The study explored the cultural care beliefs, values and attitudes among Shangaans relating to hypertension. The study aimed to describe the cultural values, beliefs and practices such as taboos, rituals and religion within the world view of the Shangaan. The study was undertaken in the Mopani region of the Greater Giyani area, with the purpose of making recommendations on patient care. Data collection was done by conducting focus group and individual interviews. The five themes that emerged were: + Hypertension + The traditional healer: the instrumental role + Traditional medicine versus Western medicine + Magico-religious healings + Experiences of hypertensive patients with regard to traditional healers and hypertension / Health Studies / M. A. (Health Studies)

Given that conditional cash transfers (CCTs) can be a very effective social welfare program to reduce poverty and improve education and health outcomes, but may exacerbate conflict, this thesis addresses strategies for conflict-sensitive formulation and implementation of CCTs in Indonesia. This thesis raises the immediate need to address poverty in Indonesia and seeks to learn from the successes and challenges of other CCTs, such as those enacted in Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, and the Philippines. This thesis also looks into existing literature comparing the effectiveness of CCTs to other social protection programs (SPPs) and finds that CCT is one of the most effective (SPPs). Moreover, this thesis also explores the reasoning and conditioning factors as to how CCTs may reduce or exacerbate conflict, and finds that it can reduce conflict through the education channel (e.g. positive peer effect, reduction of time to spend doing other activities), employment channel (e.g. education leading to higher chances of getting employed), and the income substitution channel (cash benefits received would reduce incentives to engage in financially-motivated crimes). Nonetheless, this thesis also seeks to enhance the targeting mechanisms of CCTs to ensure that it does not exacerbate conflict. More specifically, this thesis concludes that Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH), the CCT program in Indonesia, should employ a more centralized targeting to reduce opportunities for local elite capture in its 7,000 districts. Furthermore, this thesis proposes the creation of a more competitive system in electing which districts it works with by asking district heads to submit proposals outlining why and how PKH will work in their respective areas, which will hopefully motivate them to be more accountable and to reduce administrative costs.

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world. The disease is characterized by irreversible damage to retinal ganglion cells. Once glaucoma is detected, further vision loss can be prevented by pharmacological or surgical treatment. However, current diagnostic methods lack the necessary sensitivity and up to 40% of vision maybe irreversibly lost before detection occurs. A Swept Source Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-PSOCT) instrument for high sensitivity cross-sectional imaging of optical anisotropy in turbid media has been designed, constructed, and verified. A multiple-state nonlinear fitting algorithm was used to measure birefringence of the retinal nerve fiber layer with less than 1%± average uncertainty. To perform eye imaging efficiently a slit-lamp based interface for the SS-PSOCT instrument with a Line Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (LSLO) was used. This interface allowed for repeatable, stable, and registered measurements of the retina. A fixation target was used to stabilize the volunteer’s eye and image desired areas of the retina. The LSLO allowed for an optimization of the location of OCT scans on the retina and provided a fundus blood vessel signature for registration between different imaging sessions. The SS-PSOCT system was used to measure depth-resolved thickness, birefringence, phase retardation and optic axis orientation of the retinal nerve fiber layer in normal volunteers. The peripapillary area around the optic nerve head (ONH) is most sensitive to glaucoma changes and hence data was acquired as concentric ring scans about the ONH with increasing diameters from 2mm to 5mm. Imaging of normal patients showed that higher values of phase retardation occurred superior and inferior to the optic nerve head especially next to blood vessels and thicker parts of the retinal nerve fiber layer. / text

The development and control of nanoscale properties is a major goal in science and technology; for the development of such technologies it is important that there are experimental techniques which allow the monitoring of development processes in real time and in a range of environments. With this in mind much effort has been invested in the development of surface sensitive optical probes. One such technique, reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS), has been applied successfully to a number of different problems since its development in the mid 1980’s. RAS as a surface specific technique is very sensitive to small changes to surface morphology, electronic structure and molecular orientation. This makes RAS a useful technique to study nanoscale changes occurring at surfaces and it is applied here to three such systems, in an attempt to develop a better understanding of both the systems and the technique. Surface defects arising from thermal processing and etching of the sample are considered and are found to have a significant effect on both the electronic structure and the morphology of the surface. The time and temperature dependences of the RAS signatures allow the monitoring of surface dynamic processes. The deposition of a monolayer of adsorbate molecules onto the surface allows a new interface to be created. Monitoring the evolution of this surface during deposition provides information about both the substrate surface and the adsorba te covered surface; a theoretical framework has been outlined to show how the sources of anisotropy from multiple thin film layers combine to give a RAS signal. Azimuth dependent RAS (ADRAS) is known to provide information on surface symmetry and can be used to determine molecular orientation. There are also a number of other angles which affect the RA spectrum from a sample. A tilted molecule causes a breakdown in surface symmetry; this work shows how such an effect can be observed.

