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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Mobilité moléculaire aux interfaces de systèmes nanostructurés / Molecular mobility at the interfaces of nanostructured systems

Nikaj, Erisela 08 December 2009 (has links)
Ce travail a consisté en l’étude par Spectroscopie Diélectrique de la mobilité moléculaire dans trois systèmes nanostructurés et confinés à base de polymère. La dynamique moléculaire des films de copolymères greffés à base d’Acétate de Cellulose (chaîne principale, peu mobile) et de poly(méthyl (diéthylène glycol) méthacrylate) (chaîne greffée, très mobile) a été analysée. Nous avons dans ce cas, observé une augmentation de la mobilité de la chaîne principale et une réduction de la mobilité des greffons. Ensuite nous avons mis en évidence les effets de confinement induits par la phase cristalline sur la phase amorphe des films de Poly(éthylène naphtalène - 2,6 - dicarboxylate) (PEN) cristallisés à différents temps et températures de cristallisation, en fonction de la morphologie des matériaux. Une forte influence de la température de cristallisation sur la dynamique moléculaire du PEN a pu être observée : la mobilité des chaînes dans le cas des échantillons cristallisés aux hautes températures de cristallisation s’est révélée être plus élevée que celle des échantillons cristallisés aux basses températures. Le troisième système choisi consiste en des nanocomposites à base de Polyamide 6 (PA6) et de Montmorillonite (MMT) ont été les derniers matériaux étudiés. Aucune influence significative des feuillets de MMT sur la mobilité des chaînes de PA6 n’a été observée dans ces systèmes. Cependant, les deux relaxations interfaciales observées sont très sensibles au taux de charge. / The aim of this work was to study the molecular dynamics in several polymeric nanostructured and confined systems. Thus, by means of Dielectric Spectroscopy, the molecular mobility of cellulose acetate (rigid chain) grafted poly(methyl (diethylène glycol) methacrylate) (very mobile chains) copolymers were studied. In this case, an increase of the mobility of the main chain and a reduction of the mobility of the grafted moieties have been observed. The confinement effects induced by the presence of the crystalline lamellae on the mobility of the chains belonging to the amorphous region, was also studied as a function of the morphology, in the case of the amorphous films of Poly(ethylene naphtalene - 2,6 - dicarboxylate) (PEN) which were crystallized at different crystallization temperatures during different crystallization times. A strong influence of the crystallization temperature on the molecular dynamics of PEN has been evidenced: in the case of the samples crystallized at high temperatures, the mobility of the chains was higher than in the case of the samples crystallized at low temperatures. Finally, the confinement effects induced by the Montmorillonite (MMT) platelets on the Polyamide 6 (PA6) matrix were studied in the PA6/MMT nanocomposites. No significant influence of the filler on the molecular mobility of the PA6 chains was observed. Nevertheless, as expected, the two interfacial relaxations were very sensitive to the filler content.
22

Chain-level conceptual understanding of the deformation of semicrystalline polymers and the fracture of ductile glassy polymers

Smith, Travis 02 August 2023 (has links)
No description available.
23

Characterization of Pharmaceutical Materials by Thermal and Analytical Methods

Maheswaram, Manik Pavan Kumar January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
24

