This theses deals with the research on the development of attitude of main Serbian political parties to the nationalist question and Serbian nationalist program. Results of this research reveal how in the past quarter century changed the attitude of the Serbian parliamentary parties on the Serbian national question, depending on the key milestones of development (origins and development of multi-party system, the war in the early 90s; escalation of the Kosovo crisis). Among others things theses deals with differences between the declared programs and principles and the real party politics. During the research were also analyzed programming and factual modifications of attitude to the mentioned issues for the following parties: Socialist Party of Serbia, Democratic Party, Serbian Renewal Movement, Serbian Radical Party, Democratic Party of Serbia and the Citizens Union of Serbia. Heuristically work is primarly based on published sources: the relevant programs; resolutions of the party congresses and conferences; speeches of key representatives of the ementioned parties.

<p>Крајем XX и почетком XXI века дошло је до интензивне урбанизације и индустријализације које су условиле низ проблема из области заштите животне средине, али и квалитета човековог живота. Довеле су до убрзаног начина живота и мало слободног времена које се обично неквалитетно проводи. Ако се&nbsp; ту дода и економски аспект долази се до поражавајућих резултата. Мир, тишина и одмор &ndash; било активан или не, потребни су сваком људском бићу да би правилно функционисало, насупрот буци, густом саобраћају, пренасељености и сличним одликама савременог друштва које и сам Београд има. Пошто се дата ситуација не може променити, ваљано је прилагодити се и променити поједине навике на опште задовољство. Ту ступа на сцену излетничко-рекреативни&nbsp; туризам. Овај вид туризма сваки становник Београда може себи приуштити пошто не захтева много времена и финансијских средстава.</p><p>У самом граду су познате парк-шуме &nbsp;Топчидер и Кошутњак које пружају одличан простор за брзо склањање у мирну оазу, иако сте у самом граду. Реке Дунав и Сава, имају одличне шеталишне стазе, а Ада Циганлија са богатим излетничко- рекреативним програмима у моменту ће омогућити да се заборави да смо били у градској вреви. Не треба заборавити и Велико ратно острво са богатом орнитофауном. Са мало више времена треба да се располаже уколико се жели отићи до Авале, надомак Београда. Она пружа пун доживљај одласка из града, јер ће се шетњом кроз шуму, утабаним стазама полако стићи и доживети ова ниска планина, и брзо стићи до врха јер стазе нису превише захтевне. Уз доживљај Авалског торња и Споменика Незнаном јунаку дан ће бити испуњен. Космај се мора волети због дугих уређених стаза.&nbsp;Фрушка гора је посебна на свој начин и у односу на друге обрађене планина&nbsp; пружа највише могућности за реализацију више различитих видова туризма. Дуге шеталишне стазе, бициклизам, маратони и незаобилазне манастирске туре само су део доживљаја шта ова планина може да пружи. Вршачке планине на граници са Румунијом и специфичним климатским карактеристика, а Дивчибаре, са&nbsp; дивљином може да прикаже праве природне пејзаже. Све ове излетничко- рекреативне дестинације осим природних пружају и разноврсна културно-историјска богатства. У близини Београда је Обедска бара, а нешто даље, поред Зрењанина Царска бара. Оне су посебно интересантне за ученике основних и средњих школа. У град Суботицу треба свратити јер је надомак Палићког комплекса који је и један од омиљених дестинација на листи туристичких&nbsp; агенција. У Ваљево треба отићи да би се доживело старо градско језгро Тешњар, као што треба обићи и његову околину која зрачи културно-историјским духом. На нешто већој удаљености, али исто надомак су и Ђердап и Сребрно језеро. Ђердап са непоновљивим природним пределом, а на Сребрно језеро лети на купање, а у свим осталим годишњим добима за задовољење излетничко-рекреативних потреба.</p> / <p>Krajem XX i početkom XXI veka došlo je do intenzivne urbanizacije i industrijalizacije koje su uslovile niz problema iz oblasti zaštite životne sredine, ali i kvaliteta čovekovog života. Dovele su do ubrzanog načina života i malo slobodnog vremena koje se obično nekvalitetno provodi. Ako se&nbsp; tu doda i ekonomski aspekt dolazi se do poražavajućih rezultata. Mir, tišina i odmor &ndash; bilo aktivan ili ne, potrebni su svakom ljudskom biću da bi pravilno funkcionisalo, nasuprot buci, gustom saobraćaju, prenaseljenosti i sličnim odlikama savremenog društva koje i sam Beograd ima. Pošto se data situacija ne može promeniti, valjano je prilagoditi se i promeniti pojedine navike na opšte zadovoljstvo. Tu stupa na scenu izletničko-rekreativni&nbsp; turizam. Ovaj vid turizma svaki stanovnik Beograda može sebi priuštiti pošto ne zahteva mnogo vremena i finansijskih sredstava.