Student affect can play a profoundly important role in students' post-school lives. Understanding students' affective states within online learning environments in particular has become an important matter of research, as digital tutoring systems have the potential to intervene at the moment that students are struggling and becoming frustrated, bored or disengaged. However, despite the importance of assessing students' affective states, there is no clear consensus about what emotions are most important to assess, nor how these emotions can be best measured. This dissertation investigates students’ self-reports of their emotions and causal attributions of those emotions collected while they are solving math problems within a mathematics tutoring system. These self-reports are collected in two conditions: through limited choice Likert response and through open response text boxes. The conditions are combined with students’ cognitive attributions to describe epistemic (neither purely affective nor purely cognitive) emotions in order to explain the relationship between observable student behaviors in the MathSpring.org tutoring system and student affect. These factors include beliefs, expectations, motivations, and perceptions of ability and control. A special emphasis of this dissertation is on analyzing the role of causal attributions for the events and appraisals of the learning environment, as possible causes of student behaviors, performance, and affect.

Introdução: O crescimento da prevalência do Diabetes Mellitus verificado em nível global tem sido relacionado a uma diversidade de fatores, entre eles, mudanças no estilo de vida da população e consequente aumento do excesso de peso, envelhecimento populacional, maior sobrevida e maior acesso aos testes diagnósticos. Devido às dificuldades de realização de medidas bioquímicas em nível populacional, inquéritos de saúde utilizam com frequência o autorrelato de um diagnóstico de diabetes para estimar a prevalência da doença. Objetivos: Este estudo pretende descrever as estimativas nacionais da prevalência de diabetes autorreferido segundo dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013, e analisar a tendência dessas estimativas entre 2006 e 2014 e fatores relacionados nas capitais brasileiras segundo dados do inquérito anual telefônico Vigitel. Métodos: Os dois inquéritos populacionais analisados incluíam informações sobre a referência a um diagnóstico médico anterior de diabetes. A Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) é um inquérito domiciliar realizado em 2013 por meio de amostragem por conglomerados de residentes em domicílios particulares de todo o território nacional, perfazendo um total de 60.202 moradores que responderam ao questionário no domicílio. O Vigitel é um inquérito telefônico realizado anualmente desde 2006, em amostras probabilísticas da população adulta residente nas capitais do Brasil e Distrito Federal, totalizando mais de 40.000 entrevistas telefônicas a cada ano. As estimativas das duas pesquisas foram ponderadas de forma a representar a população total de interesse do estudo, de acordo com a amostragem complexa de cada inquérito. A análise de tendência e fatores associados levou em conta características sociodemográficas e estado nutricional e foi realizada por meio do Stata 12.0, utilizando o comando de pós estimação com predições médias ajustadas. Resultados: A PNS estimou um total de aproximadamente 9 milhões de pessoas com diabetes no país, com uma prevalência de 6,2% (IC95% 5,9-6,6), sendo maior nas mulheres (7,0%; IC95% 6,5-7,5) do que nos homens (5,4%; IC95% 4,8-5,9), e entre os moradores da área urbana (6,5%; IC95% 6,1-6,9) do que da área rural (4,6%; IC95% 4,0-5,2). Os dados do Vigitel indicaram que a prevalência de diabetes cresceu de 5,5% (IC95% 5,1-5,9) em 2006 para 8,0% (IC95% 7,5-8,5) em 2014, um aumento de 0,26 pontos percentuais (p.p.) ao ano. O aumento na tendência foi significativo para homens e mulheres, a partir dos 35 anos de idade, para todos os níveis de escolaridade e para aqueles com sobrepeso. As tendências de crescimento mais consistentes, além da prevalência de diabetes global (R2=0.77) foram observadas entre os homens (coeficiente de determinação, R2=0.93), aqueles com menor escolaridade (0 a 8 anos de estudo com R2=0.81), faixa etária de 65 anos ou mais (R2=0.79) e de 35-44 anos (R2=0.77) e de pessoas com sobrepeso (R2=0.75). Nos dois inquéritos, as pessoas de menor escolaridade apresentaram as maiores prevalências. Conclusão: A prevalência de diabetes autorreferido é alta no Brasil e vem crescendo ano a ano na última década. Se esse crescimento resulta de um aumento na incidência, da redução da mortalidade ou do maior diagnóstico de diabetes não pode ser definido no momento. De qualquer forma, a tendência de aumento observada substancia um enorme desafio a ser enfrentado pelo sistema de saúde nos próximos anos. / Introduction: The global rise in the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus has been linked to a variety of factors, such as lifestyle changes and consequent increase in excess weight, aging of the population, greater survival and access to diagnostic tests. Due to difficulties in performing biochemical measurements at the population level, most health surveys frequently use a self-report of a previous diagnosis of diabetes to estimate prevalence of the disease. Objectives: This study aims to describe national estimates for the prevalence of self-reported diabetes and associated factors according to data from National Health Survey and to analyze trends and possible related factors in Brazilian capital cities according to Vigitel, an annual telephone survey in Brazil. Methods: Both surveys contained information regarding a self-report of a previous diagnosis of diabetes. The National Health Survey (NHS) is a household survey conducted in Brazil in 2013 through cluster sampling of residents in private households throughout the country, involving 60.202 households. VIGITEL is a telephone survey held every year since 2006, based on probabilistic samples of adult population residing in state capitals and the Federal District and involving over 40,000 interviews each year. Estimates were weighted to represent the surveyed population, according to the complex sample frame of each survey. The analysis of trend and related factors took into account sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status and was carried out using Stata-12, according with a probability predictive margins model. Results: NHS has estimated a total of about nine million people with diabetes in Brazil, with a prevalence of 6.2% (95%CI 5.9-6.6), greater in women (7.0%; 95%CI 6.5-7.5) than men (5.4%; 95%CI 4.8-5.9) and among people living in urban areas (6.5%; 95%CI 6.1-6.9) rather than rural areas (4.6%; 95%CI 4.0-5.2). Vigitel data indicate that diabetes prevalence increased from 5.5% (95% CI 5.1-5.9) in 2006 to 8.0% (95% CI 7.5-8.5) in 2014, a net rise of 0.26%/year (p=0.001). Significant positive trends were found for men and women, those of 35 years and up, for all levels of education and for those being overweight. The most consistent upward trends, besides of overall diabetes prevalence (R2=0.77) were observed among men (coefficient of determination, R2=0.93), those with educational attainment of 0-8 years (R2=0.81), those > 65 years (R2=0.79) and of 35-44 years old (R2=0.77) and those who were overweight (R2=0.75). In both surveys, the prevalence diabetes was higher among less schooling individuals. Conclusion: Prevalence of self-reported diabetes is high in Brazil and recent trends indicate a contiuous rise. Whether this is due to increased incidence, improved survival, or greater diagnosis cannot be determined at the present. Nevertheless, the trend observed substantiate an enormous challenge to be dealt with by the health systems in the years to come.

