Chat communication has been investigated within the frames of 5thD (Fifth Dimension). The study is based in field-material from two chat sessions, between children in Ronneby-Barcelona and Ronneby-Denver. During the chats there was plenty of interaction between children and, assistants, which is illustrated with the help of patterns of communication. The analysis of the data shows that chat is more than an interaction between two persons, it even connects two social settings. The thesis also deals with the question of how to create meaningful chat, since this did not occur in an entirely satisfactory way during the above-mentioned chats.

Leisure time is an important part of young people’s lives. Despite this, leisure-time settings have hitherto had only a minor role in setting-based health-promotion initiatives. Improving adolescents’ quality of leisuretime activities can reduce social differences in health, thus youth-centers can be appropriate settings for promoting health. However, young people with immigrant backgrounds participate less in organized leisure-time activities. The overall aim of this study is to explore young people’s leisure time as their health-promotion setting in two NGO-run youth-centers in multicultural, socially deprived suburbs in Sweden. This study took a practice-based approach using a mixture of methods in close collaboration with the youth-centers. Data collection was done through surveys with young people (n = 207) and interviews with young people and leaders (n = 16). Study I, about who participates in youthcenter activities, used an explanatory mixed method. Study II, about the youth-centers’ strategies, used an explorative qualitative method with an inductive content analysis. This study shows that youth-centers have great potential to be a healthpromotion setting if their strategies include some important factors, both in theory and in daily practice. To be a health-promotion setting, a youthcenter needs to be open and inclusive for its target group, foster supportive relationships, emphasize youth empowerment, and integrate family, school, and community in its strategies. Local knowledge about young people's backgrounds, needs, interests, and motivations to attend youth-center activities – as well as good contact with young people's families – is important because it can increase participation in leisure-time activities for young people in multicultural and socio- economically disadvantaged neighborhoods and can thus help to reduce social inequalities in health.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The mental health care environment is a stressful environment because of the environment, perceived unpreparedness of students and the emotional demands placed on the students which are inherent in the nature of the work. The use of the self as a therapeutic tool also presents challenges for students. Whilst researchers have identified supportive interventions and strategies to address students support needs in mental health care settings, these interventions/strategies focus on meeting clinical learning objectives with the assumption that if the student learning needs are met, they will feel emotionally supported. Literature and experience indicates that it is imperative that in this field of study, students should be prepared to cope emotionally with the demands of mental health work. The aim of this research was to develop a model of emotional support for student nurses working in mental health care settings. A theory-generating design based on a qualitative, explorative and descriptive research approach was used to achieve the aim of the study. Purposive sampling was employed to select participants namely: students, educators and clinical staff who met the eligibility criteria. A sample of 40 students, nine educators and nine clinical staff who worked in the four psychiatric hospitals and community mental health clinics in the Western Cape participated in the study. Data collection was by means of focus group interviews (students) and indepth individual interviews (educators and clinical staff). Data was analysed by means of Tesch’s method of content analysis. The model was developed by means of the four steps of the theory generation process. Step one was concept development which consisted of two sub-steps namely concept identification and concept definition. A total of 22 concepts were identified which was further synthesised into six main concepts. The main concepts which were used to develop the model were: positive self-concept; positive work environment; academic and professional development; effective communication; formal and informal supportive interventions and collaboration between the Higher Education Institution and the mental health care setting. Step two of the theory generating process was model development. These main concepts were placed in relation with each other which formed an emotional support model for students working in mental health care settings. Step three was model description. The model was described using the three phases of interpersonal communication namely orientation phase, working phase and the termination phase. A visual application of the model which depicts the main concepts, the process and the context was shown. Step four dealt with the development of the guidelines for the implementation of the emotional support model. A critical reflection of the model was done using five criteria for model evaluation according to Chinn & Kramer. Trustworthiness of the data was ensured by means of applying Guba’ model of truth value, applicability, consistency and neutrality. Reflexivity was used by the researcher to further enhance trustworthiness. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the relevant authorities. The ethical principles of respect for human dignity, beneficence and justice were applied throughout the study. Limitations were identified and ecommendations for nursing practice, education concluded the study.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor kan drabbas av arbetsrelaterad stress, vilket innebär attindividen inte har tillräckliga resurser att hantera påfrestning som härstammar frånarbetet. Den arbetsrelaterade stressen skulle kunna resultera i bristandepatientsäkerhet. Sjuksköterskan förhåller sig till arbetsrelaterade stressorer genomatt anpassa sig kognitivt och beteendemässigt med emotionsfokuserade ochproblemfokuserade copingstrategier. Syfte: Att genom sammanställning avkvalitativ vetenskaplig litteratur undersöka hur sjuksköterskor uppleveranvändningen av copingstrategier i samband med arbetsrelaterad stress inomsluten vård. Metod: En litteraturstudie med tolv artiklar av kvalitativ ansatsgenomfördes. Sökningarna utfördes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL ochPsycINFO. Artiklarna analyserades och tematiserades därefter till ett egetkodningssystem. Resultat: Fyra huvudteman sammanställdes: tekniker för atthantera stress, förhållningssätt för att hantera stress, stöd för att hantera stress, ochavslappningsmetoder. Dessa hade tillsammans tolv underteman, vilka innefattadekortsiktiga och långsiktiga copingstrategier som både kunde vara positiva ochnegativa för den psykiska hälsan. Konklusion: Det framkommer attcopingstrategier är viktiga för hanteringen av arbetsrelaterad stress, men att det ärviktigt att veta vilka copingstrategier som skulle kunna leda till negativa utfall förden psykiska hälsan, samt ta reda på vilka som passar för den enskildasjuksköterskan. / Background: Nurses can suffer from occupational stress, which means that theindividual lacks sufficient resources to manage strain arising from work. Theoccupational stress could result in poor patient safety. The nurse responds to thestressors by adapting cognitively and behaviorally with emotion-focused orproblem-focused coping strategies. Aim: To examine how nurses perceive the useof coping strategies in relation to occupational stress in inpatient settings bycompiling qualitative scientific literature. Method: A literature study with twelvearticles of qualitative approach was conducted. The searches were carried out inthe PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases. The articles were then analyzedand thematized into a coding system designed by the authors. Findings: Fourmain themes were compiled: techniques to handle stress, approaches to handlestress, support to handle stress, and relaxation methods. These together had twelvesub-themes. All themes included short-term and long-term coping strategies thatcould be both positive and negative for mental health. Conclusion: Copingstrategies are important for coping with occupational stress, but it is alsoimportant to know which coping strategies can lead to negative outcomes formental health, and to find out which ones suit the individual nurse.