</p><p>U samom gradu su poznate park-šume &nbsp;Topčider i Košutnjak koje pružaju odličan prostor za brzo sklanjanje u mirnu oazu, iako ste u samom gradu. Reke Dunav i Sava, imaju odlične šetališne staze, a Ada Ciganlija sa bogatim izletničko- rekreativnim programima u momentu će omogućiti da se zaboravi da smo bili u gradskoj vrevi. Ne treba zaboraviti i Veliko ratno ostrvo sa bogatom ornitofaunom. Sa malo više vremena treba da se raspolaže ukoliko se želi otići do Avale, nadomak Beograda. Ona pruža pun doživljaj odlaska iz grada, jer će se šetnjom kroz šumu, utabanim stazama polako stići i doživeti ova niska planina, i brzo stići do vrha jer staze nisu previše zahtevne. Uz doživljaj Avalskog tornja i Spomenika Neznanom junaku dan će biti ispunjen. Kosmaj se mora voleti zbog dugih uređenih staza.&nbsp;Fruška gora je posebna na svoj način i u odnosu na druge obrađene planina&nbsp; pruža najviše mogućnosti za realizaciju više različitih vidova turizma. Duge šetališne staze, biciklizam, maratoni i nezaobilazne manastirske ture samo su deo doživljaja šta ova planina može da pruži. Vršačke planine na granici sa Rumunijom i specifičnim klimatskim karakteristika, a Divčibare, sa&nbsp; divljinom može da prikaže prave prirodne pejzaže. Sve ove izletničko- rekreativne destinacije osim prirodnih pružaju i raznovrsna kulturno-istorijska bogatstva. U blizini Beograda je Obedska bara, a nešto dalje, pored Zrenjanina Carska bara. One su posebno interesantne za učenike osnovnih i srednjih škola. U grad Suboticu treba svratiti jer je nadomak Palićkog kompleksa koji je i jedan od omiljenih destinacija na listi turističkih&nbsp; agencija. U Valjevo treba otići da bi se doživelo staro gradsko jezgro Tešnjar, kao što treba obići i njegovu okolinu koja zrači kulturno-istorijskim duhom. Na nešto većoj udaljenosti, ali isto nadomak su i Đerdap i Srebrno jezero. Đerdap sa neponovljivim prirodnim predelom, a na Srebrno jezero leti na kupanje, a u svim ostalim godišnjim dobima za zadovoljenje izletničko-rekreativnih potreba.</p> / <p>At the end of XX and beginning of XXI century there has been intense urbanization and industrialization, which caused a number of problems in the field of environmental protection, but also the quality of human life. Led to a rapid way of life and a bit of free time that are usually poorly implemented. If there are added and economic aspects leads to devastating results. Peace, quiet and relaxation - whether active or not, are required every human being in order to function properly, as opposed to noise, heavy traffic, overpopulation and similar characteristics of modern society, which itself has Beograd. Since the data can&rsquo;t change the situation, rolled it up and adapt to change certain habits to general satisfaction. Here comes in the excursion and recreational tourism. This type of tourism every citizen of Belgrade can afford as it does not require much time and financial resources.</p><p>In the city known forest park Topcider and&nbsp; Kosutnjak that provide an excellent place for a quick removal of the peaceful oasis, even though you are in the city. The rivers Danube and Sava, have excellent pedestrian&nbsp; paths, and Ada Ciganlija with rich excursion and recreational programs at the moment will allow you to forget that we were in the bustle. We should not forget the Great War Island with rich ornithofauna. With a little more time to be available if they want to go to Avala, near Belgrade. It provides a full experience of leaving the city, because it will be a walk through the woods, trodden paths, and slowly get to experience this low mountains, and quickly get to the top because the trails are not too demanding. With the experience of the Avala Tower and the Monument to the Unknown&nbsp; Soldier Day will be filled. Kosmaj must love me for long groomed trails. Fruska gora is special in its own way and in relation to other processed mountain offers the most features for the realization of a number of different types of tourism. Long pedestrian paths, cycling, marathons and unavoidable monastery tours are just part of the experience of what this mountain has to offer. Vrsac mountains