The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the dominating discourse in the preliminary work of the Sex Purchase Act. In order to achieve the aim of this study we selected preliminary work of the Sex Purchase Act that was produced between 1977 and 1999. The selection is based on the fact that prostitution began to be recognized as a social problem and a gender equality issue between men and women in society. The ongoing debate during the chosen years resulted in the Sex Purchase Act, which was passed in 1999. By using discourse analysis as a methodological and theoretical approach, we have empirically studied and theoretically analyzed the dominating discourse in the preliminary work of the Sex Purchase Act. This study shows that the dominating discourse in the preliminary work is based on a perception that prostitution reflects violence against women, which prevents women and men from becoming equal in society. The dominating discourse in the preliminary work is characterized by a heteronormative standard and has influences that can be recognized as feminist ideology. The content in the dominating discourse is produced by people with high social status, which gives sex buyers and sex workers limited influence on how their categories are presented in the preliminary work.

Var tionde man i Sverige har någon gång köpt sex trots att detta är olagligt. Vill dessa män ha hjälp att sluta köpa sex, finns det begränsat med insatser som de kunde få. Syftet med denna studie var att få en överblick av vilken hjälp sexköpare i Dalarnas län, beläget i Sverige, kunde få på kommunal nivå vid studiens utförande. För att få en överblick intervjuades sex personer som var yrkesverksamma inom Socialtjänsten. Samtliga informanter ansåg att det fanns ett behov av att arbeta med sexköpare, men kommunerna hade olika uppfattningar om det är Socialtjänsten eller Regionen som hade det övergripande ansvaret över arbetet. / Every tenth Swedish man has at some point bought sex despite it being illegal. If these men wanted help to stop buying sex, there were few options. The purpose of this study was to get an overview of what kind of help sex buyers in the county of Dalarna, in Sweden, could get on a municipal level at the time of the study. To get the overview, interviews with six professionals in social services were conducted. All the informants agreed on that there was a need to work with and help sex buyers, but there were some different opinions on whether it was the social services or Region Dalarna (healthcare) who had the overall responsibility of the work.

The premise of this thesis was to investigate how one national news outlet (Dagens Nyheter) in Sweden portrayed sex workers and sex buyers in their article series Skuggsidan. The series, published in effect of a famous TV-persona’s sex buying scandal in May of 2020, included interviews with former female sex workers, two case worker from a help organization and one former male sex buyer. By adopting Fairclough’s three- dimensional model as method, the series was analysed and compared against the concept of folkhemmet as well as an intersectional and poststructuralist feminist theoretical framework. The analyses distinguished two main themes, indicating the series follows a traditional Swedish radical feminist view of sex buyers as deviant individuals with obscured ideas and sexual habits; and sex sellers as victims in need of rehabilitation and intervention. The analysis also pointed out a binary discourse of the sex worker and the sex buyer, where the man is the assumed buyers and the woman the assumed sellers, effectively excluding other gender identities from the narrative. Lastly, the series lacked intersectional sensitivity to multi-layered identities, specifically when it comes to migrant sex workers in Sweden. This thesis argues there is an urgent need for further empirical research to get a comprehensive and fair view of sex industry to address future challenges in the field.

