In the first half of the 20th Century, the United Kingdom’s counter-terror laws were couched extremely broadly. Consequently, they bestowed upon the executive extraordinarily wide powers with which it could address perceived threats of terrorism. In that period of time, the internal affairs of any state were considered sacrosanct and beyond the reach of international law. Consequentially, international human rights law was not a feature of the first half of the 20th Century. Following the war, however, international human rights law grew steadily, largely through the propagation of international treaties. As the 20th Century progressed, the United Kingdom became increasingly involved in international human rights law, particularly by way of the ratification of a number of treaties. Prior to the year 2000, none of these treaties had been directly incorporated into the United Kingdom’s municipal law. The traditional Dualist understanding of the relationship between international treaty law and municipal law in the United Kingdom, would hold that these unincorporated human rights treaties would form no part of that state’s domestic law. This Dualist assumption is called into question, however, by a legislative trend which neatly coincides with the United Kingdom’s increased involvement with international human rights. This trend consists of two elements, firstly, the progressively plethoric and specific ways in which the United Kingdom began to define its anti-terror laws. The specificity in which this legislation was set out curtailed the executive’s powers. The second element is that, over time, the United Kingdom’s counter-terror laws increasingly began to include checks and balances on the executive. There is a clear correlation between these trends and the United Kingdom’s evolving relationship with international human rights law. That nation’s enmeshment with international human rights law from 1945 onwards is undeniably linked with the parallel evolution of its domestic counter-terror laws. v One of the grounds on which the status of international law is questioned is that it is ineffectual. This thesis calls such arguments into question, as it shows that international human rights treaties have meaningfully impacted on the United Kingdom’s evolving counter-terror laws and thereby successfully enforced the norms they advocate. / Public, Constitutional, and International / LL.D.

The thesis targets at events which took place in the town of Prachatice and its surroundings at the end of the Second World War. It is based on written sources (filed in the State District Archives Prachatice), as well as on literature sources focusing on this topic and eyewitness memories. The first part presents a brief characterization of the town from geographical, social and economic point of view. The second chapter deals with events taking place in September 1938 when Prachatice was occupied by Nazi Germans. The third part shortly depicts the process of front war situations in Europe. The main part of the thesis consists of chapter 4 and 5 which present the way of living and events happening in the town from January 1945 to May 1945 when Prachatice was liberated by the US army. The thesis aims to connect general relations with events that happened in Prachatice and its surroundings not only to illustrate the topic from literature sources but also from people{\crq}s own memories. It tends to depict this period full of worries and hope. It is hoped to contribute to completion of the town history.

Le régime juridique des soins psychiatriques sans consentement et les dispositions légales qui l’entourent sont le fruit de la longue évolution de la collectivité à prendre en charge les personnes atteintes de troubles psychiques. Cette maturation, qui témoigne de l’équilibre fragile entre le respect des libertés fondamentales et les impératifs d’ordre public, explique en grande partie la reconnaissance tardive de ces patients vulnérables comme véritables sujets de droit. A travers la loi n°2011-803 du 5 juillet 2011 et la loi n°2013-869 du 27 septembre 2013, le législateur a conservé le système médico-administratif des soins sans consentement qu’il a érigé au XIXe siècle. Néanmoins, via ces deux dernières réformes, il l’a atténué en introduisant un contrôle obligatoire du Juge des libertés et de la détention et a élargi ces prises en charge aux soins ambulatoires. Ce système est caractérisé par une dualité des modalités d’admission : les soins à la demande du représentant de l’Etat (S.D.R.E.) d’une part, et les soins à la demande d’un tiers (S.D.T.) d’autre part. Ces deux blocs sont eux-mêmes subdivisés en une pluralité de mesures, chacune justifiée pour des motifs divers : urgence, absence de tiers, circonstances de fait, existence d’un trouble grave à l’ordre public ou à la sûreté des personnes… Si le régime juridique des soins sans consentement est censé prévoir une prise en charge adaptée à chaque situation particulière, en réalité, ces orientations sont souvent prises pour des raisons d’opportunité et ne correspondent pas toujours à la réalité. Les contentieux issus de ce régime juridique d’exception témoignent des nombreuses atteintes aux droits subies par les patients qui en font l’objet. Pour ces raisons, un toilettage de fond peut être envisagé. Il passerait par la fusion des deux blocs d’admission en un seul, par le prononcé des mesures par le juge et par un renforcement de la protection des droits et des libertés, dispositions qui devront s’entourer de garanties plus effectives et de contrôles plus appuyés. / The legal regime of the psychiatric care without consent, and the relevant legal provisions that surround it, are the