In a Romantic song cycle or songbook, songs tend to share many common ideas because they are used to set to the poems from one collection written or collected by one author. Many composers designed the same motivic or structural elements to a group of songs for unity, and sometimes they made chronological narratives for the series of poems. Music theorists have tried to find out a way of giving a sense of unity or narrative to the songs in a song cycle or songbook by analyzing its musical language and text setting. They have suggested plausible explanations for the relationships among the songs in a song cycle or songbook, and some theorists have traced the tonal movements and provided a visual explanation for them. Hugo Wolf's two volumes of the Italienisches Liederbuch (1890-91, 1896) were set to the forty-six poems from Paul Heyse's well-selected works. Wolf's way of selecting poems from Heyse's collection seems inconsistent, and his song ordering in the both volumes does not show evident rules. However, a closer study for relationships between the songs could widen our perspective to comprehend the whole songbook as a unified storyline. This study selected the first four songs from each volume of the Italienisches Liederbuch, and analyzed the eight songs in a traditional way, accounting for harmony, motivic feature, tonal movement, form, and text setting. The study finds that Wolf used the third relationships among the songs to convey a storyline in his order of the songs, and especially exploited the direction of thirds for his own narrative. While this may only be a pilot study with partial results, it can serve as a stimulus for a comprehensive study of factors that provide unity in the cycle as a whole.

Although ingratiatory behaviors have been investigated by social psychologists for almost twenty-five years, and have been discussed as being used in organizational settings as an upward influence strategy, few empirical studies have explored the use of ingratiation in organizations. The intent of this study has been to empirically investigate the use of ingratiatory behaviors in organizational settings. In doing so, a theory-based rationale for the occurrence of ingratiatory behaviors in organizational settings was developed. The framework developed for this study examined ingratiation as both an individually initiated and organizationally induced behavior. Next, a scale was developed to measure the frequency with which employees resort to ingratiatory behaviors in relationships with their superiors. Finally, a series of research propositions about the occurrence of ingratiatory behaviors in organizations were tested across a variety of organizational settings.