Sexhandel har existerat sedan lång tid tillbaka och har alltid ansetts problematiskt på olika sätt. Sedan 1999 är sexköp förbjudet enligt lag (SFS 1962:700, 6 kap. 11 §) och anses av regeringen som en del av mäns våld mot kvinnor och mäns överordnade ställning i samhället. Nya siffror från folkhälsomyndigheten visar att en av tio män i Sverige någon gång betalat för en sexuell handling. Trots att sexhandel har både en säljande och en köpande sida har forskningen mestadels varit ensidig och fokuserat på de personer som säljer, vilket har lämnat den köpande sidan relativt outforskad. Media däremot belyser ämnet från båda sidor vilket ger dem stor makt att påverka samhällets syn på sexköpare. Samtidigt influeras media i stor utsträckning av samhällspolitiken och verkar reflekterande av rådande maktordningar. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka hur media framställer sexköpare samt hur sexköpsdiskursen speglar såväl könsnormer som genusrelaterade maktordningar.  Det teoretiska perspektivet utgår från Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys samt radikalfeministiskt teori och med Faircloughs tredimensionella modell har jag undersökt och analysera 153 artiklar från Dagens Nyheter och Aftonbladet mellan den 1 januari 2018 och 31 maj 2020. Studien visar att fyra olika deldiskurser går att urskilja i diskursen om sexköpare i media: (1) anonymisering av de sexköpande männen samt referensen till dem som ‘’vanliga’’ män, (2) beskrivning av dem som rovdjur, förövare och samvetslösa, (3) måla upp en bild av sexköpare som offer samt ge utrymme för medömkan och (4) användning av marknadsdiskurs. Analysen visar också att olika diskurser reflekterar könsnormer och rådande maktordningar till olika grad där vissa till och med verkar utmanande och följer lagens samt det radikalfeministiska perspektivet på sexköp. / Sex trafficking has existed for a long time and has always been considered problematic in various ways. Since 1999, the purchase of sex has been prohibited by law (SFS 1962: 700, Chapter 6, Section 11) and is considered by the government as part of men's violence against women and men's superior position in society. New figures from the public health authority shows that one in ten men in Sweden have paid for a sexual act. Despite the fact that the sex trade has both a selling and a buying side, the research has mostly been one-sided and focused on the people who sell, which has led to the buying side being relatively unexplored. Media, on the other hand, sheds light on both sides of the subject, which gives them power to influence society's view of sex buyers. At the same time, the media is to a large extent influenced by social policy and reflects the current power structures. The purpose of this paper is therefore to examine how the media portrays sex buyers and how the sex purchase discourse reflects both gender norms and gender-related power structures. The theoretical perspective is based on Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis and radical feminist theory. With Fairclough's three-dimensional model I have examined and analyzed 153 articles from Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet between 1 January 2018 and 31 May 2020. The study shows that four different sub-discourses can be distinguished in the discourse about sex buyers in media: (1) anonymization of men who buys sex and the reference to them as "ordinary" men, (2) the description of them as predators, perpetrators and conscienceless, (3) portraying sex buyers as victims and also provide space for compassion and (4) use of market discourse. The analysis also shows that different discourses reflect gender norms and current power structures to varying degrees, where some even act challenging and follows the law and the radical feminist perspective on sex purchases.

The aim of this study was to shed light on the phenomenon of sex purchase amongst men from the perspective of professionals working at KAST*. Our main research questions concerned who the sex-purchasing men are, what their incentives are and furthermore how the professionals depict their work with these clients. In order to examine this we conducted three qualitative research interviews. The theoretical framework used to examine our results consisted of social constructivism and professional acting space. Main results show, contrary to research, that the “typical” sex buyer does not exist, nor do specific motives. Instead, our interviewees prefer to speak of a mutual pattern amongst the sex buyers, referred to as an obsessive-compulsive sexual behaviour. In addition, our interviewees emphasize the importance of distinguishing between the act and the individual. Other findings show that although none of the units use evidence-based practice, all interviewees claim their methods are effective and moreover they all describe their professional acting space as almost unlimited. With our interviewees’ testimonies differing in several ways from the image of sex buyers common amongst the public and some researchers, we hope our findings can contribute to a more nuanced view of sex buyers.   * Abbreviation for the unit within the social services working with sex buyers

The purpose of this study is to explore professionals’ view on why men purchase sexual services with a focus on heterosexual prostitution where the man is the buyer and the woman is the seller. To achieve the studys’ purposes and to be able to examine professionals’ views a qualitative approach is taken with semi-structured interviews. Six professionals who work or have been working in the organisation KAST (Buyers of sexual services, own translation), who are situated in Malmö, Gothenburg and Stockholm, have been interviewed. To get wider empirical data, a leading researcher within the subject of matter has also been interviewed. Furthermore, the study is based on current and historical research that shows that prostitution is a subject influenced by traditional views, countries regulations and globalisation with changing fields. Previous research has showed that a main focus has been on women who sell sexual services, the man who exploits prostitutes and his causes are less explored. The theoretical approach of this study is the theory of sexual scripts. The result has been analysed through three different levels that the theory gives, which are a structural perspective, an interpersonal level and an individual level. The aim is to get a holistic view on the subject and have a more social constructed approach. Several explanatory models are used in the study to make it possible to further understand men’s reasoning to buy sexual services. The findings of this study show that professionals’ views on why men purchase sexual services differ and there is not just one reason behind men’s causes. This demonstrates the complexity behind the field of prostitution and shows that one can’t categorise the type of man who purchases sexual services.