IntroductionThe STARx Questionnaire was designed with patient and provider input, to measure self-management and transition skills in adolescents and young adults (AYA) with chronic health conditions. With proven reliability and an empirically-based factor structure, the self-report STARx Questionnaire requires further validation to demonstrate its clinical and research utility. In this study we examine the concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity of the STARx Questionnaire.MethodsTo examine concurrent validity, the STARx Questionnaire was compared to two other published transition readiness tools. Predictive validity was examined using linear regressions between the STARx Total Score and literacy, medication adherence, quality of life, and health services use. Discriminant validity was examined by comparing the performance of three chronic illness conditions on the STARx Total Score and associated subscales.ResultsThe STARx Questionnaire and its subscales positively correlated with the scores for both transition readiness tools reflecting strong concurrent validity. The STARx Questionnaire also correlated positively with the literacy, self-efficacy, and adherence measures indicating strong predictive validity; however, it did not correlate with either quality of life or health care utilization. The performance of AYA across three different clinical conditions was not significant, indicating the clinical utility of this HCT tool for a variety of chronic health conditions.ConclusionThe strong validity of the STARx Questionnaire, in tandem with its strong reliability, indicated adequate psychometric properties for this generic self-report measure. These strong psychometric properties should contribute to the STARx being a viable measure of health care transition for both research and clinical purposes.

This study measured total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in adults at least 50 years of age. The goal was to determine the effect of the estimate of resting metabolic rate (RMR) on the relationship between energy expenditure estimates made using (a) self-reports of physical activity and (b) food intake records. The objectives were to determine if (a) RMR estimates based on body composition, body weight, and the 111 metabolic cart were strongly related to each other, and (b) TDEE estimates based on a 7- day physical activity diary and a 7-day food intake record were more strongly related to each other when an RMR was used that was based on body composition, body weight, or the met cart. This was a three-phase study. In phases I and II, the Pearson r was computed for all combinations of methods . If r > .80, the most practical method for field use was used in the next phase. Phase I: Estimated body composition using bioimpedance (BIA), skinfold (SKF), and girth. Phase II: Measured RMR using a met cart and three equations. Phase III: Computed TDEE using the self-reports. The Pearson r was computed to determine which methods of estimating RMR resulted in the strongest relationships. Forty-four older adults participated. Phase I: r = .88 for SKF, girth; r = .64 for SKF, BIA. Phase II: rs ranged from .47 to .59 between the met cart-RMR and all the other methods; rs ranged from .84 to .98 for the remaining methods. Phase III: r = .41 between the two estimates of TDEE that used a body weight -RMR; r = .59 between estimates using a met cart-RMR; and r = .58 between estimates using a body composition-RMR. Even though r = .59 and r = .58 are similar, the average individual difference between the two estimates for each participant was smaller for the metabolic cart- RMR (372 calories /day) than for the body composition-RMR (1,045 calories /day), which suggests that body composition is not as useful as a met cart when estimating TDEE for older adults . When estimating clients' daily calorie needs, health professionals ought to consider using a met cart to estimate RMR and TDEE instead of other methods .

