Most individuals with chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, and type 2 diabetes, were diagnosed in their late adulthood. The fact that these chronic diseases is a consequence of long-term unhealthy behaviors is often ignored. The unhealthy behaviors are often traced back to the young adulthood (age 18-25). Some young adults may participate in unhealthy behaviors, such as unhealthy diet, under the perception that they are “still young”. However, it is often overlooked that once a habit is established, it is difficult to eliminate or modify it. Furthermore, the awareness that the development of the chronic disease is a gradual progress is deficient. This enhances the perception that doing unhealthy behaviors is benign to the “young body”. Additionally, individuals in this age group start to live independently. Their existing behaviors may change due to the changes in the available resources. Lack of capability to cope with the transition from living at home to living independently has been shown to contribute to an unhealthy diet, especially among college students. Given that unhealthy diet behaviors in young adulthood often remains over the lifetime, there is a need in identifying the factors that motivate the food choices during the transition from high school into college life. The findings of this research suggest that the campus environment is not conducive to a healthy diet. When compared to the students who live on-campus, students who live offcampus (either live with or without family) reported a better dietary quality.

La mise en œuvre de programmes de santé publique complexes est particulièrement délicate en milieu scolaire. Des différences sont fréquemment observées entre ce qui était attendu du programme et ce qui en résulte en réalité. Ces différences sont dues à un certain nombre de facteurs contextuels, en lien avec les caractéristiques propres du milieu, de la communauté et des acteurs concernés. Développer des programmes de prévention efficaces, implique de prendre en compte l’impact de ces facteurs sur le processus d’implantation des projets. Par conséquent, il convient de s’intéresser à deux questions majeures : la première est celle de la transférabilité des programmes, dont les effets sont difficiles à prévoir dans une telle variabilité contextuelle. La seconde question concerne la généralisation à l’échelon régional ou national de la mise en œuvre de tels programmes de prévention en milieu scolaire qui, loin d’être une évidence, est également sujette à de nombreux déterminants variables en fonction des situations. Alors que l’implantation et la mise en œuvre des programmes est un champ largement investigué dans le soin comme dans le management, il s’agit d’un champ de recherche en expansion dans le domaine de la prévention, de l’éducation à la santé et de la promotion de la santé. Cette thèse propose de s’intéresser aux modalités d’implantation des programmes avec un objectif double : une visée épistémique par une réflexion théorique sur les concepts à mobiliser, puis une confrontation empirique de cette approche dans trois études ; une visée transformative s’appuyant sur des propositions d’opérationnalisation de notre approche. Chaque étude contribuera à explorer et expliciter un aspect de l’implantation : des processus générés, aux effets observés, en prenant en compte les facteurs déterminants en jeu. Les résultats de ce travail mettent l’accent sur le fait que les caractéristiques initiales des différents contextes ont un impact majeur sur le processus d’implantation, à différents niveaux de mise en œuvre. Les interactions entre les facteurs sont complexes, elles s’inscrivent dans des boucles d’action-rétroaction. L’introduction d’un programme dans un contexte peut agir comme un révélateur de certaines conditions favorables ou défavorables, un élément perturbateur imposant de nouvelles contraintes, ou, au contraire, un nouvel élan stimulant la motivation des équipes. Il apparaît que les programmes sont « instrumentalisés » par les acteurs pour servir leurs propres objectifs en fonction des conditions de départ. Il s’agit par conséquent de questionner le statut et le potentiel des programmes implantés au sein de contextes d’une extrême complexité. Nous ne prônons pas un changement de paradigme, mais plutôt un déplacement du curseur d’une focalisation sur l’amélioration de la fidélité avec laquelle les programmes sont mis en œuvre, vers un ancrage fort dans les différents contextes. Cette stratégie nous semble particulièrement adaptée à une démarche de réduction des inégalités sociales de santé. Dans cette perspective, nous proposons l’élaboration de « patterns » d’implantation sur la base d’une analyse détaillée des éléments déterminants préexistant dans les contextes considérés. Pour développer cette approche, il est nécessaire de poursuivre les recherches afin d’analyser les combinaisons de facteurs contextuels dans différents types d’écoles comme dans d’autres milieux. / Implementing health-related interventions is challenging in school settings. Discrepancies, between expected and actual programme outcomes, are often reported. They are, at least partly, due to contextual factors in the setting, the community and the stakeholders involved. The impact of these factors sets two challenges for the development of successful health promotion programmes: first, transferability and generalization, as end effects are in reality difficult to predict; second, the scaling up of interventions cannot be taken for granted, as the determinants involved are numerous and variable, depending on situations. While implementation research is substantial in healthcare or management, it is an emerging and growing field in health promotion. This work proposes to produce knowledge on implementation in health promotion, with a twofold approach based on a theoretical reflection, and its confrontation with three empirical studies. Each study contributes to understand a different aspect of implementation, namely the processes involved, the outputs resulting from the process and the influential factors in play. Findings put forward that specific characteristics of the context, which exist prior to implementation, influence the implementation process greatly, on various levels and according to complex loops of interactions. The new programme introduced sometimes acts as a revealer, a constraint, or a motivator. It is used as a tool, a guideline or a vision, depending on initial conditions, expectations and potentiality of the context of implementation. This work also discusses the way in which school stakeholders tend to “instrumentalize” programmes and guidelines for their own purpose. Questioning the design, status and potentiality of programmes is essential. Rather than proposing a paradigm shift, our suggestion is to move towards implementation research and programme design that focus on interactions between contexts and programmes, to reduce health inequities. It is about moving the cursor from evidence-base and fidelity, to a focus on contextual influencing implementation. Implementation patterns, based on a detailed understanding of contextual factors, could serve as guiding directions to support the implementation process, in a transformational change perspective. More research is needed on combinations of contextual factors in different types of school, and other types of settings, to further develop the approach presented in this work.