direct consequence of the long-term development of the society in managing the mentally disabled people. This process of maturing, which reflects the delicate balance between the respect for fundamental freedoms and the imperatives of public order, mainly explains the rather belated recognition of these vulnerable patients as real subjects of rights. Through the law n°2011-803 of 5 July 2011 and the law n°2013-869 of 27 September 2013, the legislator maintained the model of care and medical administrative system without consent, dating from the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, through these last two reforms, the system has been attenuated by the introduction of a mandatory control of the liberty and custody judge and expanded these medical cares at the ambulatory. This system is characterised by its own duality in terms of admission rules: the request for care on demand of the representative of State (S.D.R.E.) on the one hand, and of a third party (S.D.T.) on the other hand. These two sets of procedures themselves are subdivided in a plurality of actions, each one justified on various purposes: urgency, absence of a third party, factual circumstances, existence of a serious public disorder or threat to the safety of individuals… Even if the legal regime for the medical care without consent is supposed to provide an appropriate care for each and every specific situations, often these policies are actually set for opportunistic reasons and do not always match reality. The disputes resulting from this exception legal regime demonstrate the many human rights violations suffered by the concerned patients. For these reasons, some tidying up can be envisaged. The latter would involve the merging of the two sets of procedures, the issuance of measures by the judge himself and a strengthening of the protection of civil rights and freedoms, provisions which will have to be surrounded by more effective safeguards and stronger controls.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:17:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_carolina_izidoro.pdf: 587592 bytes, checksum: cabd445a4be9ccd216774b241232f974 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-01 / This paper has the objective to study the arbitration and to verify if this extrajudicial way can be used to solve conflicts of consume. The judicial process is main way that is used by Brazilian to get a solution to their problems. However, because of the difficulties that are generated by the Judiciary Power overfill, such as the inefficiency and the slowness in the jurisdictional solution by this Power, the State has been instigating the population to utilize extrajudicial mechanisms, where we can include the arbitration. The Brazilian legislator gave it a special treatment in the year of 1996, when the Law of Arbitration, known as Marco Maciel Law , was published. Many doctrinaires and the State itself present the arbitration as a fast and able alternative way to resolve disputes, including also those that involve consumers and producers. That study is methodologically inscribed in traditional investigations of the Law, that is to say, it analyses rules contained in the Arbitration Law (n. 9.307/1996) and in the Consumer Defense Code (Law n. 8.078/1990) and it studies the doctrine and jurisprudential understanding. The contribution of this search to the Law consists of verifying if the solution of conflicts where exists, in one side, the producer and, in the other side, the consumer the vulnerable part of the consume relation, which object refers to products and services, through the arbitration, attends the legal and constitutional requisites to obtain a just process, that is to say, it is pretended to analyse if there is legal possibility in the use of the arbitration in the solution of conflicts of consume and if the consumer s interests and rights are really being protected when the consumer controversies are submitted to that private jurisdiction form / Esta dissertação estuda a possibilidade de utilização do instituto da arbitragem e sua pertinência na solução de conflitos de consumo. Sabe-se que o processo judicial é o instrumento ordinário existente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro para solucionar os conflitos existentes na sociedade. Contudo, em razão das dificuldades decorrentes do abarrotamento do Poder Judiciário, como a ineficiência e a morosidade na solução jurisdicional prestada por esse Poder, o Estado vem fomentando a utilização de mecanismos extrajudiciais, onde se inclui a arbitragem. Esse instituto obteve tratamento especial dado pelo legislador brasileiro em 1996, quando foi publicada a Lei de Arbitragem, conhecida como Lei Marco Maciel . Vários doutrinadores e o próprio Estado apresentam a arbitragem como meio extrajudicial célere e hábil para a solução de contendas, inclusive as que envolvem consumidores e fornecedores. Esse estudo inscreve-se, metodologicamente, nas investigações tradicionais do Direito, ou seja, analisa-se as normas contidas na Lei de Arbitragem (Lei nº 9.307/1996) e no Código de Defesa do Consumidor (Lei nº 8.078/1990) e estuda-se o entendimento de doutrinadores e dados jurisprudenciais. A contribuição dessa pesquisa para o Direito consiste em verificar se a solução dos conflitos onde exista, de um lado, o fornecedor, e, do outro, o consumidor, parte vulnerável da relação jurídica de consumo, cujo objeto refere-se a produtos e serviços, através da arbitragem, atende aos requisitos legais e constitucionais na obtenção de um processo justo, ou seja, pretende-se analisar se há possibilidade legal da utilização da arbitragem na solução de conflitos de consumo e se os interesses e direitos dos consumidores estão sendo realmente protegidos quando as controvérsias consumeiristas são submetidas a essa forma de jurisdição privada