Inledning: I och med den unika svenska sexköpslagen som infördes 1999 som innebär kriminalisering av köp av sexuella tjänster, har fokus hamnat på den köpande parten i prostitutionen. Vid sidan av kriminaliseringen framhålls vikten av att öka insatserna som riktas mot sexköparna. En av de befintliga insatserna för att bekämpa prostitution är psykoterapi/samtalsbehandling. Syftet med studien är att öka kunskapen om psykoterapi med målgruppen män som köper sexuella tjänster utifrån hur de behandlande psykoterapeuterna upplever behandlingsprocessen. Frågeställning: Hur upplever psykoterapeuter psykodynamiska terapier med män som köper sexuella tjänster? Metod: En kvalitativ metod med deskriptiv och explorativ ansats har använts. Sju psykoterapeuter som arbetar eller har arbetat med män som köper sexuella tjänster har intervjuats. Det transkriberade intervjumaterialet har analyserats med tematisk analys. Resultat: Studiens resultat presenteras med fyra teman där balansakt är ett övergripande tema. Förståelse med undertema förklaringsmodeller och förhållningssätt, förakt med undertema äckel, förförelse samt brottet. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuteras utifrån perversionsbegreppet. Motöverföringskänslor av förakt och äckel stämmer överens med tidigare forskning och teori. Temat förförelse diskuteras utifrån att det skulle kunna vara skamligt att som psykoterapeut känna sig förförd eller attraherad och förledd i relation till patienter. Balansgången mellan att acceptera och patologisera lagbrottet och det avvikande beteendet diskuteras. / Introduction: Sweden has since 1999 a prostitution legislation that prohibits sex purchase. Focus has shifted towards the buyer in prostitution. Apart from the criminalization of sexual purchase actions to reduce prostitution pointed at the buying part is highlighted. One of the available actions is psychotherapy. The objective of the study is to increase the knowledge about psychotherapy focused on males that purchase sexual services from the experience of psychotherapists treating them. Question: How do psychotherapists experience psychodynamic psychotherapy with men who buy sexual services? Method: A qualitative method with a descriptive and explorative onset has been used. Seven psychotherapists that work with or have worked with men that purchase sexual services have been interviewed. The transcribed material has been analyzed using thematic analysis. Result: The result of the study is presented with four themes with the balancing act as an overall theme; Understanding with sub-themes explanation models and approaches; Contempt with sub-theme disgust; Seduction and The crime. Discussion: The results are discussed from the perversion concept. Countertransference emotions of contempt and disgust agree with earlier studies and theories. The theme of seduction is discussed from the perspective that it is shameful for a psychotherapist to feel seduced or attracted and beguiled in relation to the patients. The line between accepting and pathologizing the illegality and the abnormal behavior is discussed.

