Protein phosphorylation is a key cellular regulatory mechanism. Phosphorylation can either activate or inhibit the function of a particular protein. Activation of protein kinases has been implicated in response to light, pathogen attack, growth regulators, stress and nutrient deficiency in plants. Most of the intracellular signaling pathways use protein phosphorylation to create signals and conduct them further. Identification of the physiological substrates for the protein kinase enables the understanding of how the signaling networks function and how they are disturbed under adverse conditions. Identification of the physiological substrates for the kinase is limited by the low stoichiometry of protein phosphorylation inside the cell. Although, recent advances in mass spectrometric techniques have increased the identification of phosphorylated protein in the cell, the precise connection between the kinase and identified phosphorylated protein is not established. Dual-specificity kinases that phosphorylate on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues have been identified and characterized in plants. However, the in vivo substrates for most of these kinases have not been identified. Recently a manganese-dependent dual-specificity STY protein kinase (STYK) has been identified from Arabidopsis thaliana which has been suggested to play a role in plant growth, development and in systemic acquired resistance. The identification of the physiological substrate for AtSTYK may help in understanding the signal transduction pathway the kinase in involved and how it is perturbed in different physiological condition. Therefore, the main objectives of my current study are,  To identify the physiological substrates of the AtSTY dual specificity kinase (STYK). 1) Identification of the substrates by using genetic, proteomic and biochemical approaches. 2) Biochemical characterization of the substrate phosphorylation. 3) Identifying the biochemical function of the substrate protein. 4) Assessing the significance of substrate phosphorylation.

The rapid increase in antibiotic resistance demands the identification of novel antibiotics with novel targets. One potential antibacterial target is the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan cell wall, which is both ubiquitous and necessary for bacterial survival. Both the caprazamycin-related compounds A-90289 and muraminomicin, as well as the capuramycin-related compounds A-503083 and A-102395 are potent inhibitors of the translocase I enzyme, one of the key enzymes required for cell wall biosynthesis. The caprazamycin-related compounds contain a core nonproteinogen b-hydroxy-a-amino acid referred to as 5’-C-glycyluridine (GlyU). Residing within the biosynthetic gene clusters of the aforementioned compounds is a shared open reading frame which encodes a putative serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). The revelation of this shared open reading frame resulted in the proposal that this putative SHMT catalyzes an aldol-type condensation reaction utilizing glycine and uridine-5’-aldehyde, resulting in the GlyU core. The enzyme LipK involved in A-90289 biosynthesis was used as a model to functionally assign this putative SHMT to reveal its functions as an l-threonine: uridine-5’-aldehyde transaldolases. Biochemical analysis indicates enzymatic activity is dependent upon pyridoxal-5’-phosphate, is non-reactive with alternative amino acids, and produces acetaldehyde as a co-product. Structural characterization of the enzymatic product is consistent with (5’S,6’S)-GlyU indicating that this enzyme orchestrates a C-C bond breaking and formation resulting in two new stereocenters to make a new l-a-amino acid. The same activity was demonstrated for the LipK homologues involved in the biosynthesis of muraminomicin, A-503083, and A-102395. This l-threonine: uridine-5’-aldehyde transaldolase was used with alternative aldehyde substrates to prepare unusual l-a-amino acids, suggesting the potential for exploiting this enzyme to make new compounds.

No description available.