Structure-Property Relationships in Some Novel Polyolefins

Dias, Peter Simon 17 June 2008 (has links)
No description available.
25

Properties and Performance of Polymeric Materials Used in Fuel Cell Applications

Divoux, Gilles Michel Marc 04 April 2012 (has links)
Over the past three decades, the steady decrease in fossil energy resources, combined with a sustained increase in the demand for clean energy, has led the scientific community to develop new ways to produce energy. As is well known, one of the main challenges to overcome with fossil fuel-based energy sources is the reduction or even elimination of pollutant gases in the atmosphere. Although some advances have helped to slow the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (e.g., electric cars and more fuel-efficient gas-burning automobiles), most experts agree that it is not enough. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells have been widely recognized as a potentially viable alternative for portable and stationary power generation, as well as for transportation. However, the widespread commercialization Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) involves a thorough understanding of complex scientific and technological issues. This study investigated the various structure-property relationships and materials durability parameters associated with PEMFC development. First, the correlation between perfluorinated ionomer membranes and processing/performance issues in fuel cell systems was investigated. As confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering data, impedance analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis, solution processing with mixed organic-inorganic counterions was found to be effective in producing highly arranged perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomer (PFSI) membranes with more favorable organization of the ionic domain. Moreover, thermal annealing was shown to enhance the proton mobility, thereby facilitating reorganization of the polymer backbone and the hydrophilic region for improved crystallinity and proton transport properties. This research also confirmed an increase in water uptake in the solution-processed membranes under investigation, which correlated to an increase in proton conductivity. Thus, annealing and solution-processing techniques were shown to be viable ways for controlling morphology and modulating the properties/performance of PFSI membranes. Second, this study investigated the role of the morphology on water and proton transport in perfluorinated ionomers. When annealed at high temperatures, a significant decrease in water uptake and an increase in crystallinity were observed, both of which are detrimental to fuel cell performance. Additionally, controlling the drying process was found to be crucial for optimizing the properties and performance of these membranes, since drying at temperatures close or above the α-relaxation temperature causes a major reorganization within the ionic domains. Third, although many investigations have looked at key PEMFC components, (e.g., the membrane, the catalyst, and the bipolar plates), there have been few studies of more "minor" components—namely, the performance and durability of seals, sealants, and adhesives, which are also exposed to harsh environmental conditions. When seals degrade or fail, reactant gases leak or are mixed, it can degrade the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), leading to a performance decrease in fuel cell stack performance. This portion of the research used degradation studies of certain proprietary elastomeric materials used as seals to investigate their overall stability and performance in fuel cell environments with applied mechanical stresses. Additionally, characterization of the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of these materials was conducted in order to predict the durability based on accelerated aging simulations as well. Continuous stress relaxation (CSR) characterization was performed on molded seals over a wide range of aging conditions using a customized CSR fixture. The effects of temperature, stress, and environmental conditions are reported in terms of changes in momentary and stress relaxations, chain scission and secondary crosslink formation. Aging studies provided insights on how anti-degradants or additives affect the performance and properties of sealing materials, as well as how a variety of environmental considerations might be improved to extend the lifetime of these elastomers. / Ph. D.
26

Time-resolved imaging of the micro-mechanical behavior of elastomeric polypropylene

Neumann, Martin 09 October 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Verbindung zwischen der Mikrostruktur teilkristalliner Polymere und derer mechanischen Eigenschaften auf der Mikro- und Nanometerskala aufzubauen. Dazu wurden Methoden der Rasterkraftmikroskopie verwendet um sowohl orts- als auch zeitaufgelöst Kristallisations-, Deformations- und Diffusionsprozesse in der Mikrostruktur von elastomerem Polypropylen (ePP) abzubilden. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften wurden simultan mit Mikrozugversuchen bestimmt. So konnte beispielsweise ein Zusammenhang zwischen abnehmender Kristall-Kristall-Distanz und einem Ansteigen des Elastizitätsmoduls während der Kristallisation nachgewiesen werden. Weiterhin war es möglich die Veränderung der nano-mechanischen Eigenschaften während der Kristallisation einzelner kristalliner Lamellen in deren direkter Umgebung mit MUSIC-mode Rasterkraftmikroskopie zu untersuchen. Laterale Querexpansion (auxetisches Verhalten) konnte bei uniaxialen Zugversuchen für die Kreuzschraffur-Struktur elastomeren Polypropylens auf der Größenskala einiger Mikrometer nachgewiesen werden. Zusätzlich wurde eine Orientierungsabhängigkeit dieses Effekts beobachtet. Außerdem wurde die Diffusion einzelner Kristalle in der Mikrostruktur von ePP beobachtet. Die Heterogenität dieser Diffusion lässt auf eine kristallin-amorph Grenzschicht um alle Kristalle schließen.
27

Modeling and simulation of the micromechanical behavior of semi-crystalline polyethylene including the effect of interphase layer / Modélisation et simulation du comportement micromécanique du polyéthylène semi-cristallin : effet de l'interphase

