O Estudo do tema proposto se insere no campo da sociologia da conflitualidade, da violência e da criminalidade, atentando para os mecanismos de controle social formal e informal. Como não poderia deixar de ser, a presente pesquisa se guia também pelo princípio da interdisciplinaridade, articulando distintas áreas de conhecimento, tais como a ciência política, a educação, o direito e a psicologia. O objeto empírico desta pesquisa são os jovens atendidos pelo Programa de Proteção à Jovens em Território Vulnerável – Protejo, projeto que integra as ações do Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública com Cidadania – Pronasci. Já o objeto teórico é a investigação da história de vida dos jovens, e os desdobramentos dos vínculos e esferas de reconhecimento presentes em suas vidas dentro e fora do Protejo. A principal conclusão é que tanto as configurações vinculares, quanto as esferas de reconhecimento desempenham papel fundamental na vida dos jovens, influenciando diretamente em seu comportamento dentro do projeto. / The study of the proposed topic falls within the sociology of conflict, violence and crime, paying attention to the mechanisms of formal and informal social control. How could it be, this research also is guided by the principle of interdisciplinary, linking different areas of knowledge such as political science, education, law and psychology. The empirical object of this research are the young people served by the Programa de Proteção a Jovens em Território Vulnerável – Protejo, project that is part the actions of de Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública com Cidadania – Pronasci. The theoretical object is to research the history of youth, and the development of ties and spheres of recognition in their own lives inside and outside the Protejo. The main conclusion is that both configurations as the spheres of recognition play a role essential in the lives of young people, directly influencing their behavior within the project.