<p>This thesis investigates the use of word order variation, in particular the variable use of subject-verb inversion and non-inversion in main declarative clauses, among adolescents in contemporary multilingual settings in Sweden. The use of non-inversion in contexts that in standard Swedish require inversion is sometimes claimed to be characteristic of varieties of Swedish spoken among adolescents in multilingual urban areas. The present study includes a wide range of data, both spontaneous and elicited, and explores how common the use of non-inversion is among a relatively large group of participants in different contexts, and how the use of non-inversion is influenced by different demographic, linguistic and socio-pragmatic factors.</p><p>The results show that non-inversions are used to a limited extent in all types of data in the studied population. Only certain individuals frequently employ non-inversions in some contexts. Further, no direct link is found between second language acquisition and the use of non-inversion in this study. Factors related to the issue of nativeness, for example participants’ reported age of onset of Swedish acquisition, only marginally explain the results. In general, examples of non-inversion are employed more extensively, and by more participants, in peer-peer interaction than with adults. The use of non-inversion appears to be part of some adolescents’ spontaneous language use in certain contexts. More importantly, however, the results suggest that some adolescents employ non-inversions as an active linguistic resource to express their identification with the multilingual environment and the different varieties of Swedish spoken there, to show solidarity with peers, to contest official school discourses, and to play around with linguistic stereotypes.</p>