Ghazavizadeh, Akbar 13 December 2013 (has links)
Dans ce travail, la caractérisation mécanique de l’interphase entre les zones amorphes et cristallines dans le polyéthylène a été abordée. La caractérisation élastique est effectuée en appliquant deux approches micromécaniques à partir des données de la simulation moléculaire pour la zone interlamellaire. Ces approches micromécaniques sont d’une part le modèle étendu d’inclusion composite, et d’autre part la méthode de double inclusion. Les résultats des deux approches s’accordent parfaitement. Il a été mis en évidence que le tenseur de rigidité de l’interphase n’est pas défini positif, l’interphase est donc mécaniquement instable. La comparaison avec les résultats expérimentaux valide la méthodologie proposée. Pour la caractérisation hyperélastique, l’algorithme hybride proposé consiste à appliquer la loi de comportement d’un milieu continu isotrope, compressible et hyperélastique aux résultats de la simulation de la dynamique moléculaire d’un élément unitaire de polyéthylène. La notion d’optimisation d’un ensemble de fonctions coûts non négatives est l’idée clé de cette partie. Les paramètres hyperélastiques identifiés sont en bon accord avec ceux qui ont été estimés expérimentalement. L’évolution des frontières de l’interphase avec la déformation est le second résultat de cette analyse. La fin du travail est dédiée à la simulation numérique de la grande déformation viscoplastique d’un agrégat de polyéthylène. Le modèle de Gent adopté pour la contrainte de rappel, le tenseur de projection proposé pour l’approche modifiée de Taylor, et l’optimisation multiniveau font parties des contributions apportées. / Elastic characterization of the interphase layer in polyethylene is implemented by applying the relationships of two micromechanical approaches, “Extended Composite Inclusion Model” and “Double-Inclusion Method”, to the Monte Carlo molecular simulation data for the interlamellar domain. The results of the two approaches match perfectly. The interphase stiffness lacks the common feature of positive definiteness, which indicates its mechanical instability. Comparison with experimental results endorses the proposed methodology. For the hyperelastic characterization of the interlamellar domain and the interphase layer, the proposed hybrid algorithm consists in applying the constitutive equations of an isotropic, compressible, hyperelastic continuum to the molecular dynamics simulation results of a polyethylene stack. Evolution of the interphase boundaries are introduced as auxiliary variables and the notion of minimizing a set of nonnegative objective functions is employed for parameter identification. The identified hyperelastic parameters for the interlamellar domain arein good agreement with the ones that have been estimated experimentally. Finally, the large, viscoplastic deformation of an aggregate of polyethylene is reexamined. The Gent model adopted for the back stress of the noncrystalline phase, correcting the projection tensor for the modified Taylor approach, and the idea of multilevel optimization are among the contributions made.
28

Tailoring the mesoscopic structure and orientation of semicrystalline and liquid-crystalline polymers : from 1D- to 2D-confinement / Adapter la structure mésoscopique et l'orientation des polymères semi-cristallins et des polymères de cristaux liquides : confinement à 1D et 2D

Odarchenko, Yaroslav 15 November 2012 (has links)
Le contrôle de la microstructure des matériaux organiques est crucial pour des applications pratiques telles que la photonique, la biomédecine ou encore le domaine très dynamique de l'électronique organique. Les études récentes ont montré une possibilité de contrôler la structure des polymères à l'échelle nanométrique en utilisant l'auto-assemblage supramoléculaire sous confinement spatial. Bien que de nombreuses études ont déjà été effectuées dans ce domaine, plusieurs questions essentielles restent ouvertes. En particulier, il est important de comprendre comment les différents processus de formation structurale tels que la cristallisation, la formation d`une phase cristal liquide et la séparation de phases se déroulent sous confinement. Dans le présent travail, nous abordons l'effet du confinement à 1D et à 2D sur la formation de la structure pour une variété de systèmes, y compris les copolymères segmentés de poly(éther-ester-amide) (PEEA), les polymères cristaux liquides (CL) dont la chaîne principale appartient à la famille des poly(di-n-alkylsiloxane)s et des copolymères à bloc cristaux-liquides /semicristallins formés par complexation de poly(2-vinylpyridine-b-oxyde d'éthylène) (P2VP-PEO) avec un ligand cunéiforme, l'acide 4'-(3'',4'',5''-tris(octyloxy) benzamido) propanoïque. Pour être capable de traiter de façon adéquate la morphologie complexe de ces systèmes sous confinement, le travail a été effectué en utilisant une batterie de méthodes expérimentales. Les techniques principales opérationnelles dans l'espace direct et réciproque que nous avons employées sont décrites dans le chapitre 2. [...] / Controlling the micro-structure of organic materials is crucial for a variety of practical applications such as photonics, biomedicine or the rapidly growing field of organic electronics. Recent studies have shown a possibility of tailoring the polymer structure on the nanoscale using supramolecular self-assembly under spatial confinement. Despite extensive studies already performed in this field, many questions remain open. In particular, it will be important to understand how different structure formation processes such as crystallization, LC-phase formation, microphase separation, and others occur under confinement. In the present work, we address the effect of 1D- and 2D-confinement on the structure formation for a variety of systems including segmented poly(ether-ester-amide) (PEEA) copolymers, main-chain liquid-crystalline (LC) polymers belonging to the family of poly(di-n-alkylsiloxane)s and liquid-crystalline/semicrystalline block copolymers formed through complexation of poly (2-vinylpyridine-b-ethylene oxide) (P2VP-PEO) with a wedge-shaped ligand, 4'-(3'',4'',5''-tris(octyloxy) benzamido) propanoic acid. In order to reveal the morphological diversity of the studied systems under confinement, the work was carried out on bulk materials and on thin films employing a battery of experimental methods. The main experimental techniques operational in direct and reciprocal space applied in my work are described in chapter 2. [...]
29

Curvy polymer crystals : Why crystalline lamellae twist during growth / Cristaux de polymères courbe : Pourquoi Twist lamelles cristallines pendant la croissance