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Cette thèse analyse certaines formes de gouvernance de la jeunesse en matière de politiques de sécurité publique, celles-ci étant perçues comme des réponses de l’Etat à l’accroissement et à la généralisation d’un sentiment d’insécurité et de peur dans la société contemporaine. Pour ce faire, j’interroge des pratiques de gouvernementalité qui se manifestent dans les périphéries urbaines - et, en particulier, chez les jeunes qui y habitent - en les considérant comme le résultat d’un changement et d’une intensification de la façon dont l’Etat pratique la gouvernance des conduites. L’approche théorico-méthodologique utilisée ici se situe à l’interface des études de genre, des études culturelles et de l’anthropologie politique, s’appuyant notamment sur des perspectives qui proposent un rapprochement critique avec la théorisation foucaldienne. Le travail s’inscrit donc dans le champ d’une ethnographie post-moderne, à partir d’une combinaison de méthodologies et de modèles d’écriture divers. Pour procéder à mon analyse, j’ai choisi deux terrains de recherche. Le premier a été le quartier Guajuviras, à Canoas, ville de la région métropolitaine de Porto Alegre, dans l’Etat du Rio Grande do Sul, Brésil. Ce quartier accueille des actions du Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública e Cidadania (Pronasci), (Programme National de Sécurité Publique et de Citoyenneté), développées là-bas sous le nom Território de Paz (Territoire de Paix). Le deuxième terrain a été la ville de Grigny Centre, située dans la région métropolitaine de Paris et considérée comme l’une des plus « explosives » de la périphérie parisienne. J’y ai analysé un ensemble d’actions de prévention et de répression de la criminalité dans le cadre des politiques de la ville. Les sources de recherche ont été ainsi constituées : 1) documents officiels de la presse et tracts de diffusion ; 2) récits littéraires, musicaux et filmiques ; 3) annotations des souvenirs de terrain, transcriptions de groupes de discussion et entretiens ; 4) images photographiques. Les différents matériaux ont été analysés dans la perspective d’une analyse culturelle, ancrée dans la théorisation foucaldienne. Il a été possible de mettre en évidence le fait que les politiques de sécurité soient devenues des éléments capitaux dans l’agenda politique des deux pays, avec des propositions de solutions adressées aux jeunes hommes issus, surtout, des groupes considérés en situation de risque et de vulnérabilité sociale. Le Território de Paz au Brésil, se caractérise par une certaine technique de gouvernement. Il organise des activités de manière à (essayer) de réguler la diversité de la vie juvénile. En France, l’Etat procède de manière à criminaliser et à culpabiliser la jeunesse pauvre, arabe et noire, pour des situations considérées auparavant comme de simples incivilités. En ce qui concerne les jeunes et l’élaboration de leurs formes identitaires, fortement traversées par des marqueurs de classe, race et genre au Brésil, et de genre et race / ethnie en France, il a été possible de mettre en exergue une force vitale encore peu valorisée comme puissance de changement : il s’agit de la capacité des jeunes à élaborer des théories sur leurs propres conditions et trajectoires personnelles. En effet, les jeunes perçoivent l’écart entre ce qui leur parait important pour leurs vies et ce que leur proposent ou leur offrent les politiques de l’Etat. / Esta tese analisa determinadas formas de governamento da juventude em políticas de segurança pública, entendendo-as como respostas do Estado à expansão e à generalização de um sentimento de insegurança e medo na sociedade contemporânea. Para isso, discuto práticas de governamentalidade que atingem as periferias urbanas e, de modo particular, os/as jovens que lá habitam, considerando-as como resultados de uma alteração e uma intensificação dos modos como o Estado exerce o governo das condutas. A abordagem teórico-metodológica situa-se na interface dos estudos de gênero, dos estudos culturais e da antropologia política, principalmente as perspectivas que propõem uma aproximação crítica com a teorização foucaultiana; o trabalho posiciona-se no campo de uma etnografia pós-moderna, a partir de uma combinação de metodologias e de modos de escrita. Para efetivar minha análise elegi dois lócus de pesquisa. Um deles foi o bairro Guajuviras, em Canoas, cidade da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O bairro recebe ações do Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública e Cidadania (Pronasci), ali implementadas com o nome de Território de Paz. O segundo lócus foi a cidade de Grigny Centre, na região metropolitana de Paris, na França, considerada uma das cidades mais “explosivas” entre as periferias parisienses; analisei um conjunto de ações de prevenção e repressão à criminalidade situadas nas politiques de la ville. Constituíram fontes de pesquisa: (i) documentos oficiais, de órgãos de imprensa e panfletos de divulgação; (ii) narrativas literárias, musicais e fílmicas; (iii) anotações das recordações de campo, transcrições de grupos de discussão e entrevistas; (iv) imagens fotográficas. Os materiais foram analisados na perspectiva da análise cultural, ancorada na teorização foucaultiana. Foi possível evidenciar que as políticas de segurança tornaram-se elementos centrais da agenda política dos dois países, com propostas de soluções dirigidas aos jovens homens, principalmente de grupos considerados em situação de risco e vulnerabilidade social. O Território de Paz, no Brasil, se caracteriza como uma tecnologia de governamento. Organiza atividades de modo a (tentar) regular a diversidade da vida juvenil. As ações do Estado francês operam de modo a criminalizar e a culpabilizar a juventude pobre, árabe e negra por situações consideradas anteriormente como simples incivilidades. Com relação às elaborações dos/das jovens e de suas formações identitárias, fortemente atravessadas por marcadores de classe raça e gênero no Brasil, e de gênero e raça/etnia na França, foi possível trazer à tona uma força vital que pouco tem sido valorizada como potência de mudança: trata-se da capacidade dos/das jovens de elaborarem teorias sobre suas próprias condições e trajetórias. Com efeito, os/as jovens reconhecem a disjunção entre o que seria importante nas suas vidas e o que as ações de Estado lhes propõem ou oferecem. / This paper analyses certain forms of “governamentality” of the youth, as far as public security policies are concerned. Such policies are understood as reactions from the State to the expansion and generalization of a feeling of insecurity and fear in contemporary society. To that end, I discuss “governmentality” practices directed to suburban areas and in particular to the youngsters that live there. Such practices result from the intensification of State control over youngster behaviors. The theoretical-methodological approach results from the interaction of gender studies, cultural studies and political anthropology, in particular, the perspectives that maintain a critical proximity with Foucault’s thinking. Hence, this paper is situated in the field of post-modern ethnography resulting from a combination of methodologies and distinct narratives. To carry out my analysis, I have chosen two distinct research locations. One of such locations was the Guajuviras borough in Canoas, in the suburban area of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The National Program of Public Security and Citizenship (PRONASCI, from the acronym in Portuguese) carries out actions in Guajuviras borough. Those actions are implemented under the title of Território de Paz (Land of Peace). The second location was the town of Grigny Centre in the suburban area of Paris, France. Grigny Centre is considered one of the “hottest spots” among Paris suburban areas. I carried out the analysis of preventive and repressive measures to combat criminality in the context of politiques de la ville. The research sources employed were the following: (i) official documents, press reports and leaflets; (ii) literature, music and film; (iii) notes from field visits, transcripts of group discussions and interviews; (iv) photos. Such materials were assessed on the basis of the cultural analysis taking into account Foucault theoretical elements. Evidence confirmed that public security policies have become central elements in the political agenda of both countries. Based on that, solutions were proposed aiming at young men in situations of social risk and vulnerability. The Brazilian government initiative Território da Paz constitutes a “governamentality” technology. It organizes its activities (in an attempt) to regulate the diversity of situations in the life of juveniles. The actions by the French State, on the other hand, are carried out in a way that result in criminalizing and generating a sense of guilty in the poor youths of Arab or African origin for actions and situations that in the past were considered only as misdemeanors. As to the rationalizations from young men and women and to their identity construction, they were characterized by markers of class, race and gender in Brazil and, in France, by markers of race/ethnicity. It was possible to bring to the surface a vital energy linked to those rationalizations that has not been properly evaluated as an enabler for change. It represents the potential of young men and women to formulate their own theories regarding their own condition and life trajectories. It is my perception that young men and women acknowledge the existence o what is relevant to their lives and what is proposed or provided by the actions from the State.