<p>This thesis uses geodetic satellite data to measure present-day crustal deformation in the Zagros fold-thrust belt (SW Iran). Geodetic-type measurements are also used in down-scaled models that simulate the surface deformations seen in convergent settings like the Zagros fold-thrust belt.</p><p>Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of three surveys between 1998 and 2001 indicate 9 ± 3 mm/yr and 5 ± 3 mm/yr shortening across the SE and NW Zagros respectively. GPS results show that in addition to the different rates and directions of shortening on either side of the NS trending Kazerun fault, local along-belt extension occurs to the east. </p><p>Differential SAR interferograms of ERS1 & 2 images between 1992 and 1999 detect 8 ± 4 mm/yr uplift rate across a newly recognized fault in SW Qeshm Island. This can be attributed to a steep imbricate thrust that may still represent the local Zagros deformation front.</p><p>The salt diapirs in the Zagros rise from a source layer that acts as a low-frictional decollement that decouples the deformation of the cover sediments from their basement in the eastern Zagros whereas the cover to the west deforms above a high-friction decollement. Physical models were prepared to simulate cover deformation in the Zagros by shortening a sand pack above adjacent high- and low-frictional decollements (represented by a ductile layer). The strain distributions differed above the two types of decollements; it was more heterogeneous above the salt where local extension in the shortening direction was dominant. A separate work also investigated systematically the role of basal friction on cover deformation in convergent settings. Accurate height measurements of the model surface by laser-scanner indicated a deformation front more distal than usual, particularly in the low-basal frictional models. The volume reduction in our shortened sand models correlated directly with their basal friction.</p>

<p><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><font face="Times New Roman">Aim</font><font face="Times New Roman">: To obtain baseline data on adherence levels and the major determinants of adherence among patients on HAART at Rundu Hospital, Namibia.</font></b></font></p> </font></p>

This thesis uses geodetic satellite data to measure present-day crustal deformation in the Zagros fold-thrust belt (SW Iran). Geodetic-type measurements are also used in down-scaled models that simulate the surface deformations seen in convergent settings like the Zagros fold-thrust belt. Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of three surveys between 1998 and 2001 indicate 9 ± 3 mm/yr and 5 ± 3 mm/yr shortening across the SE and NW Zagros respectively. GPS results show that in addition to the different rates and directions of shortening on either side of the NS trending Kazerun fault, local along-belt extension occurs to the east. Differential SAR interferograms of ERS1 &amp; 2 images between 1992 and 1999 detect 8 ± 4 mm/yr uplift rate across a newly recognized fault in SW Qeshm Island. This can be attributed to a steep imbricate thrust that may still represent the local Zagros deformation front. The salt diapirs in the Zagros rise from a source layer that acts as a low-frictional decollement that decouples the deformation of the cover sediments from their basement in the eastern Zagros whereas the cover to the west deforms above a high-friction decollement. Physical models were prepared to simulate cover deformation in the Zagros by shortening a sand pack above adjacent high- and low-frictional decollements (represented by a ductile layer). The strain distributions differed above the two types of decollements; it was more heterogeneous above the salt where local extension in the shortening direction was dominant. A separate work also investigated systematically the role of basal friction on cover deformation in convergent settings. Accurate height measurements of the model surface by laser-scanner indicated a deformation front more distal than usual, particularly in the low-basal frictional models. The volume reduction in our shortened sand models correlated directly with their basal friction.

This thesis investigates the use of word order variation, in particular the variable use of subject-verb inversion and non-inversion in main declarative clauses, among adolescents in contemporary multilingual settings in Sweden. The use of non-inversion in contexts that in standard Swedish require inversion is sometimes claimed to be characteristic of varieties of Swedish spoken among adolescents in multilingual urban areas. The present study includes a wide range of data, both spontaneous and elicited, and explores how common the use of non-inversion is among a relatively large group of participants in different contexts, and how the use of non-inversion is influenced by different demographic, linguistic and socio-pragmatic factors. The results show that non-inversions are used to a limited extent in all types of data in the studied population. Only certain individuals frequently employ non-inversions in some contexts. Further, no direct link is found between second language acquisition and the use of non-inversion in this study. Factors related to the issue of nativeness, for example participants’ reported age of onset of Swedish acquisition, only marginally explain the results. In general, examples of non-inversion are employed more extensively, and by more participants, in peer-peer interaction than with adults. The use of non-inversion appears to be part of some adolescents’ spontaneous language use in certain contexts. More importantly, however, the results suggest that some adolescents employ non-inversions as an active linguistic resource to express their identification with the multilingual environment and the different varieties of Swedish spoken there, to show solidarity with peers, to contest official school discourses, and to play around with linguistic stereotypes.

Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka olika professioners synpunkter, erfarenheter och upplevelser av det samverkansarbete som pågår mellan förskola och barnhälsovård i Karlskrona kommun och vilken betydelse samverkansarbetet har haft för det lokala samarbetet, för deras professionella utveckling och kompetens samt på vilket sätt samverkansarbetet har påverkat arbetsformer och arbetets innehåll. Metod Studien hade en kvalitativ ansats med fokusgruppintervjuer som metod. Fyra fokusgruppintervjuer genomfördes med 21 respondenter från barnavårdcentraler och förskolor i Karlskrona kommun. Respondenterna representerades av sex olika professioner; distriktssköterskor, förskollärare, specialpedagoger, barnskötare, avdelningschefer och rektorer. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes som analysmetod. Resultat Analysen resulterade i ett tema och 13 kategorier med fokus på samverkan, samarbete och samsyn. Temat fångade respondenternas positiva inställning och vilja att samarbeta, samtidigt som de önskade bättre förutsättningar i form av tillräckligt med tid och struktur samt att arbetsledningen visar att de stödjer och prioriterar samarbete. Relationer har skapats, de olika professionerna har bytt erfarenheter och kompetenser och lärt sig tillsammans. Samsyn har utvecklats vilket påverkat arbetets innehåll i vardagen med barn och föräldrar. Samarbetet har blivit olika etablerat i de geografiska områdena. Slutsats Slutsatserna är att samverkansarbetet mellan barnhälsovård och förskola i Karlskrona kommun har haft betydelse för utveckling av det lokala samarbetet, arbetsformer och arbetets innehåll samt för personalens professionella utveckling och kompetens. Resultatet gav viktig information och kunskap om olika professioners synpunkter, upplevelser och erfarenheter av samverkansarbetet. Kunskapen är värdefull i fortsatt utvecklingsarbete för en hållbar samverkan med syftet att främja barns hälsa. Denna studie som är en del i en mer omfattande uppföljning inriktade sig på professionen. I det fortsatta uppföljningsarbetet är det betydelsefullt att också ta del av föräldrarnas synpunkter och upplevelser av samarbetet mellan barnhälsovård och förskola. / Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine different professional’s views and experiences of the collaboration work that is going on between preschool and child health care in the municipality of Karlskrona and what impact it has had for the local cooperation-, their professional development and competence, and how it has affected the work and its content. Method The study had a qualitative approach with focus group interview as method for the data collection. Four focus group interviews were carried out with 21 respondents from child health care centres and preschools in the municipality of Karlskrona. The respondents were represented by six different professions; district nurses, preschool teachers, special education teachers, child minders, department heads and headmasters. Qualitative content analysis was used as a method of analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in one theme and 13 different categories with focus on collaboration, cooperation and common foundations. The theme captures the respondents positive attitude and willingness to cooperate, while they at the same time wished better conditions in terms of enough time and structure and that the staff managers clearly shows that they support and give priority to cooperation. A bridge has started to be built over the gap between the two health promoting settings. Relationships have been created, the different professionals have exchanged experiences and competences, and have learned together. A common foundation that affects the daily work content with children and parents has been evolved. The cooperation has been established at different levels in the geographical areas Conclusion The conclusion is that the collaboration work between child health care and preschool in the municipality of Karlskrona has influenced the development of local cooperation, professional development and competence, the work and its content. The result gave important knowledge of the professionals’ views and experiences of the collaboration process. This knowledge is valuable for further development of sustainable collaboration with the aim to promote children´s health. The study, which is a part of a more extensive follow-up, was focused on the professionals. In further studies it is also important to take in consideration the parents' views and experiences of the cooperation between child health care and preschool.