D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a flavin-dependent enzyme that is expressed in the mammalian brain. It is the metabolising enzyme of several D-amino acids, including D serine, which is an endogenous agonist at the glycine co-agonist site of the glutamatergic NMDA receptor. As such, regulation of D serine levels in the brain by DAO may indirectly modulate the activity of NMDA receptors. The expression and activity of DAO have been reported to be increased in schizophrenia. It has been identified as a putative susceptibility gene for the disorder, and as a potential therapeutic target. This thesis explored three aspects of the interface between DAO and the DA system. First, the expression of DA was investigated in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the source of the dopaminergic mesocortical pathway. Traditionally, DAO was considered to be an enzyme confined to the hindbrain and to glia, but more recent studies have reported its expression in additional brain regions, and also in neurons. DAO mRNA and protein was found to be expressed in the VTA, and was present in both neurons and glia in this region, whereas in the cerebellum, DAO expression appeared solely glial. DA output from the VTA is regulated by NMDA receptors, and hence expression of DAO in the VTA suggests that it may serve a role in modulating cortical DA via regulation of D serine levels and NMDA receptor function. The second part of this thesis investigated the effects of DAO inhibition and D serine administration on DA levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) using in vivo microdialysis. Systemic DAO inhibition and D serine administration resulted in increases in extracellular levels of DA metabolites in the PFC, despite no detectable change in DA. Similarly, DA metabolites in the PFC increased after local application of D serine to the VTA, but no change was detected in DA. However, local DAO inhibition in the VTA resulted in increased levels of both DA and its metabolites, and DAO inhibition combined with D serine administration also produced increases in DA. This suggested that DAO and its regulation of D-serine levels may serve to indirectly modulate mesocortical DA function, and this may be mediated via the VTA. This notion was supported in the final section of this thesis, in which the expression of three DA genes was measured in the PFC of a novel line of DAO knockout mice. In this pilot study, there was evidence for an increase in Comt and Drd2 mRNAs in the knockout mice. As such, constitutive abolition of DAO activity may also alter mesocortical DA function. These studies provide new insights into the presence and role of DAO beyond the hindbrain, and point to a potentially important physiological function in modulating the activity of the mesocortical DA system via the VTA. This could be therapeutically relevant in the context of elevating cortical DA in the treatment of schizophrenia, and may provide supporting evidence for the clinical use of DAO inhibitors.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

La bactérie Streptococcus pneumoniae peut provoquer de sérieuses pathologies chez l'homme telles que des pneumonies, méningites ou septicémies. L'étude de cette bactérie constitue donc un enjeu de santé publique international. Ces dernières années, il a été mis en évidence que les bactéries exprimaient des Sérine/Thréonine Protéine‐Kinases de type eucaryote (STPKs) et que ces dernières intervenaient dans la régulation de nombreux processus cellulaires. Une approche prometteuse serait donc de cibler les mécanismes de régulation contrôlés par les STPKs pour lutter contre les infections à pneumocoque. L'analyse du génome de S. pneumoniae a montré que cette bactérie possède un seul gène codant pour une STPK, la protéine StkP. Mes travaux de thèse ont montré que StkP est un acteur majeur de la division cellulaire et de la morphogenèse du pneumocoque. J'ai montré que son activité kinase est dépendante de la protéine GpsB et qu'elle phosphoryle spécifiquement plusieurs protéines dont la protéine de division DivIVA. L'ensemble de mes travaux permet de proposer un modèle dans lequel la triade StkP/GpsB/DivIVA régulerait finement la division et l'élongation cellulaire du pneumocoque. À plus long terme, ces travaux pourront servir de base à des études plus structurales pour développer des molécules bloquant les processus dépendants de la phosphorylation assurée par StkP, et générer ainsi de nouvelles molécules affectant le pouvoir pathogène du pneumocoque / The bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is the causative agent of several diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis or septicemia. The study of this bacterium represents thus an international health