O Estudo do tema proposto se insere no campo da sociologia da conflitualidade, da violência e da criminalidade, atentando para os mecanismos de controle social formal e informal. Como não poderia deixar de ser, a presente pesquisa se guia também pelo princípio da interdisciplinaridade, articulando distintas áreas de conhecimento, tais como a ciência política, a educação, o direito e a psicologia. O objeto empírico desta pesquisa são os jovens atendidos pelo Programa de Proteção à Jovens em Território Vulnerável – Protejo, projeto que integra as ações do Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública com Cidadania – Pronasci. Já o objeto teórico é a investigação da história de vida dos jovens, e os desdobramentos dos vínculos e esferas de reconhecimento presentes em suas vidas dentro e fora do Protejo. A principal conclusão é que tanto as configurações vinculares, quanto as esferas de reconhecimento desempenham papel fundamental na vida dos jovens, influenciando diretamente em seu comportamento dentro do projeto. / The study of the proposed topic falls within the sociology of conflict, violence and crime, paying attention to the mechanisms of formal and informal social control. How could it be, this research also is guided by the principle of interdisciplinary, linking different areas of knowledge such as political science, education, law and psychology. The empirical object of this research are the young people served by the Programa de Proteção a Jovens em Território Vulnerável – Protejo, project that is part the actions of de Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública com Cidadania – Pronasci. The theoretical object is to research the history of youth, and the development of ties and spheres of recognition in their own lives inside and outside the Protejo. The main conclusion is that both configurations as the spheres of recognition play a role essential in the lives of young people, directly influencing their behavior within the project.

This theses concerns with social engineering and defense against it. Social engineering attacks represents significant threat for organizations and their information systems, especially because they target weakest link in information systems security, its users. That way attacker can easily bypass even highly sophisticated security system. This theses tries to deal with question, how to effectively secure human factor of information system.

Comprising many airplanes, airports, aircrew, and employees, aviation industry is a large sector that is very vulnerable to attacks, whether it is from terrorists or criminals. Aviation history is fraught with examples of airport bombings, hijackings, and sabotage terrorist attacks. The most destructive of which is the tragedy of September 11, 2001, the cornerstone of today's aviation security policies. This study uses risk assessment tools to determine the dimensions of danger and threats against the aviation industry and addresses how vulnerable the aviation sector is. After vulnerabilities and threats are examined, possible impacts of attacks against the aviation security are discussed. This study also explores the pre and post September 11 policies that governments and policy makers develop to reduce risks in aviation sector. In addition, it discusses weaknesses and strengths of these policies which surfaced during the implementations. Finally, this study proposes some recommendations based on vulnerabilities and threats of aviation security.

Tras la difusión del video Kouri-Montesinos el 14 de septiembre del año 2000, el gobierno de Fujimori entró en crisis. Una de las principales acciones tras aquel evento fue la desactivación del Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional SIN (aún durante el gobierno de Fujimori), y luego la reforma del sistema, durante el gobierno de transición de Paniagua en el año 2001. Por diversas presiones y perspectivas políticas, en ese periodo fueron despedidos, cesados, desactivados o reasignados un gran contingente de analistas, operativos, agentes e informantes: cerca de 2 mil personas terminaron su relación con el Sistema de Inteligencia Nacional. Como parte de una investigación sobre la transformación de la inteligencia peruana, este artículo tiene tres objetivos: a) describir el contexto de la desactivación y la reforma para entender los objetivos y causas del despido y desactivación de este contingente de agentes y analistas; b) determinar el rango numérico de agentes y analistas que fueron despedidos, cesados o desactivados entre la desactivación del año 2000 y la reforma del año 2001; c) determinar el destino y funciones de los agentes y analistas despedidos y desactivados en los años posteriores a 2001, lo que muestra una relación con el desarrollo de empresas de seguridad, sistemas privados de inteligencia, inte- ligencia empresarial y un mercado de compra-venta de interceptaciones telefónicas durante los últimos catorce años. Este estudio se sostiene en el cruce de tres tipos de datos: fuente abierta provista por la normativa, informantes clave que participaron en el proceso de los años 2000 y 2001, y datos primarios de actores que actualmente son miembros de empresas de seguridad e inteligencia privada.