Environmental awareness and uncertainty about continued supply of fossil fuel has given rise to the renewable energy movement. Wind based power generation has been at the forefront of the motion to integrate distributed energy sources in the traditional power system. Due to various technical restrictions, wide scale penetration of wind generated power has been held back by most utilities. One such restriction is the variability of generation due to the technology’s dependence on Mother Nature. Energy storage devices can complement the wind generators by reducing this variability. These devices can store excess generation for supply during low generation periods. There are several promising technologies for both energy storage and power storage applications. Power storage devices provide short term fluctuation dampening capability while energy storage devices allow longer term storage. Pumped hydro, Vanadium Redox battery and Sodium-Sulphur battery are some of the viable energy storage technologies. This project provides a set of algorithms and guidelines to obtain the optimal configuration parameters of an energy storage device. To verify the efficiency of the algorithms, a model system has been obtained from a local utility. This system represents a typical radial distribution system in rural Ontario. The load demand, wind speed and energy prices for a period of one year have been obtained from utilities and Environment Canada. The main goal in determining the location of the storage device within a distribution system is to minimize the total cost of energy and the total energy loss during the period of analysis. Locating the storage device near the wind turbines or near the largest loads lead to the optimum results. Buses that are located near those elements can be considered as suitable locations for the storage device. The energy storage capacity and charge-discharge rate of the storage device are selected based on four criteria: maximize wind turbines’ load following capability, maximize capacity factors of the wind turbines, minimize system energy losses and minimize system energy costs. A weight based multi-objective optimization algorithm has been proposed to assign various priorities to these criteria and obtain a single solution. The larger the energy storage capacity of the storage device, the better the improvement in system performance. Lower charge-discharge ramp rates provide superior results. The parameters for storage device operating schedule, i.e. charge-discharge trigger levels, have been selected using similar criteria and weighted objective approach as for the capacity selection process. Higher charge trigger levels and moderate discharge trigger levels provide the optimum system performance. Once a set of parameters for the storage device has been selected, bus voltages over the period of study are analyzed. Voltage variations outside certain limits have been identified. Finally, a Monte Carlo based simulation approach is presented to obtain output parameter (system performance) variation ranges for pseudo random changes in input parameters.

After opening of China‟s borders to foreign trade and investment, over the last decades, a growing number of foreign company‟s attention has been drawn to China due to the immense market potential, and a huge source of cheap labor. Swedish industry, however, is not an exception from this tremendous trend in the world, as their recent acquisitions have given access to production facilities in China. This transfer of product/production from Sweden to China has emerged two major concerns including Design and Manufacturing (DM) interaction between geographically distant settings, in conjunction with inter-cultural considerations. Lately, the concept of interaction between DM has been growing in the scholar thoughts. Typically, different challenges such as different personalities and cultural differences exist towards having an enhanced collaboration during the development process. This study uses a framework for integration mechanisms which comprises number of approaches such as DfX, CE, cross-functional teams, and modern quality management. Second, this study by carrying out 6 interviews within the Chinese plants in four Swedish-Chinese based companies identifies the main challenges of interaction of design in Sweden and manufacturing in China (2 pilot companies and 2 target companies). The most frequent challenges are spotted as cultural clashes, ineffective collaboration, frustrating verification process, inadequate management system, and lack of technical knowledge. By including cultural attributes, a literature based classification is adopted to classify the determined challenges. Eventually, this study comes up with suggestions for managing challenges associated with geographical distance. More face-to-face interactions instead of electronic communications in order to have a better insight to the cultural differences (such as trust, lose face, and direct/indirect confrontation), cross-functional integrations, localizing the verification process, facilitating the early involvement of suppliers, rotation of the expertise across projects, use of DfA index, and function-wise motivation system, are stated in our recommendations to cope with these challenges. Besides, the influence of reward system on challenges of dispersed settings, is proposed to be investigated for further studies.