on the border with Romania and specific climatic characteristics, Divcibare, with the wilderness can display real natural landscapes. All of this excursion and recreational destination other than natural and provide a variety of cultural and historical wealth. Near Belgrade Obedska bar, a little further, near Zrenjanin Imperial bar. They are particularly interesting for elementary and secondary schools. The city of Subotica need to stop because it is close to Palic complex that is one of the favorite destinations on the list of travel agencies. In Valjevo need to go to the old town center suffered Tesnjar, as it needs to take a tour of the surrounding area that radiates cultural and historical spirit. On a somewhat greater&nbsp; distance, but they are also close to the Iron Gates and Silver Lake. Djerdap with unique natural zones, and at Silver Lake flying to swimming, and in all other seasons to enjoy the excursion and recreational needs.</p>

The crime of genocide in the light of a judgment of the ICJ This diploma thesis addresses the influence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision1 on the crime of genocide. On 22nd March 1993 Bosnia and Herzegovina brought an action against the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRJ) before the ICJ. FRJ was charged with the breach of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Convention). After 14 years, the ICJ held decision on 26th February 2007. In the beginning, the Court had to solve procedural issue concerning the position of the Respondent in the dispute and after it positive answer, it could proceed to consider the merits of the case. The important part of the Decision is dedicated to the responsibility of a state for the genocide. Although the Convention did not explicitly anchor it, the Court deduced it by interpretation of the Article I. The prohibition on the genocide is then recognized not only under the customary law, but also in the Convention. Consequently "the Court observes that the obligations in question in this case (...) and the responsibilities of the States (...) are obligations and responsibilities under international law. They are not of a criminal nature."2 Therefore, the standard of proof is not as high as beyond reasonable doubts...

La politique de pré-adhésion de l’Union européenne enjoint les pays des Balkans occidentaux à coopérer et à se réconcilier avant d’envisager leur entrée dans l’Union. Le volet coopération transfrontalière de l’Instrument d’Aide pour la Pré-adhésion est l’instrument unique au travers duquel l’UE soutient concrètement ces injonctions. De la sorte, elle désigne les espaces frontaliers comme les lieux privilégiés des réconciliations et le projet d’aménagement transfrontalier comme l’instrument pour atteindre cet objectif. Cette thèse vise à interroger ces deux présupposés. A partir d’un travail de terrain mené à la frontière Serbie/Croatie, elle montre que le programme européen de coopération transfrontalière a permis le rapprochement des Ministères concernés et que les projets développés à la frontière ont contribué à une « réconciliation de niche » entre quelques acteurs locaux. Néanmoins, celle-ci ne s’étend pas au-delà de ce noyau de base. Pour dépasser cette limite, il apparaît nécessaire de repenser la politique d’élargissement pour toutes les parties associées à ce processus. Car c’est la question du vivre-ensemble à l’échelle du continent européen qui se pose. / The European Union pre-accession policy urges the Western Balkans countries to cooperate and reconcile before considering joining the European Union. The cross-border co-operation component of the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance is the only tool by which the EU concretely supports these injunctions. In this way, it appoints cross border areas as privileged places of reconciliation and the planning project as the tool to achieve this objective. This thesis aims to examine these two presumptions. Field work conducted at the border between Serbia and Croatia, showed that the European cross border cooperation programme enabled concerned ministries to get closer and that the local projects contributed to a “niche reconciliation” between a few local stakeholders. Nevertheless, it does not extend beyond this basic core. In order to overcome this limit it appears necessary to rethink the enlargement policy for all parties involved in the process. Because therein lies the issue of community harmony in the European continent.