Ambitionen med denna studie har varit att läsaren ska få en inblick i det våld som medföljer prostitution och att den överhängande risken för att utsättas för våld förekommer oavsett om kvinnan är verksam inom “off-street” eller “on-street” prostitution. Syftet har varit att utföra en jämförande studie av den utsatthet för våld av sexköpare som kvinnor verksamma i “off- street” respektive “on-street” prostitution upplever. Vidare användes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av svenska biografier om prostitution för att studera hur kvinnorna i prostitution beskrev sina möten med sexköpare. De huvudsakliga resultaten är att det råder skillnader i det våld som kvinnorna erfarit av sexköpare och hur de beskriver sina upplevelser. De rådande skillnaderna har berott på vilket verksamhetsområde kvinnan varit aktiv i. Utifrån biografierna framkom det att kvinnorna verksamma ”off-street” hade ett sexuellt självskadebeteende, att det kunde urskiljas en normaliseringsprocess av det upplevda våldet samt att kvinnorna inom ”on-street” har en ökad risk för att utsättas för viktimisering enligt livsstilsteorin. Slutsatserna i denna studie är att de teoretiska utgångspunkterna har en betydande roll gällande vilken form av våld kvinnorna får erfara av sexköpare. / The aim of this study was to provide the reader with an insight into the violence that accompanies prostitution and that the imminent risk of violence is present regardless of whether the woman is active in “off-street” or “on-street” prostitution. The purpose has been to carry out a comparative study of the vulnerability to violence by sex buyers that women in “off-street” and “on-street” prostitution experience. In addition, a qualitative content analysis of Swedish biographies on prostitution was used to study how women in prostitution described their meetings with sex buyers. The main results are that there are differences in the violence that women experience from sex buyers and how they describe their experiences. These differences depended on whether the women were active in “off-street” or “on-street” prostitution. Based on the biographies, it was found that the women in “off-street” had a sexual self-harm, that a normalization process of the experienced violence could be distinguished and that women active “on-street” have an increased risk of being victimized according to the lifestyle theory. The conclusions of this study are that the theoretical aspects have a significant role in what kind of violence women in prostitution experience from sex buyers.

I arbetet mot människohandel och prostitution understryks vikten av att minska efterfrågan på sexköp, det vill säga att få män sluta köpa sex. Med detta är det därför relevant att skapa en förståelse för hur man kan få sexköpare att ändra sitt beteende för att på så sätt stoppa den sexuella exploatering av kvinnor som sker genom sexhandel. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka yrkesverksammas erfarenheter av sexköpare som söker hjälp respektive sexköpare som inte gör det, för att skapa en förståelse för vad som gör att sexköpare ändrar sitt beteende. Studien bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med yrkesverksamma från hela Sverige, materialet har sedan analyserats med tematisk analys. I resultatet framgår det att det som upplevs vara betydande för en beteendeförändring hos män som köper sex är att skapa motivation samt medvetenhet hos männen. För att detta ska hända anses det vara betydelsefullt att komma åt sexköparnas kognitiva struktur som gör att de exempelvis rättfärdigar sitt beteende och där med fortsätter med beteendet. Vidare anses även att lära sig hantera sina känslor på ett hälsosamt sätt samt att det finns konsekvenser för sexköp vara betydande för att få män att sluta köpa sex. / In the fight against human trafficking and prostitution many emphasize the importance of working towards reducing the demand, in other words, decreasing the number of men who buy sex. Therefore, it can be considered important to create an understanding of how to get sex buyers to change their behavior and by doing so, stop the sexual exploitation of women through sex trade. The purpose of this study is to examine the experiences of professionals who meet sex buyers who get help changing their behavior and sex buyers who do not, in order to create an understanding what makes men who buy sex change their behavior according to professionals. The study is based on qualitative interviews with professionals from different parts of Sweden and has been analyzed using thematic analysis. The result confers the importance of creating motivation and awareness among sex buyers, in order to get them to change their behavior. To make this happen, it is considered important directing efforts to reconstruct the cognitive structure of the sex buyers, which for instance justifies their behavior and thereby counteract changing it. Furthermore, results from the interviews also indicated that it is important for the men to learn how to manage their emotions in a non-dysfunctional way, along with the existence of consequences for buying sex.

In previous studies, male sex buyers have been interviewed about their motives for buyingsex. Desire for power, control, realization of fantasies and the desire for mutual closenesshave been stated as driving forces. How these ideas are expressed in their proper context, inthe relationship with women in prostitution, seems to be largely lacking in research. Thepurpose of this study is to explore how heterosexual male sex buyers in Sweden communicatewith women in prostitution via chats published on the Instagram page #shittorskarsays3.0.How do they present themselves? What strategies do they use to get what they want? How dothey legitimize their actions for themselves? Using the perspective Response BasedApproach, the theory of hegemonic masculinity and the concept of space and thematicmethod, this study shows the following conclusions: Men present themselves according todifferent masculinity ideals such as aggression, control, power, virility and ideas about how agood man should be. The strategies men use to get their way are manipulation, threats andmental degradation. To legitimize their actions, they project their thoughts on the woman, askif she is doing it by free will and then choose not to listen to the answer.