The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the role of Swedish literature for adolescents in the French literary scene in the early 2000s. The sociology of literature constitutes the main theoretical framework of this thesis. Drawing from examples that broach the sensitive topic of "unprovoked violence" as it is treated in two Swedish novels for teenagers, Spelar död [Play Death] by Stefan Casta and När tågen går förbi (Train Wreck) by Malin Lindroth, this thesis shows how these novels are innovative in Even-Zohar’s sense of the term, as addressed in his Polysystem Theory (1990). By introducing "unprovoked violence" and violent teenagers via a realistic genre, such works filled a vacuum in the French system and injected a new dynamic into it. This dynamic makes it possible for new literary models to be introduced in the system and to change the standards of that system. The analyses of the French and Swedish receptions of the two novels mentioned above show that they gave rise to a moral panic in France, which is not an unusual thing to happen in periods of ongoing change. This also clarifies the differences in norms between the two systems. The French system tends to reject dark topics, while the Swedish wishes to discuss them. The investigations of the translations of unprovoked violence show that adherence to Swedish norms determine the translation’s adequacy (Toury), which may be part of the reason for the stormy reception the two works received in France, and their undergoing censure. The position of translators and publishers in the literary system also plays a major role for a translated text not being censured during the transfer from one system to another. Even if the Swedish titles translated into French are few, this thesis shows that the impact of Swedish literature on adolescents in France is certain. By introducing new and sensitive topics, such novels could be early markers of an evolution of the French field of literature for adolescents.