Crime and turbofolk as a cover to autocracy? Nationalism in Serbia at the end of the 20th century Abstract: In this MA. thesis it will be investigated how, by the influence of the politics of Milosevic in the 1990s, implemented by the political elite gathered around him, a rise of crime, war profiteering and the development of a new popular culture genre of turbofolk appeared in Serbia. Such socio-political conditions, supported by a strong media propaganda by the regime, turned out to be the key pillars of Milosevic's autocratic rule. Special emphasis will be given to a new cultural phenomenon that struck this region in the period - the phenomenon of "turbofolk" as the dominant music genre of the time, that completes the picture of Serbian society during the 1990s. Overwhelmed with elements of kitsch and baroque, this popular music genre which originated in the restaurants of central Serbia suburbs, has become an unavoidable part of everyday life of young people, whose new idols were individuals who measured their success by the number and importance of their criminal ventures. The emergence of turbofolk, therefore, is considered in light of the birth of the new socio-political circumstances. But it is interesting to note that turbofolk, with some adjustments, remains the dominant musical genre in Serbia...

Cette thèse étudie le système énergétique de 4 États : L’Albanie, le Kosovo, la Macédoine, la Serbie, appartenant aux Balkans occidentaux. Ils possèdent peu de ressources, les infrastructures restent souvent anciennes. Mais, avec l’instauration des grands projets gaziers internationaux, cet espace deviendra une zone transitaire essentielle, entre les pays producteurs gaziers (Asie centrale, la Russie, la Méditerranée orientale et le Moyen-Orient) et l’Europe occidentale. Les rapports de force y règnent pourtant. Ils sont liés à la sécurité énergétique et aux affrontements passés ou récents, mal stabilisés. La confrontation géoéconomique l’emporte sur la coopération technique. Des acteurs extérieurs, d’abord la Russie et l’Union européenne, mais aussi la Chine, la Turquie et les États-Unis, interviennent. L’énergie est un enjeu régional et mondial ; il renvoie au registre de la puissance. / This thesis studies the energy sectors of 4 countries part of the Western Balkans: Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia and Serbia. These countries are relatively poor in energy resources and their energy infrastructure is outdated and in dire need of modernization. However, in view of the colossal natural gas projects between Western Europe and gas-rich countries in the east, this area is emerging as an important transit area between the Russian Federation, former Soviet Union countries and eventually other countries in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. This reflects the evolving balance of power in the Western Balkans, which is shaped by their quest for energy security and the heritage of previous unresolved conflicts. As a result, geoeconomic competition trumps over cooperation. Moreover, external powers, first and foremost, the European Union and Russia, but also Turkey, the United States and China, intervene to safeguard their interests. Hence, energy is a crucial regional and world issue; and an important factor of power.