challenge. Over the last decade, bacteria have been shown to produce eukaryotic‐like Serine/Threonine Protein‐Kinases (STPKs) that are involved in the regulation of several cellular processes. A promising approach would be to target the regulatory mechanisms controlled by STPKs to combat pneumococcal infections. The pneumococcus possesses a single gene encoding for a STPK, the protein StkP. The aim of my work was to characterize the biological function of StkP. My work shows that StkP plays crucial roles in the cell division and morphogenesis of S. pneumoniae. I show that the cell division protein GpsB is required for the kinase activity of StkP that, in turn, specifically phosphorylates the cell division protein DivIVA. Altogether, I propose a model in which the StkP/GpsB/DivIVA triad finely tunes S. pneumonia cell division and elongation. These data could provide the basis for future structural studies to develop specific inhibitors of StkP‐mediated phosphorylation and affecting pneumococcal virulence

La protéine kinase caséine kinase 2 (CK2) est une sérine/thréonine kinase hautement pléiotrope dont la liste des substrats est supérieure à 500 protéines, lesquelles sont impliquées dans un large éventail de fonctions cellulaires. Les sous-unités catalytiques de CK2 (alpha et/ou alpha') sont constitutivement actives soit seules soit en combinaison avec les sous-unités régulatrices béta pour former une protéine hétérotétramérique (holoenzyme). Une troisième isoforme de la sous-unité catalytique, désignée CK2α'', a été découverte plus récemment et peu d'informations sont actuellement disponibles. L'activité hautement constitutive de CK2 est suspectée de contribuer au phénomène de néoplasie. Une stratégie de conception d'inhibiteurs tétracycliques ciblant le site ATP de la CK2 a permis l'élaboration de trois séries de composés comportant le motif indéno[1,2-b]indole. Un procédé multi-étapes de synthèse a permis de fonctionnaliser précisément le cycle D du noyau indéno[1,2-b]indole et de générer une première chimiothèque de molécules originales. Toutes les molécules finales ont été testées sur la protéine kinase humaine CK2 (Muenster) et certaines ont présentées des CI50 de l'ordre du submicromolaire. L'analyse des Relations Structure-Activité (SAR) et la construction d'un modèle 3D-QSAR (Duesseldorf) a contribué à affiner le choix des substituants introduits sur le châssis moléculaire développé. Les indéno[1,2-b]indoles fonctionnalisés les plus prometteurs ont été également testés sur d'autres cibles biologiques comme la phosphatase CDC25A (Metz) et la kinase DYRK1B (Saarbruecken). Des études de modélisation moléculaire (Duesseldorf) utilisant les données cristallographiques disponibles de l'enzyme ont permis d'analyser les interactions ligand-protéine. Les inhibiteurs les plus puissants in vitro ont été testés sur quatre lignées cellulaires normales afin d'établir leur profil cytotoxique (Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon) / Synthesis and evaluation of indéno[1,2-b]indole derivatives as potential inhibitors of human protein kinase CK2 Protein kinase casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a serine/threonine kinase highly pleiotropic listed substrates it is greater than 500 proteins, which are involved in a wide range of cellular functions. The catalytic subunits of CK2 (α and/or α') are constitutively active either alone or in combination with the regulatory subunits to form a hetero- beta protein holoenzyme). A third isoform of the catalytic subunit, designated CK2 α', was discovered more recently and little information is currently available. The high constitutive activity of CK2 is suspected of contributing to the phenomenal of neoplasia. A design strategy tetracyclic inhibitors targeting the ATP site of CK2 resulted in the development of three series of compounds containing the motif indeno[1,2-b]indole. A multi-step synthesis process has specifically functionalize the D ring of the core indeno[1,2-b]indole and generate a first combinatorial library of original molecules. All final compounds were tested on human protein kinase CK2 (Muenster), and some have reported IC50 of the order of sub-micromolar. Analysis of Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) and the construction of a 3D-QSAR model (Duesseldorf) helped to refine the choice of substituents introduced into the moleculair frame developed. The indeno[1,2-b]indole the most promising functionalized indoles were also tested on other biological targets such as phosphatase CDC25 A (Metz) and kinase DYRK1B (Saarbruecken). Of molecular modeling studies (Duesseldorf) using the crystallographic data of the enzyme were used to analyze protein-ligand interactions. The most potent in vitro inhibitor were tested on four normal cell lines to determine their cytotoxic profile (Cancer Research Center of Lyon)