To perform lane-change maneuvers safely, sufficient distance to the subsequent traffic is required. In the present study distance estimations to the subsequent vehicle (Experiment 1) and lane-change decisions (Experiment 2) were gathered in dependency of left wing-mirror settings: Different vertical settings resulted in low and high vehicle positions with less or more pavement visible in the mirror. Additionally, the visibility or non-visibility of the observer's rear door was varied. Findings indicated that a low vertical position of the following vehicle in the mirror and a visible rear door lead to shorter distance estimations and more cautious lane-change decisions than a high vertical position and a non-visible rear door. Consequently, wing-mirror settings are important for traffic safety.

Nowadays persists a trend of moving interpersonal communication into the online environment. By the reason of the social networks and social network's services. Many users doesn't perceive threats connected with presence in internet environment. This thesis is focused on the analysis of the user's account privacy settings followed by the evaluation of these settings. The goal is to develop and create a tool providing ability to evaluate privacy settings of the user's account, eventually recommend more suitable settings given to user privacy. To achieve these goals is necessary to use a suitable model performing privacy evaluation. The output of the thesis will consist of a proposal and implementation of tool performing analysis, evaluation and recommendation of how to improve the social network's privacy settings. Which should help users reduce the amount of privacy information leakage.

L’étude de la biomécanique de la locomotion en fauteuil roulant manuel (FRM) a pour objectif de limiter le risque d’apparitions de blessures du membre supérieur, en optimisant la facilité à se déplacer. De nombreuses études ont montré qu’un ajustement des réglages du FRM avait un impact sur la mobilité. Néanmoins, les modèles utilisés dans la littérature pour représenter les interactions « sujet-FRM » et « FRM-environnement » possédaient plusieurs limitations. Ainsi, l’objectif premier de la thèse était la mise en place d’un modèle musculo-squelettique du membre supérieur permettant de modéliser l’interaction entre le sujet et le FRM, en utilisant des méthodes expérimentales adaptées pour appliquer ce modèle. Le second objectif était de construire un modèle mécanique du FRM en mouvement permettant de calculer les forces de réaction entre le sol et les roues du FRM. Le dernier objectif était d’appliquer une procédure d’optimisation numérique des réglages du FRM incluant les modèles développés durant la thèse. Le modèle musculo-squelettique développé a permis d’analyser la biomécanique du membre supérieur lors de la locomotion en FRM chez les sujets recrutés lors des campagnes de mesures. L’optimisation des réglages du FRM a été mise en place à partir du modèle mécanique du FRM, permettant de confirmer l’influence de plusieurs réglages sur la mobilité en FRM. Enfin, des perspectives d’amélioration de la procédure d’optimisation des réglages ont été explorées, à partir d’algorithmes de génération prédictive du mouvement. / The study of manual wheelchair (MWC) locomotion biomechanics aims at lowering the risk of upper limbs injuries, by optimizing mobility. Several studies have showed that adjusting MWC settings had an impact on MWC mobility. However, the models used in the literature to depict the « user-MWC » and « MWC-floor » interactions had several limitations. Thus, the first aim of this thesis was to develop a musculoskeletal model of the upper limbs allowing to describe the « user-MWC » interaction, by using adapted experimental methods to apply this model. The second aim of the thesis was to implement a mechanical model of the MWC allowing to compute ground reaction forces during locomotion. The final aim of the thesis was to apply a numerical optimisation procedure, including the models developed during the thesis, to optimize MWC settings. The musculoskeletal model developed during the thesis allowed to analyze biomechanics of the upper limbs during MWC locomotion among subjects recruited during experimental sessions. The MWC settings optimization was implemented with the mechanical model developed during the thesis and confirmed the influence of various MWC settings on mobility. Eventually, improvement perspectives for the numerical optimization procedure of MWC settings were explored, based on predictive movement generation with optimal control algorithms.