Cette thèse a pour objet les images narratives de la Passion du Christ dans les peintures murales tardobyzantines, leur place et leur fonctionnement dans l’espace rituel dont elles constituent le décor. Développé en dessous des images du Dodekaorton, il a une forme et une place très particulières : faisant le tour de la nef et intégrant généralement le sanctuaire dans son parcours, il participe de la construction de l’espace cultuel. Cette approche des images a montré que la forme narrative donnée à ces cycles composant les décors pariétaux, loin d’être fortuite, est porteuse de sens et de discours. Décorant d’abord des fondations byzantines prestigieuses à la fin du XIIIe siècle, le motif ne tarde pas à apparaître dans les églises serbes peintes dans l’entourage du Kralj Milutin, avant de devenir courant dans des monuments plus modestes. Le cycle est envisagé dans sa globalité et non image par image, à l’aide des outils traditionnels de l’iconographie mais aussi de la narratologie, ce qui a permis de mettre en évidence sa structure narrative. Dans une troisième partie, le fonctionnement liturgique du cycle est détaillé, révélant un discours eucharistique et mystagogique qui n’est pas tant superposé au récit en images, qu’il n’est au contraire produit par lui. / This doctoral thesis addresses the narrative images of the Passion of Christ in Late Byzantine mural paintings, their place and their ritual function. This cycle, which takes place under the Dodekaorton, has a clear sequence. Going around the nave and generally passing through the sanctuary space, it participated in the construction of the worship space. A study of the images used shows that such the narrative form given to these cycles, far from being accidental, is a carrier of meaning and discourse. Firstly decorating prestigious Byzantine foundations in the late thirteenth century, this kind cycle soon appeared in Serbian churches painted in the Kralj Milutin’s milieu and then became common in more modest monuments. In this study, the cycle is considered as a whole, using the traditional tools of iconography but also narratology, which helped to highlight its narrative structure. At last, the liturgical function of the cycle is explored, revealing a Eucharistic and mystagogic discours produced by the narrative.

The inter-ethnic conflict between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo have persisted since the war in Kosovo in 1999, even though it has been improved in recent years. A friendly relationship between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo is vital for the future of Kosovo, and for the security in the Balkan region. The aim with this study is to explain how the relationship between Serbs and Albanians has changed since Kosovo’s declaration of independence in 2008. Interviews have been conducted with six Serbs and six Albanians living in Kosovo. The interviews were mainly based on three key moments which were considered to have had an influence on the inter-ethnic relationship. The results from the interviews showed that these three key moments have resulted in antagonism between, but also within the two ethnic groups. However, the growth of antagonism seems to have been a consequence of how politicians and media on both sides in Kosovohave handled these key moments, rather than as a consequence of the key moments per se.

<p>Analizirana je helmintofauna 127 primeraka slepih mi&scaron;eva na teritoriji Srbije.<br />Sakupljene jedinke su pripadnici 12 vrsta slepih mi&scaron;eva: veliki potkovičar (<em>Rhinolophusferrumequinum </em>Schreber, 1774); tamnoliki brkati večernjak <em>(Myotis mystacinus </em>Kuhl, 1817); mali brkati večernjak (<em>M. alcathoe </em>Helversen &amp; Heller, 2001); &scaron;umski brkati večernjak (<em>M. brandtii&nbsp; </em>Eversmann, 1845); južni veliki večernjak <em>(M</em>. <em>oxygnathus </em>Monticelli, 1885); evropski veliki večernjak (<em>M. myotis </em>Borkhausen, 1797); dugodlaki slepi mi&scaron;ić(<em>Hypsugo savii </em>Bonaparte, 1837); obični slepi mi&scaron;ić(<em>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</em> Schreber, 1774); &scaron;umski slepi mi&scaron;ić (<em>P. nathusii </em>Keyserling &amp; Blasius, 1839); evropski smeđi dugou&scaron;an (<em>Plecotus auritus </em>Linnaeus, 1758); evropski sivi dugou&scaron;an <em>(P.