In a study investigating the ability of subjects and their close friends or relatives (close-others) to recognize subject personality test results under conditions which controlled for the Barnum effect, 64 male and female undergraduate psychology students were administered the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). Each subject later attempted to choose his or her own unidentified CPI profile from among three, and a close-other of the subject independently made the same selection. It was found that 57.81% of subjects and 45.31% of close others were able to correctly identify subject profiles; these results were significant at the .0001 and .05 levels respectively. The 53.12% rate of agreement between subjects and close-others in profile selection also proved significant, p < .001. In contrast with results from a previous study (Carlson, 1985), it was found that subject self-perception and CPI description correspond to a highly significant ·degree.

Introduction: In previous years, Occupational Therapy relied on the parents and caregivers’ perspectives about their children’s activity capacity, performance, and participation. The shift to a more child and family-centred practice has led to the creation of a variety of self-reported assessments for children and adolescents. This study reviewed articles containing paediatric self-report assessments, available for use within the Occupational Therapy area, and critically appraised them. Method: A systematic review in seven databases with the use of 22 search terms was conducted. Inclusion criteria was articles containing paediatric and adolescent reported assessments available to Occupational Therapists, published up to 20 years old and written in the English language. Exclusion criteria included articles containing impairment-based measures and proxy reported measures. The initial literature search took place between March 1st, 2018 and April 30th, 2018. Eighty-two articles met criteria, and, from these articles, 21 assessments were found and appraised using the COSMIN checklist Results:. Twenty-one assessments were found to measure children’s and adolescents’ perceptions on their activity capacity, performance and/ or participation. All their characteristics and technical details are mentioned in depth in this research. When applicable, clinimetric properties were appraised and found quite a few with good or excellent reliability and validity. Few assessments had not any research regarding their clinimetric properties. Conclusion: Most found assessments measured activity capacity and performance. The need for more participation-based measures emerged. Few assessments showed good or excellent reliability and validity which need to be considered if used within clinical practice.

This study investigated intrapersonal self-reported, perceived teaching competence. Each of ten adult educators� teaching competence was analysed in a qualitative/quantitative study within ten interactive teaching sessions. Self-reported influences of performance variables pertaining to perceived arousal discrepancy, effort, performance state self-esteem, and telic/paratelic metamotivational states were related to self-perceptions of teaching competence. Seven of ten adult educators demonstrated a relationship between their current state and perceived teaching competence. A higher perceived teaching competence was experienced when rating themselves nearer to their ideal teaching state. From a reversal theory perspective, the investigator determined telic/paratelic situational state balance by primarily utilising the Telic State Measure (Svebak and Murgatroyd, 1985), and conducting the Metamotivational State Interview Coding Schedule (O�Connell, Potocky, Cook, & Gerkovich, 1991) to code psychological lability (i.e., how easily and readily one shifts between states) and subjective experiences of the educator�s perceived competent and �less� competent teaching sessions.

<p><em><p>Kort Upprepad Skattning av Ätstörningssymptom- Patientversion</p><p>(KUS-P) är ett självskattningsformulär, avsett att mäta de vanligaste</p><p>symptomen hos personer med ätstörningar. Formuläret har använts i</p><p>forskningssammanhang samt i kliniska sammanhang. De</p><p>psykometriska egenskaperna har inte tidigare undersökts. Syftet med</p><p>föreliggande studie var att validera och normera formuläret.</p><p>Självskattningar från en normalpopulation bestående av 945</p><p>gymnasie- och universitetsstuderande samlades in för studiens</p><p>analyser. Data på 270 patienter från en ätstörningsenhet fungerade</p><p>som klinisk jämförelsegrupp. Det insamlade materialet undersöktes</p><p>avseende könsskillnader. Resultaten visar att KUS-P har god</p><p>reliabilitet och validitet samt klassificerar 84 % korrekt, med ett</p><p>gränsvärde på 22 poäng för kvinnor. Det visade sig finnas</p><p>signifikanta skillnader mellan könen, på hela skalan samt på de</p><p>symptomfrågor som rör tankar och känslor.</p></em></p> / <p>Kort Upprepad Skattning av Ätstörningssymptom - Patientversion</p><p>(KUS-P) is a self-report questionnaire, intended to measure the most</p><p>common symptoms in people with eating disorders. The questionnaire</p><p>has been used in research and in clinical contexts but its psychometric</p><p>properties have not yet been reported on. The aim with this study was</p><p>to validate and standardize the questionnaire. Self-reports from a</p><p>normal population comprising of 945 upper secondary school and</p><p>university students was gathered for the study's purposes. Records</p><p>from 270 patients in an eating disorder unit served as a clinical</p><p>comparison group. The collected material was examined with regards</p><p>to sex differences. The result shows that KUS-P has good reliability</p><p>and validity. The questionnaire classifies 84% correctly and has a cutoff</p><p>value at 22 points for women. There were significant differences</p><p>between sexes, on the entire scale and on those symptom questions</p><p>concerning thoughts and feelings.</p>