Le choix de compétences dans le contrat de travail international, permet une véritable valorisation du rôle de la volonté des parties dans l'insertion des clauses contractuelles désignant la compétence d'une loi ou d'un juge, étatique ou privé. Des conditions de fond et de forme sont exigées pour l'admissibilité de cette dérogation volontaire à la compétence naturelle des règles applicables. Mais, le déséquilibre qui caractérise la relation de travail, exige un encadrement stricte de ce choix par des mécanismes protecteurs de la partie faible. L'intervention des règles impératives du lieu de l'exécution habituelle du travail permet d'atteindre cet objectif par l'application, soit d'un critère de faveur qui consiste à appliquer la loi la plus favorable pour le salarié, soit à mettre en œuvre un critère de proximité qui permet d'appliquer la loi qui entretient les liens les plus étroits avec la situation litigieuse. / In international contracts of employment, the parties’ will is significantly enhanced by the choice of competences through the insertion of clauses referring to the competent law or competent judge (private or public). But the eligibility for this voluntary exemption to applicable natural competences requires formal and substantial conditions. Indeed, the disequilibrium that inherently characterizes the employment relationship calls for a strict scrutiny. Assuring the choice made by the weaker thus necessitates protective mechanisms. The intervention of mandatory rules of the place where the employee habitually carries out his work allows the achievement of the aforementioned objective. This is done so by the application of two alternative criteria, in either the law that is the most favourable law to his interests or the law that is most closely connected to the particular situation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / While the Arab spring succeeded in ousting the long-term dictator led governments from power in many Arab countries, leading the way to a new democratic process to develop in the Arab world, it did not end the old suspicions between Arab Muslims and the West. This research investigates the beginning of the relations between the Arab Muslims and the West as they have developed over time, and then focuses its analysis on perceptions from both sides beginning with 9/11 through the events known as the Arab spring. The framework for analysis is a communication perspective, as embodied in the Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM). According to CMM, communication can be understood as forms of interactions that both constitute and frame reality. The study posits the analysis that the current Arab Muslim-West divide, is often a conversation that is consistent with what CMM labels as the ethnocentric pattern. This analysis will suggest a new pathway, one that follows the CMM cosmopolitan form, as a more fruitful pattern for the future of Arab Muslim-West relations. This research emphasizes the factors fueling this ethnocentric pattern, in addition to ways of bringing the Islamic world and the West to understand each other with a more cosmopolitan approach, which, among other things, accepts mutual differences while fostering agreements. To reach this core, the study will apply a direct communicative engagement between the Islamic world and the West to foster trusted relations, between the two.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Kleber Maia Marinho.pdf: 1018489 bytes, checksum: b40b9e97f51276133e093a50b2f37632 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As a whole, the present dissertation lies at the intersection between religion and politics. Religion was embedded in the political scenario of the US at the onset of the nation and, since then, religion and politics have been intertwined into a complex system of coexistence that has strongly influenced the country s destiny. Although the debate regarding the amalgam between religion and politics in the US has been ongoing among the most diverse sectors of information and research, both locally and internationally, it was after the inauguration of George W. Bush and the attacks on 9/11, that such issue gained global repercussion, at a level never before seen in history. In this regard, the present work intends to analyze the relation of historical-cultural, sociological and psychological facts on the political-religious events, particularly those related to the international political scenario, which is hereby represented by the US. Thus, the subject of this investigation focuses on analyzing the presence of religious concepts as found in the speeches of President George W. Bush, during his two terms in office. More specifically, this dissertation examines the phenomena that are deeply rooted in the culture of the United States and have played a key role in supporting Bush s political actions. In this way, it evaluates the degree to which the events on 9/11 served as a bulwark for the religious rhetoric in Bush s discourse and became a tool to legitimate the war against Iraq, his political modus operandi and, ultimately, lead him to reelection. It is therefore concluded that, the ethical, moral and religious factors, deeply set in the culture of the United States throughout its history, together with the trauma caused by the events on 9/11, contributed to the acceptance of Bush s political decisions. The theoretical basis for the work is the hermeneutic methodology, built on a theoretical and bibliographic tripartite design that is