</em> <em>austriacus </em>Fischer, 1829) i obični noćnik (<em>Nyctalus noctula</em> Schreber, 1774). Jedinke slepih mi&scaron;eva su sakupljane sa 15 lokaliteta na teritoriji Srbije: Deliblatska pe&scaron;čara, Zasavica, Valjevo, Beograd, Paraćin, Đerdap, Bor, Beljanica, Kučevo, Boljevac, Zaječar, Zlot, Medveđa, planina Tara i Ivanjica u periodu od 2001. do 2009 godine.Izolovano je ukupno 1642 jedinki parazita (787 jedinki metilja, 4 pantljičara i 851 nematoda), razvrstanih u 2 razdela, 1 podrazdel, 3 klase, 3 podklase, 1 nadred, 6 reda, 1 podred, 7 nadfamilija, 11 familija, 9 podfamilija, 12 rodova i 14 vrsta. Identifikovane vrste parazita su:&nbsp;<em> Plagiorchis koreanus</em>(Ogata, 1937),&nbsp;<em>Mesotretes peregrinus </em>(Braun, 1900),&nbsp;<em>Lecithodendrium linstowi </em>(Dollfus, 1931),&nbsp;<em>Prosthodendrium longiforme</em> (Bhalerao, 1926),&nbsp;<em>P. chilostomum </em>(Mehlis, 1831),&nbsp;<em> P. parvouterus </em>(Bhalerao, 1926), <em>Milina grisea</em>(van Beneden, 1873),&nbsp;<em>Capillaria neopulchra </em>(Babos, 1954), <em>Molinostrongylus alatus</em>(Ortlepp, 1932),&nbsp;<em>Strongylacantha glycirrhiza&nbsp; </em>(van Beneden, 1873),&nbsp;<em>Physalopterasp</em>.,&nbsp;<em>Litomosa ottavianii&nbsp;</em>(Lagrange &amp; Bettini, 1948),&nbsp;<em>Rictularia bovieri&nbsp;</em>(Blanchard, 1886) i&nbsp;<em>Seuratum mucronatum </em>(Rudolphi, 1809). Kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza helmintofaune slepih mi&scaron;eva je prvi put rađena na području Srbije, te se date vrste domaćina mogu smatrati novim za sve konstatovane vrste parazita na teritoriji na&scaron;e zemlje. U ukupnom uzorku 93 (73.23%) jedinki domaćina bilo je invadirano parazitima. Najbrojnije u ukupnom uzorkusu bile vrste&nbsp; P. koreanus,<em>&nbsp;L. linstowii&nbsp; M. alatus</em>, sa dominacijom poslednje. Konstatovano je da pol&nbsp; ne utiče na sastav helmintofaune domaćina. Međutim, konstatovane su promene u kvalitetu i kvantitetu helmintocenoze u pojedinim sezonama.</p> / <p>The helminth fauna of 127 individuals of bats on the territory of Serbia was analyzed. The host samples consisted of 12 bat species: Greater Horseshoe Bat(Rhinolophus &nbsp; ferrumequinumSchreber, 1774); Whiskered Bat (Myotis&nbsp; mystacinusKuhl, 1817); Alcathoe Whiskered Bat (M. alcathoeHelversen &amp; Heller, 2001); Brandt &rsquo;s Bat (M. brandtiiEversmann, 1845); Lesser Mouse-eared Bat (M. oxygnathusMonticelli, 1885); Greater Mouse-eared Bat (M. myotisBorkhausen, 1797); Savi &rsquo; s Pipistrelle Bat (Hypsugo saviiBonaparte, 1837); Common Pipistrelle Bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreber, 1774); Nathusius &rsquo; Pipistrelle Bat (P.&nbsp; BathusiiKeyserling &amp; Blasius, 1839); Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritusLinnaeus, 1758); Grey Long-eared Bat (P. austriacusFischer, 1829) and Noctule Bat (Nyctalus noctulaSchreber, 1774). Host semples were collected from fifteen localities throughout Serbia: Deliblato sands, Zasavica, Valjevo, Belgrade, Paraćin,&nbsp; Đerdap, Bor, Beljanica, Kučevo, Boljevac, Zaječar, Zlot, Medveđa, Tara mountain and Ivanjica in the period between2001 and 2009. A total of 1642 helminth individuals (787 individuals of digeneans, 4 cestodes and 851 nematodes) were collected from the hosts, classified into 2 phylas, 1 subphyla, 3 classes, 3 subclasses, 1 superorder, 6 orders, 1 suborder, 7 superfamilies, 11 families, 9 subfamilies, 12 generas and 14 species. Fourteen parasite species were identified: Plagiorchis koreanus(Ogata, 1937),&nbsp; Mesotretes peregrinus(Braun, 1900), Lecithodendrium linstowi(Dollfus, 1931),&nbsp; Prosthodendrium&nbsp; longiforme(Bhalerao, 1926), P. chilostomum(Mehlis, 1831),&nbsp; P. parvouterus(Bhalerao, 1926),&nbsp; Milina grisea (van Beneden, 1873),&nbsp; Capillaria neopulchra(Babos, 1954),&nbsp; Molinostrongylus alatus (Ortlepp, 1932),&nbsp; Strongylacantha glycirrhiza(van Beneden, 1873),&nbsp; Physalopterasp., Litomosa ottavianii(Lagrange &amp; Bettini, 1948),&nbsp; Rictularia bovieri(Blanchard, 