La bactérie pathogène, Streptococcus pneumoniae (ou pneumocoque), produit une sérinethréonine-kinase membranaire, StkP, et une tyrosine-kinase, CpsD, qui sont respectivement des régulateurs importants de la division cellulaire et de la synthèse de la capsule polysaccharidique. Ces observations ont été directement la base de mon projet de thèse. Au cours de mon étude, j'ai participé à la mise en évidence du mécanisme par lequel CpsD coordonne la synthèse de la capsule polysaccharidique avec le cycle cellulaire du pneumocoque, en contrôlant via son autophosphorylation la mobilité de la protéine ParB de la ségrégation du chromosome. Pour mieux comprendre le mécanisme moléculaire sous jacent, j'ai caractérisé un nouveau partenaire de CpsD et de ParB appelé RocS. J'ai montré que cette protéine est indispensable pour la ségrégation du chromosome. J'ai ensuite identifié que CpsD et RocS constituent un nouveau mécanisme de protection du nucléoïde, qui était jusque-là inconnu chez le pneumocoque. D'autre part, j'ai contribué à la caractérisation du rôle des sousdomaines PASTA du domaine extracellulaire de StkP dans la régulation de l'épaisseur de la paroi cellulaire septale ainsi que dans le degré d'activation de StkP. Plus particulièrement j'ai mis en évidence que le quatrième sous-domaine PASTA de StkP contrôle la fonction de l'hydrolase de la paroi cellulaire LytB, qui est nécessaire pour les étapes finales de la division cellulaire. Mon travail suggère donc l'existence de réseaux de régulation interconnectés du cycle cellulaire du pneumocoque impliquant ces deux protéine-kinases / The pathogenic bacterium, Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), produces a membrane serine threonine kinase, StkP, and a tyrosine kinase, CpsD, which are important regulators of cell division and polysaccharide capsule synthesis, respectively. These observations were directly at the basis of my thesis project. During my thesis, I participated in the identification of the mechanism by which CpsD coordinates the synthesis of the polysaccharide capsule with the cell cycle of the pneumococcus. Indeed, CpsD autophosphorylation controls the mobility of the chromosome partioning protein ParB protein of the chromosome segregation. To better understand the underlying molecular mechanism, I characterized a new CpsD and ParB partner that we called RocS. I showed that this protein is required for chromosome segregation. I also identified that CpsD and RocS form an atypical nucloied occlusion system, which was previously unknown in pneumococcus. On the other hand, I have contributed to the characterization of the role of the PASTA sub-domains of the StkP extracellular domain in the regulation of the septal cell wall thickness as well as in the degree of activation of StkP. More specifically I showed that the fourth PASTA sub domain of StkP controls the function of the cell wall hydrolase LytB, which is required for the final steps of cell division. My work therefore suggests the existence of interconnected regulation networks of the pneumococcal cell cycle and involving these two protein kinases

A Lectina Ligadora de Manose (MBL) é uma proteína que reconhece carboidratos na superfície microbiana levando à ativação do sistema complemento. Este processo é mediado por Serino Proteases tal como a MASP-2. O complexo MBL/MASP-2 é responsável pela formação da C3 convertase C4bC2b. Os níveis séricos de MBL e a MASP-2 (genes MBL2 e MASP-2, respectivamente) são geneticamente determinados, e podem ser influenciados pela presença de polimorfismos em um único nucleotídeo SNPs em genes codificadores destas proteínas. OBJETIVO: Determinar os níveis séricos e polimorfismos gênicos da MBL e MASP-2 em uma amostra da população brasileira. MÉTODOS: 294 amostras de doadores de sangue [mediana = 36,51 ± 10,56; 18-63 anos; 91/294 (30,95%) sexo feminino, 203/294 (69,05%) sexo masculino] foram genotipadas para os SNPs do éxon 1 (MBL2): SNPs localizados nos códons 52 (ArgCys), 54 (GlyAsp) e 57 (GlyGlu) e SNP Asp371Tyr (D371Y, A>C ) do gene da MASP-2 (éxon 9). Foi utilizado o ensaio de temperatura de dissociação para éxon 1 (MBL2) e sequenciamento direto dos promoters (H/L, X/Y e P/Q, nas posições -550, -221 e +4, respectivamente). A combinação das variantes do éxon 1 MBL2 foram agrupadas e denominadas alelo O e o genótipo selvagem foi denominado A. O éxon 9 da MASP-2 foi genotipado através da plataforma TaqMan. RESULTADOS: MBL2: 58,5% A/A, 36,39% A/O e 5,1% O/O; promoters: 13% H/H, 39% H/L, 48% L/L; 2% X/X, 26% X/Y, 72% Y/Y; 52% P/P, 37% P/Q, 11% Q/Q; haplótipos encontrados: 15% LXPA, 28% HYPA, 8% LYQO, 12% LYPO, 11% LYPA, 22% LYQA e 4% HYPO. Quanto à produção, 56,12% produziram altos níveis de MBL, 30,61% níveis médios e 13,27% níveis baixos ou insuficientes de MBL. Para MASP-2: 38,78% A/A, 44,56% A/C e 16,67% C/C. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência (5,1%) SNP O/O do éxon 1 (MBL2) está de acordo com a literatura brasileira, é semelhante à européia (4%) e japonesa (5%), menor que a africana (10-14%). Níveis séricos de MBL corresponderam aos genótipos determinados. Esta é a primeira avaliação da frequência do SNP D371Y do gene MASP-2 em uma população brasileira. Os resultados deste trabalho fornecem subsídios para estudos sobre repercussão de MBL e MASP-2 em situações clínicas / BACKGROUND: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a protein that recognizes carbohydrates on microbial surface leading to complement activation. This process is mediated by MBL-associated serine proteases, such as MASP-2. MBL/MASP-2 complex is responsible for generating the C3 convertase C4bC2b. Both MBL and MASP-2 levels are genetically determined, and can be influenced by the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding for these proteins (namely MBL2 and MASP-2). OBJTECTIVE: to determine MBL and MASP-2 serum levels and the frequencies of MBL2 and MASP-2 gene polymorphisms in a Brazilian population sample. METHODS: 294 blood donor samples [median age = 36.51 ± 10.56 years, range 18-63, 91/294 (31%) females and 203/294 (69%) males] were genotyped for MBL2 exon 1 SNPs: single point mutation in codon 52 (ArgCys), 54 (GlyAsp) and 57 (GlyGlu), and MASP-2 polymorphism Asp371Tyr (D371Y, A>C) (exon 9). A melting temperature assay was used to perform the genotyping of MBL2 SNPs. The combination of variants of MBL2 were grouped together as allele O, wild types were indicated as A. Exon 1 promoters were evaluated by direct genotype sequencing- alleles H/L, X/Y and P/Q (positions -550, -221 and +4, respectively). MASP-2 exon 9 genotyping was performed by using TaqMan pre-developed assay. RESULTS: MBL2: 58.5% A/A, 36.39% A/O, 5.1% O/O; promoters: 13% H/H, 39% H/L, 48% L/L; 2% X/X, 26% X/Y, 72% Y/Y; 52% P/P, 37% P/Q, 11% Q/Q; haplotypes: 15% LXPA, 28% HYPA, 8% LYQO, 12% LYPO, 11% LYPA, 22% LYQA and 4% HYPO. MASP-2: 38.78% A/A, 44.56% A/C and 16.67% C/C. CONCLUSION: The prevalence (5.1%) of O/O genotype of MBL2 exon 1 SNPs in our population is in accordance with Brazilian reports, similar to European (4%) and Japanese (5%); lower than Africans (10-14%). There is a correlation between MBL serum levels and genotyping. Moreover, this is the first report of D371Y MASP-2 polymorphism frequency in a Brazilian population. Our data may contribute to new insights on the role of MBL and MASP-2 in clinical conditions

A asma ocupacional é a forma mais comum de doença pulmonar relacionada ao trabalho e vários dos casos reportados estão correlacionados à exposição de proteases. A serino protease subtilisina foi bastante utilizada na década de 60 e foi a principal responsável pela alta incidência de asma na indústria de detergente. Este projeto visou a desenvolver um modelo murino de inflamação alérgica pulmonar à subtilisina e caracterizar os mecanismos principais envolvidos nessa resposta. A sensibilização e desafio com subtilisina induziu doença alérgica pulmonar, verificada pela eosinofilia às vias aéreas, produção de muco, IgE total, hiper reatividade brônquica e produção de citocinas tipo II no pulmão. Estas respostas foram dependentes da atividade enzimática da subtilisina, PAR-2, receptor de IL-33 ST2, IL-1R e da sinalização via MyD88. Em conjunto, nossos resultados estabelecem um novo modelo experimental de asma ocupacional induzida por subtilisina e fornece os principais mecanismos moleculares responsáveis pela inflamação alérgica. / Occupational asthma is the most common form of pulmonary disease related to work. Most of occupational asthma cases reported are strictly correlated with proteases exposure. Serine protease subtilisin was widely used in the detergent industry during the 60s, which resulted in increased incidence of occupational asthma. We aimed to develop and characterize a murine model of occupational asthma using subtilisin as allergen. Briefly, sensitization and challenge with subtilisin triggered lung allergic inflammation, as accessed by eosinophilic influx to the airways, mucus production, and increased levels of type II cytokines. Subtilisin induced total IgE and airway hyperactivity. Allergic responses to subtilisin were dependent on its serine protease activity, protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, IL-33 receptor ST2, IL-1R, and Myd88 signaling. Together, these data establish a new murine model of occupational asthma induced by subtilisin and provide the main molecular mechanisms responsible for allergic inflammation.