The aim of this Master's thesis is to examine the securitization discourse used to construct the security threat coming from the veteran effect of the Islamic State's foreign fighters in Europe, and to see what kind of policies were adopted to counter it so far. The phenomenon of departing European citizens, who are becoming foreign fighters in the Syrian conflict, joining the ranks of the Islamic State, and then return back to their country of origin after having acquired combat experience or other training, has become a hot topic of discussion not only for academics, but also for politicians and ordinary citizens. To precise, this thesis is working with three main case studies, whose securitization discourse and security policies are analysed. These are: European Union, United Kingdom and France. The author was interested in finding out what similarities and differences can be found between the analysed countries, plus, whether there is some pattern of influence between the European Union and its member states in this area. The author of this thesis chose to use a comparative case study as a research design. It is useful to realize a contrast of contexts and therefore to discover specifics of the analysed cases. Two tables were created in order to clarify the operationalization of the analysed...

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L'ingénierie des systèmes ou Génie Logiciel est une approche interdisciplinaire, dont le but est de formaliser la conception et le développement des systèmes. Cette approche commence par la définition des besoins, puis se poursuit avec la conception, l'implémentation et la validation du système. Historiquement, les systèmes ont été isolés et souvent basés sur des technologies propriétaires. De nos jours les systèmes informatiques s'interconnectent, s'ouvrent vers Internet, et s'appuient de plus en plus sur des technologies standards en favorisant l'inter-opérabilité. A côté d'apports indéniables, ces changements génèrent cependant de nouveaux risques de malveillance informatique. Pour y faire face, la sécurité informatique s'est fortement développée en permettant de mettre en place des contre-mesures plus ou moins fiables. Cette thèse se situe à la croisée de l'ingénierie des systèmes et de la sécurité. Elle vise à proposer une approche qui intègre ces deux domaines de manière collaborative et complémentaire. Même si ces deux domaines sont très liés l'un à l'autre, il existe relativement peu d'approches qui intègrent les aspects sécurité au processus d'ingénierie logicielle, et encore moins celles qui la considèrent dès la phase d'ingénierie des besoins, et/ou permettent l'évaluation de la politique de sécurité à un haut niveau d'abstraction. Cette thèse apporte une contribution dans ce domaine. Par conséquent, dans cette thèse nous proposons une approche basée sur l'IDM (Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles) et MDA (Model-Driven Architecture) qui intègre l’ingénierie des systèmes et la sécurité en utilisant les modèles. Cette approche permet d’identifier, de concevoir et d’évaluer des aspects de sécurité dans les différentes étapes de l'ingénierie des systèmes afin d'obtenir des systèmes sécurisés. / Software engineering is an interdisciplinary approach aiming to formalize the development of systems. This approach begins with defining system requirements and then continues with defining the design, implementation and validation of systems. Historically, systems were isolated and often based on proprietary technologies. Todays, computer systems are interconnected using Internet and standard technologies by promoting interoperability. In spite of undeniable contributions, these changes engender new risks of computer vulnerabilities/attacks. To cope with these risks, information security has improved to implement more or less reliable counter-measures. This thesis is situated at the intersection/crossroads of the software engineering and the information security. It aims to propose an approach that integrates these two fields in a collaborative and complementary manner. Although both fields are closely related, there are few approaches that integrate security aspects into software engineering process, much less from engineering requirements, which allow the assessment of security policies from a high level of abstraction. Hence, this thesis makes a contribution in this area. Therefore, in this thesis, we propose an approach based on MDE (Model-Driven Engineering) and MDA (Model Driven Architecture) which integrates software engineering and information security using models. This approach allows to identify, to design and to assess security aspects in the stages of the system development in order to obtain secure systems.