1886)&nbsp; and&nbsp; Seuratum mucronatum(Rudolphi, 1809). The qualitative and&nbsp; quantitativeanalysis of the helminth fauna of bats were conducted in Serbia for the first time. Therefore all bat species can be considered new hosts for all recorded helminth species on the area of the country. Ninety-three (73.23%)&nbsp; individuals werefound to be infected with helminth parasites. The most numerous helminth species in total sample were&nbsp; P. koreanus,&nbsp; L. linstowiand&nbsp; M. alatus, which is also the most dominant. There is no evidence that the composition of helminth&nbsp; fauna depends on the sex ofthe host. However, some seasonal changes in quality and quantity of helminth community of the host are obvious.&nbsp;</p>

Cette thèse explore l'impact du contexte historique (culturel, politique, démographique) et des politiques européennes sur l’éducation dans les langues des minorités nationales dans la Province autonome de Voïvodine de la République de Serbie au cours de la période 2001-2012.Nous avons analysé en détail les politiques et pratiques éducatives relatives aux minorités nationales en Voïvodine, du niveau primaire au niveau supérieur : les modèles d’enseignement, le réseau scolaire et la participation des élèves, l’accès des minorités nationales à l'enseignement supérieur et la formation des enseignants dans les langues minoritaires, la mise en oeuvre de l’autonomie culturelle dans le domaine de l’enseignement par les conseils nationaux des minorités nationales, et, enfin, la promotion du plurilinguisme au sein du système éducatif.Une étude empirique, conduite principalement à l’aide d’entretiens auprès des acteurs de terrain, démontre que malgré la diminution du nombre des personnes appartenant aux minorités nationales depuis la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, le système éducatif en Voïvodine est fondé sur le respect des droits linguistiques des minorités nationales tel que défini au niveau européen et international. L’approche historique de notre recherche nous a permis d’identifier les traditions historiques comme un facteur clé des évolutions récentes de l’éducation dans les langues des minorités nationales.Si l'Union européenne ne dispose pas d'un modèle de référence pour l’évaluation du droit des minorités nationales à l’enseignement dans la langue maternelle, elle a néanmoins joué, à travers sa politique d’élargissement, un rôle important dans la mise en place d’une autonomie culturelle dans le domaine de l’éducation dans la langue maternelle des minorités nationales. / This thesis explores the impact of historical context (cultural, political, demographic) and of European policies on education in the languages of national minorities in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina of the Republic of Serbia during the period 2001-2012.We analyzed in detail the educational policies and practices relating to national minorities in Vojvodina, from primary to higher education: teaching models, the school network and the participation of pupils, the national minorities' access to higher education and training of teachers in minority languages, the implementation of cultural autonomy in the field of education by the national councils of national minorities, and finally, the promotion of plurilingualism in the education system.An empirical study, based mainly on interviews with actors in the field, shows that despite the decrease in the number of persons belonging to national minorities since the end of World War II, the education system in Vojvodina is based on respect for language rights of national minorities as defined at European and international level. The historical approach to our research has allowed us to identify historical traditions as a key factor in the recent developments in education in the languages of national minorities.Although the European Union does not have a reference model for evaluating the right to education of national minorities in their mother tongue, through its enlargement policy, it nevertheless played an important role in the establishment of cultural autonomy in the field of education in mother tongue of national minorities.