<p>Att arbeta med kommunikativ förmåga är en av grundstenarna i logopedens yrkesutövning. Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla ett självskattningsinstrument som kan mäta kommunikativ förmåga, med möjlighet att fånga upp både positiva och negativa aspekter av förmågan. Instrumentet utvecklades i enlighet med klassisk mätteori. En första utvärdering av instrumentet gjordes i ett pilottest med 13 respondenter. Resultatet ledde till att antal items, det vill säga frågor, minskades från 133 till 78 och individuella items förändrades vid behov. 254 respondenter fyllde sedan i det reviderade formuläret på internet. Fyra faktorer kunde uttydas ur materialet. Dessa var: beteende i sociala situationer, funktionell kommunikation, lingvistisk kunskap och receptiv förmåga samt röst. De fyra faktorerna förklarade 30,4% av variansen i materialet. Cronbachs alfa för alla 78 item var α = 0,76. Resultatet av denna studie är ett instrument i behov av ytterligare revidering och utveckling, främst med avseende på validering.</p> / <p>Working with communication is a key element in professional speech and language therapy. The aim of this study was to develop a self-report instrument that measures communicative ability, with a possibility to capture both positive and negative aspects of communication. The instrument was developed in accordance with classical measurement theory. A first evaluation of the instrument with 13 respondents was conducted. As a result the number of items, ie questions, was reduced from 133 to 78 and individual items were altered when needed. 254 respondents then answered the revised form on the internet. Four factors could be extracted from the material. These were: behavior in social situations, functional communication, linguistic skills and receptive skills plus voice. The four factors explained 30,4% of the variance within the material. Cronbach's alpha for all 78 items was α = 0,76. The result of this study is an instrument in need of further revision and development, primarily with respect to validation.</p>

<p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka livskvaliteten hos barn och ungdomar med cerebral pares. 56 barn och ungdomar med cerebral pares i åldern 10-18 år med Gross Motor Function Classification system (GMFCS) tillhörighet I-III, som gick i grundskola, grundsärskola eller gymnasieskola och som erbjöds insatser från Skånes 11 olika barn- och ungdomshabiliteringar har undersökts via en enkät: Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ-87).</p><p>CHQ-87 är ett självskattningsformulär bestående av 87 frågor, indelade i två huvudområden som tillsammans täcker individens fysiska och psykosociala hälsa. Enkäten skickades ut per brev under våren 2008. Totalt skickade 167 enkäter ut och 56 enkäter inkom besvarade.</p><p>Resultatet visar ingen signifikant skillnad mellan den fysiska och den psykosociala hälsan. Skolsituationen och kamratrelationer upplevs positivt av flertalet som svarade och merparten svarar att de har det bra i sina familjer. De upplever att de har en god hälsa och att de inte oroar sig mera över sin hälsa än andra barn. Flera barn och ungdomar besväras av värk både ofta och mycket. Känslolivet upplevs stabilt, självkänslan är god och många upplever att de är glada och tillfreds med sig själva och sin kropp.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to examine the quality of life in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. 56 children and adolescents, diagnosed with cerebral palsy, ages 10-18, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level I-III, attending primary or secondary school in Sweden have been asked about their quality of life using a questionnaire, Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ-87). All children and adolescents have attended the 11 child habilitation centers in Skåne.</p><p>The CHQ-87 is self reported, and consists of two main domains of questioning, covering both the physical and psychological health of the individual.  A total of 167 questionnaires were sent out and 56 were returned and answered.</p><p>The results show no significant difference between the physical and psychological health.    The situation in school and having friends was highly ranked by most of the children and adolescents and many of them respond that they lead a good life within their families. They express that they are in good health and that they worry no more about their health than others. Many experience frequent and intense pain. They express a stable emotional life, good self esteem, happiness, and that they are satisfied with themselves and their own body.</p>