sociological, philosophical-linguistic as well as psychological. The first line of investigation is based on the concept of Civil Religion, first developed by Robert Bellah and later expanded by other theoreticians; the second one follows Chaïm Perelman s theory of the New Rhetoric, and the third rests on C. G. Jung s Archetype. / Em termos gerais, a presente dissertação localiza-se na confluência da religião com a política. A inserção da religião na esfera política dos EUA fez-se presente desde o início de sua fundação e desde então, ambas permaneceram imbricadas constituindo um complexo sistema de convívio, cuja influência foi determinante nos desígnios da nação. Embora o debate acerca do amálgama entre religião e política nos EUA nunca ter cessado entre os mais diferentes setores de informação e pesquisa na sociedade nacional e internacional, foi, todavia, a partir da posse de George W. Bush e, após os atentados de 11 de setembro, que tal assunto ganhou repercussão mundial como talvez jamais antes na história. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como propósito analisar os fatos histórico-culturais, sociológicos e psicológicos na análise de eventos político-religiosos, mais precisamente, relativos à política internacional representada aqui pelos EUA. Por essa via, o objeto de investigação em questão refere-se à análise da presença da concepção religiosa encontrada nos discursos do presidente George W. Bush durante o período de seus dois mandatos de governo. Em termos específicos, esta dissertação debruçou-se sobre o estudo de fenômenos arraigados na cultura estadunidense que foram preponderantes na sustentação da política de Bush. Assim, buscou-se avaliar até que ponto o 11 de setembro serviu de ênfase na retórica religiosa do discurso de Bush, servindo de meio instrumentário para legitimar a guerra no Iraque, seu modus operandi político e, eventualmente, ajudá-lo na reeleição. Concluímos que fatores ético-morais e religiosos profundamente incutidos na cultura estadunidense ao longo do processo histórico, aliados ao trauma do 11 de setembro, foram facilitadores para a adesão à política de Bush. Para tanto, valemo-nos, como procedimento teórico, da metodologia hermenêutica, construída em cima de uma linha teórico-bibliográfica ancorada por três frentes: sociológica, filosófico-lingüística e psicológica. A primeira embasa-se no conceito de Religião Civil inicialmente desenvolvida por Robert Bellah e, depois, ampliada por outros teóricos; a segunda pauta-se na teoria da Nova Retórica de Chaïm Perelman e a última, no conceito de Arquétipo de C. G. Jung.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:40:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_9076_Dissertacao José Osmar - Configuracoes Identitarias Autarquia Publica.pdf: 1760544 bytes, checksum: a278cecc0eccaaa733fed241ac5e938e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo compreender como as transformações no contexto da defesa sanitária e inspeção agropecuária entre 1996 e 2014 se relacionam com as configurações identitárias do Idaf manifestadas por gestores nesse contexto. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que descreve os processos identitários da organização por um olhar interpretativista, pelo entendimento das relações simbólicas que permeiam essa organização, observados em discursos dos sujeitos. Para coleta dos dados foram utilizadas pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais. As entrevistas foram realizadas com cinco sujeitos da organização nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2014. O método de análise foi a Análise de Conteúdo (KRIPPENDORFF, 1990) que busca investigar dados textuais através de técnicas que permitam compreendê-los com seus significados, referências, valorações e intenções. Pretendeu-se contribuir, com esse estudo, para a compreensão da identidade organizacional, em uma organização pública, no contexto da defesa sanitária e inspeção agropecuária. Os resultados permitiram identificar o Idaf como único e distinto de outras organizações e como essa identificação está relacionada às transformações do contexto agropecuário.

Imagine a world where someone’s personal information is constantly compromised, where federal government entities AKA Big Brother always knows what anyone is Googling, who an individual is texting, and their emoticons on Twitter. Government entities have been doing this for years; they never cared if they were breaking the law or their moral compass of human dignity. Every day the Federal government blatantly siphons data with programs from the original ECHELON to the new series like PRISM and Xkeyscore so they can keep their tabs on issues that are none of their business; namely, the personal lives of millions. Our allies are taking note; some are learning our bad habits, from Government Communications Headquarters’ (GCHQ) mass shadowing sharing plan to America’s Russian inspiration, SORM. Some countries are following the United States’ poster child pose of a Brave New World like order of global events. Others like Germany are showing their resolve in their disdain for the rise of tyranny. Soon, these new found surveillance troubles will test the resolve of the American Constitution and its nation’s strong love and tradition of liberty. Courts are currently at work to resolve how current concepts of liberty and privacy apply to the current conditions facing the privacy of society. It remains to be determined how liberty will be affected as well; liberty for the United States of America, for the European Union, the Russian Federation and for the people of the World in regards to the extent of privacy in today’s blurred privacy expectations.