Rosenthal, Martin 01 July 2010 (has links)
Pour comprendre l'origine de la torsion lamellaire dans le poly(triméthylène téréphtalate), PTT, une étude a été entrepris sur la structure des sphérolites à bandes de PTT en utilisant la micro-diffraction des rayons-X sur une source synchrotrone. Nous avons démontré que les pics de diffraction de la maille triclinique de PTT révèlent une variation périodique de l'intensité en fonction de la distance jusqu'au centre sphérolitique lorsque nous effectuons un balayage avec un micro-faisceau de rayons X. Cela indique que la torsion lamellaire est strictement uniforme et régulière. Celte derrière observation est plus compatible avec le modèle expliquant la torsion comme résultat de contraintes surfaciques que des dislocations-vis géantes. En outre, les données expérimentales montrent que les polymères achiraux ne sont pas indifférents par rapport à l'inversion de la chiralité lamellaire, et que le changement de la chiralité est nécessairement accompagné d'un changement de signe du vecteur de croissance. En plus, nous avons observé que l'inclinaison globale de la chaîne (c'est à dire, l'inclinaison du paramètre c de la maille dans le plan perpendiculaire à la direction de la croissance rapide) n'affecte pas la vitesse et le sens de la torsion. Cela remet en question la seconde hypothèse du modèle de Keith et Padden. Par contre, l'inclinaison des segments de la chaine à l'interface du cristal lamellaire peut être identifiée comme le facteur clé déterminant les contraintes superficielles qui provoquent la torsion lamellaire. Avec la variation de l'épaisseur du cristal la chiralité lamellaire change, ce qui dû au changement de l'angle des segments polymères à l'interface. / To address the origin of the lamellar twisting in polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) an in-depth micro-focus X-ray scattering study was correlated to the data derived using conventional polarized optical microscopy to study the banded spherulite texture for PTT. It is shown that the diffraction peaks of the triclinic lattice of PTT show a periodical pattern as a function of the distance from the spherulite center when scanned with the micro focus X-ray beam. This indicates that the lamellar twist has a strictly uniform and regular nature. The latter observation is more compatible with the model explaining the twist as a result of unbalanced surface stresses than the giant screw dislocations. Moreover, the data shows that achiral polymers are in fact not indifferent to the inversion of the lamellar handedness, and that a change in handedness is necessarily accompanied by a change in the sign of the growth vector. At the same time, we show that the overall chain tilt (i.e., the inclination of the c-parameter of the unit cell in the plane perpendicular to the fast growth direction) does not affect the rate and sense of twisting. This calls into question the second premise of the KP-mod el. Instead, the local inclination of the terminal segment of the crystalline stem protruding the lamellar surface can be identified as the origin of the surface stresses and forcing the lamellar ribbon to twist. With the variation of the crystal thickness as a function of crystallization temperature the angle and direction of this segment is changed, resulting in a change of the lamellar ribbon chirality.
30

Process-induced Long-term Deformation Behavior of Injection Molded Semicrystalline Thermoplastics

Banik, Kaushik 30 August 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Process-induced Long-term Deformation Behavior of Injection Molded Semicrystalline Thermoplastics Injection molding is a very complex process because the polymer experiences a complex thermorheological history during molding that influences the molecular orientation, residual stresses, frozen-in free volume and crystallinity inside the part. These generally govern the final part properties. Therefore it is highly desirable to anticipate the effect of process parameters on the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties of the finished part in the long run. In the case of a semicrystalline thermoplastic part, the problem in understanding the deformation behavior arises from its two-phase structure and a tendency exists to concentrate primarily on the effect of the crystalline phase on the deformation behavior, while the contribution of the amorphous phase is less investigated. In this work, the influence of the processing parameters on the deformation behavior of injection molded semicrystalline thermoplastic parts, viz., syndiotactic Polystyrene (sPS) and Polybutylene terepthalate (PBT), has been monitored through creep. The resulting internal structures due to processing have been determined and the deformation behavior has been analyzed. It has been observed that only the rate of cooling shows a remarkable effect on the long-term viscoelastic behavior of an injection molded semicrystalline thermoplastic part as it influences not only the crystalline, but also the free volume fraction, whereas the different states of frozen-in orientations and pressure-induced densification have only a negligible effect. Besides, physical aging also plays an important role in the deformation behavior of the injection moldings which was manifested with the decrease in the tendency to creep. Therefore, it was suggested that the cooling rate during injection molding and the aging time can significantly affect the long-term deformation behavior of the injection molded semicrystalline thermoplastics. The results also showed that when no significant effect is observed in terms of short-term mechanical properties by changing the processing conditions, but while considering the long-term behavior they show a significant effect.

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