This work focuses principally on two compounds, CeCu_1-xOS and LiFeAs, which have related layered structures but exhibit radically different physical properties. The nature of the air sensitivity of the ZrCuSiAs-type oxysulfide CeCu_1-xOS has been investigated by neutron diffraction and magnetometry. It was found that this compound can be made fully stoichiometric, with structural and magnetic properties that are consistent with other LnCuOS compounds, indicating that this is a bona-fide Ce³⁺ compound. Upon air exposure, Cu ions are extruded from the sulfide layer to leave a Cu-deficient phase with contracted unit cell parameters and a diminished paramagnetic moment consistent with mixed-valence Ce^3+/4+.The extruded Cu forms CuO and can be re-inserted into the sulfide layer by heating under a reducing atmosphere. This explains the anomalous behaviour of CeCuOS reported throughout the literature and has implications for the behaviour of other layered Cu-sulfides with oxidisable cations. At low temperatures Cu-deficient CeCu_0.8OS was found to exhibit structural ordering of Cu⁺ ions and vacancies, resulting in a √5a x √5a basal expansion of the high-temperature unit cell. The layered iron arsenide LiFeAs was synthesised and found to be superconducting below 17 K. Joint XRD/NPD measurements showed unambiguously that the compound adopts the anti-PbFCl structure with Li ions in a square-pyramidal LiAs5 environment. No evidence was found for an orthorhombic structural distortion at low temperatures. Further diffraction experiments showed that the compound can be made with non-stoichiometric compositions Li_1-yFe_1-y for small values of y (<0.05), as Fe can be accommodated on the Li site. This type of non-stoichiometry was found to strongly inhibit superconductivity (which was quenched entirely when y>0.02). Three series of compounds of type LiFe_1-xM_xAs (M = Mn, Co, Ni) were synthesised and characterised struturally bu high-resolution XRD and/or NPD. Substitution by Co and Ni was found to cause a monotonic decrease in T_c, and Ni was found to be twice as effective at suppressing T_c as Co. MuSR measurements showed the penetration depth increasing with Co and Ni substitution, consisitent with the superconducting state becoming less robust. Substitution by Mn was found to strongly inhibit superconductivity, and this behaviour is reminiscent of the non-stoichiometric Li_1-yFe_1-yAs materials. The structures and superconducting properties of LiFeAs and NaFeAs were studied under high pressures. Equations of state were obtained for each compound. Hydrostatic pressure was found to distort of the FeAs₄ away from ideal tetrahedral geometry in both compounds. These changes caused a monotonic decrease in T_c in LiFeAs, but has a smaller and more complex effect on the T_c of NaFeAs. Furthermore, NaFeAs was found to undergo a structural transition above P = 22 GPa, but the high-pressure structure could not be solved and this will become a target for future work.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Online customer reviews are web content voluntarily posted by the users of a product (e.g. camera) or service (e.g. hotel) to express their opinions about the product or service. Online reviews are important resources for businesses and consumers. This dissertation focuses on the important consumer concern of review utility, i.e., the helpfulness or usefulness of online reviews to inform consumer purchase decisions. Review utility concerns consumers since not all online reviews are useful or helpful. And, the quantity of the online reviews of a product/service tends to be very large. Manual assessment of review utility is not only time consuming but also information overloading. To address this issue, review helpfulness research (RHR) has become a very active research stream dedicated to study utility-sensitive review analysis (USRA) techniques for automating review utility assessment. Unfortunately, prior RHR solution is inadequate. RHR researchers call for more suitable USRA approaches. Our current research responds to this urgent call by addressing the research problem: What is an adequate USRA approach? We address this problem by offering novel Design Science (DS) artifacts for personalized USRA (PUSRA). Our proposed solution extends not only RHR research but also web personalization research (WPR), which studies web-based solutions for personalized web provision. We have evaluated the proposed solution by applying three evaluation methods: analytical, descriptive, and experimental. The evaluations corroborate the practical efficacy of our proposed solution. This research contributes what we believe (1) the first DS artifacts to the knowledge body of RHR and WPR, and (2) the first PUSRA contribution to USRA practice. Moreover, we consider our evaluations of the proposed solution the first comprehensive assessment of USRA solutions. In addition, this research contributes to the advancement of decision support research and practice. The proposed solution is a web-based decision support artifact with the capability to substantially improve accurate personalized webpage provision. Also, website designers can apply our research solution to transform their works fundamentally. Such transformation can add substantial value to businesses.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Le judo, fruit de la sportification du jūdō* (la méthode élaborée en 1882 par J. Kanō), est un sport institutionnalisé et non un art martial. En offrant le jūdō* au Partage, Kanō a créé une pratique vouée à être diffusée mondialement. Inscrit dans le cadre de l’analyse dynamique de la globalisation (Appadurai, 2001) le judo est étudié à l'échelle globale (faire du judo), locale (faire un judo) et corporelle (faire judo). Faire du judo représente la matrice commune à tous les judokas de la planète, qui permet à ses membres de s’identifier, et aussi de se distinguer. La problématique du Partage abordée sous l’angle anthropologique (Candau, 2000) met en évidence la façon dont les collectifs s’approprient le judo de façon spécifique. Faire un judo désigne le judo approprié par un groupe en fonction du contexte socioculturel d’accueil qui agit tel un filtre permettant d’adapter la matrice pour l’adopter. La comparaison du judo orléanais et du judo « à la Tenri » illustre l’élaboration contextuelle de cultures motrices par des cultures matérielles spécifiques. Le dōjō* conçu comme un réseau d’actions sur les actions des autres éclaire la façon dont les judokas incorporent les objets et se construisent dans le rapport à la matière et aux autres. Faire judo représente la synthèse corporelle et personnalisée de la pratique. Au contact des autres, le judoka se construit en apprenant à faire du judo : il incorpore la matière, s’approprie des techniques de la matrice et les combines pour créer son système d’attaque-défense. Une ethnographie du sensible décrit comment les objets incorporés dans l’action sont à la fois supports et effecteurs de la construction du judoka en tant que sujet. Enfin, une réflexion ergonomique sur la formation des judokas et la transmission de savoir-faire et de savoir-être est proposée. Le but est d’ouvrir l’enseignement du judo à une pédagogie sensori-télécinétique favorisant l’apprentissage par et dans l’interaction. / Judo, the result of the sportification of jūdō* (a method developed in 1882 by J. Kano), is an institutionalized sport, not a martial art. By offering jūdō* to Sharing, Kano established a practice which was to be broadcasted worldwide. When referring to the dynamic analysis of globalization (Appadurai, 2001), judo is studied on a global (doing judo), local (doing a judo) and physical scale (making judo). Do judo is a matrix, common to all judokas around the world, which enables its members to identify each other, and also to distinguish themselves. The anthropological problematic of Sharing (Candau, 2000) shows how groups appropriate the judo specifically. Do a judo refers to the judo appropriated by a group, based on the socio-cultural context that acts as a filter, which enables them to adapt the matrix in order to adopt it. The comparison between judo practice in Orleans and "the Tenri" style illustrates how motor cultures are contextually built through specific material cultures. The dōjō* is designed as a network of actions in response to other people's actions and highlights the way judokas incorporate objects and shape themselves (as they are shaped by) through their relation to material and people. Make judo is the physical and personalized synthesis of the practice. Through contact with others, the judoka learns how to do judo: he integrates the material, masters matrix techniques and combines them in order to create his own system of attack and defence. A sensitive ethnography describes how objects that are integrated in an action are both substrates and effectors of the self-construction of the judoka. Finally, an ergonomic study of the training of the judokas and of the transmission of skills and expertise has been conducted. The aim is to introduce a sensory praxeological pedagogy into the teaching of judo in order to enhance interaction in the learning process.