simple évocation fait généralement l’unanimité, que l’on en parle comme d’avantages acquis, de privilèges catégoriels ou de rémanences du passé. Qualifier juridiquement la protection sociale des fonctionnaires de régime spécial de sécurité sociale présente pourtant certains biais. La notion de « régime » implique une relative cohérence d’ensemble. L’intégration dans la « sécurité sociale » induit le respect des mêmes principes et modes de fonctionnement que l’institution. Le qualificatif « spécial » laisse à penser que ledit régime entretient un rapport de spécial à commun avec le régime général. Ces trois items n’en sont pas moins contestables. La protection sociale des fonctionnaires est une construction itérative, étalée sur plus d’un siècle, où prestations et garanties reposent chacune sur une logique qui lui est propre. Un large pan de cette protection sociale consiste en une couverture administrative, endossée directement par les employeurs publics. Le régime général n’est pas le droit commun de la sécurité sociale. Cela étant dit, c’est une autre étude de la sécurité sociale en général et de la protection sociale des fonctionnaires en particulier qui peut débuter. Le tout pour conclure à une crise d’identités : c’est dans son intégration à la sécurité sociale que la protection sociale des fonctionnaires parvient le mieux à exprimer sa singularité ; mais c’est parce que la protection sociale des fonctionnaires tend à être assimilée à la sécurité sociale qu’il convient d’en admettre la relativité. / Special social security schemes for civil servants belong to the French mythology. Their mention is usually embraced by all, which is spoken of as long-acquired habits, categorical privileges or afterimages of the past. Legally qualify social protection of the civil servants of special social security schemes raise questions. The concept of « scheme » implies a relative overall consistency. The integration to the « social security » means to respect the same principles and operating modes as the rest of the institution. The adjective « special » suggests that the scheme has the same relationship to general scheme as special law to ordinary law. These three items are questionable. Social protection of the civil servants is an iterative construction, spread over more than a century, where the benefits and guarantees each based on its proper logic. A large part of this social protection consists of an administrative cover, endorsed by public employers. The general scheme is not the ordinary social security law. That being said, this is another study of social security in general and social protection of the civil servants in particular who can begin. All for finding an identity crisis: with its integration to social security, social protection of the civil servants succeeds in expressing its uniqueness; but it’s because this social protection tends to be equated with social security that relativity may be deduced from it. Sécurité sociale Régime spécial Fonctionnaire Fonction publique Garanties statutaires Prestations de sécurité sociale Comparaisons avec le régime général Processus de convergence Protection sociale complémentaire Action sociale Social security Special scheme Civil servant Civil service Statutory guarantees Social security benefits Comparison with the general scheme Convergence process Complementary social protection Charity
13	Le train de vie en droit privé / Standard of living in private law Martinez, Michaël 19 October 2016 (has links) Locution issue du langage courant, le « train de vie » a été importée dans la sphère juridique dès la fin des années 1930 pour lutter contre la fraude fiscale. Depuis les années 1960 et surtout 2000 elle est utilisée dans toutes les branches du droit privé. Elle n’a pourtant reçu aucune définition. Partant de ce constat, la première partie de cette thèse s’intéresse au contenu juridique de la notion de train de vie. Elle y est définie comme la jouissance, à titre habituel d’une certaine quantité de biens et de services, caractérisant à la fois un niveau de vie et une habitude de vie. Il ressort de cette définition que tant les biens que les services peuvent être le support du train de vie, que cette notion s’apprécie en jouissance et non en propriété et qu’une condition de durée doit être remplie. La seconde partie de cette thèse s’intéresse aux effets qui sont attachés au train de vie. Il est toujours utilisé en tant que point de référence mais n’est pas toujours invoqué par la même personne. Ainsi, le train de vie peut être soit opposé à son bénéficiaire par un tiers, soit opposé par son bénéficiaire à un tiers. Dans le premier cas, il est un point de référence permettant d’identifier une disproportion, à laquelle sont attachées des conséquences juridiques néfastes pour le bénéficiaire du train de vie. Dans le second cas, il sert de point de référence pour apprécier et traiter une situation de rupture patrimoniale. Caractérisant une situation économique habituelle, le train de vie est doté d’une certaine inertie,qui nécessite qu’il ne soit pas arrêté brutalement. Il est alors de nature à conférer des droits à son bénéficiaire. / An expression usually found in everyday language, the « train de vie », or standard of living, wasbrought into the legal sphere as early as the late 1930’s in a bid to fight fiscal fraud. Since the 1960’s, and evenmore so since the 2000’s, it is found in all branches of private law. It has, however, never been defined.Therefore, the first part of this thesis looks into the legal content of the idea of « train de vie ». It is definedhere as the enjoyment of a certain quantity of goods and services that has come to be the habitual, markingboth a standard of living and a life habit. This definition of the expression leads to the conclusion that as goodsand services can support of the « train de vie », this is a notion that is to be assessed in enjoyment and not inpropriety, and that a condition of length of time is to be fulfilled. The second part of this thesis focuses on theeffects attached to the « train de vie ». It is still used as a reference point but not always invoked by the sameperson. Therefore, the “train de vie” can either be set against it’s beneficiary by a third party, or by it’sbeneficiary against a third party. In the first case, it becomes a point of reference allowing to identify a lack ofproportion, unto which are attached legal consequences unfavorable to the beneficiary of the « train de vie ».In the second case, it serves as a point of reference to asses and deal with a situation of a patrimonial break.Charaterizing a habitual economic situation, le “train de vie” is endowed with a measure of inertia, whichrequires that it not by stopped suddenly. It is thusfore of a nature to create rights for it’s beneficiary. Niveau de vie Jouissance Habitude Ressources Dépenses Proportionnalité Disproportion Excès Fraude Apparence Assurance-vie Libéralités Facultés Fortune Obligations alimentaires Divorce Prestation compensatoire Cadre de vie Maintenance Conjoint survivant Droit fiscal Droit social Aide sociale Sécurité sociale Droit patrimonial Famille Mariage PACS Concubinage Dépendance économique Standard of living Possession Habit Means Spending Proportionality Disproportion Excess Fraud Appearance Life insurance Gifts Fortune Divorce Compensatory allowance Living environment Maintenance Child support Social support Surviving spouse Fiscal law Social law Social assistance Social security Social Security benefits Droit patrimonial Family Wedding PACS, Concubinage

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