The discovery of the variables that impact on the career aspirations of children is important in the development of effective programs and interventions. These variables can also serve as a basis to provide equal opportunities and to promote diversity in the work place. This study was driven by three primary areas of investigation. First, it sought to discover the perceived gender characteristics of selected occupations held by a group of children. Second, it sought to investigate in what ways the occupational patterns within the families of these children related to their perceptions of occupational gender characteristics. Third, it sought to explore in what ways the occupational preferences of these children related to their perceptions of occupational gender characteristics. A qualitative research design using multiple-case studies was utilized. Participants were selected from a pool of 76 fifth-grade students from a suburban elementary school. A purposive sample of 11 boys and 10 girls was selected from this pool for in-depth study. A structured interview schedule was the main source of data collection. Data analysis was based on the tenets of the grounded theory approach. This study revealed that these children assigned gender characteristics to occupations based on their underlying views of the meaning and character of femininity and masculinity. The occupational patterns in the families of these children were traditionally sex-typed and the boys perpetuated that pattern by selecting traditional occupations for themselves. The boys selected occupations which were congruent with their views of masculinity. Several of the girls broke away from the traditional sex-typed occupations of their mothers and aspired to nontraditional occupations. The girls who broke the traditional patterns were cognizant of the dominant social views and practices regarding gender-appropriate occupations. Nonetheless, they were undeterred in stating their aspirations of traditionally male occupations. / Ed. D.

The Hadza, residing near Lake Eyasi in northern Tanzania, represent one of the last remaining hunter-gatherer populations. Inhabiting the same area as our hominin ancestors and exploiting very similar resources, the Hadza maintain a foraging lifestyle characterised by a sexual division of labour. Studies of their foraging and food sharing habits serve as the foundation to numerous hypotheses of human behaviour and evolution. Data from the Hadza have featured heavily in debates on the sexual division of labour. These debates focus predominantly on men’s foraging, including how and why men provision. Women’s provisioning, on the other hand, is seldom explicitly examined and is often presumed to be constrained by reproduction. This thesis contributes to debates on the sexual division of labour by investigating how a woman’s reproductive status affects her foraging behaviours. Observational data on women’s foraging are investigated from 263 person/day follows (1,307 hours total) across 10 camps between 2004 and 2006. These data present the first quantitative documentation of forager women’s eating and sharing outside of camp. Interview data on women’s reproductive timeline are also analysed from in-depth interviews with 58 women from 9 camps in 2015. Spanning from menarche to menopause, these data offer the first quantitative and qualitative documentation of forager women’s menstruation. The results demonstrate that Hadza women eat and share over 800 kilocalories outside of camp per person/day. They regularly give and receive food, including gifts of honey from men. Breastfeeding women are more likely to give gifts and give more gifts than non-breastfeeding women. When they bring nurslings with them outside of camp, they forage less kilocalories per hour. Post-menopausal women eat less relative to what they forage, are less likely to receive gifts, rest less and forage more than pre-menopausal women. Although Hadza women describe their foraging workload as most difficult during late pregnancy, no significant differences in eating, sharing, resting or foraging are observed for pregnant women. Menstrual data from the Hadza reveal that menstruation is not only culturally relevant to the sexual division of labour, but it is also biologically relevant to current understandings of fertility. The majority (60%) of Hadza women report not doing their normal work during menstruation. They also report menstruation-related taboos for berry picking. The thesis presents an in-depth review of women’s menstruation, from the duration of menses to the menstrual cleaning process.

Les enthésopathies sur le squelette sont considérées comme des "marqueurs d'activité" en anthropologie biologique. L'étude de tels "marqueurs" pour des fossiles européens du Paléolithique supérieur et du Mésolithique offre l'opportunité d'enrichir notre connaissance des comportements et des modes de vie de ces populations et d'en illustrer certains aspects inconnus, notamment la division sexuelle du travail. Les lacunes méthodologiques (absence de référence médicale et de validation) que présente cette approche m'ont conduit à proposer une nouvelle méthode d'étude. Cette méthode, composée de 4 systèmes de cotation, a été testée sur un échantillon de référence (âge au décès, sexe et activité connus). L'analyse a permis de caractériser une relation entre les modifications osseuses et l'activité physique pour l'un des systèmes. Ce dernier a ensuite été appliqué à un ensemble de fossiles européens du Paléolithique supérieur et du Mésolithique (n = 95) dont les caractéristiques biologiques (âge et sexe) ont été réévaluées au moyen de méthodes fiables. Les résultats attestent de l'intérêt de la démarche. D'une part, ils permettent d'avancer l'hypothèse d'une division sexuelle du travail à ces périodes, avec une pratique du lancer dévolue aux hommes. Ils révèlent d'autre part des différences comportementales entre les populations gravettiennes et celles des périodes plus récentes, impliquant notamment une réduction des distances parcourues et une intensification de l'exploitation du milieu à la fin du Paléolithique supérieur et au Mésolithique. / In bioarchaeology, enthesopathies i.e. "musculoskeletal stress markers" are assumed to reflect the activity of the attaching musculature. The study of enthesopathies in European Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic human fossils offers the opportunity to improve our knowledge of the behaviours and lifestyles of these populations and to reveal some unknown aspects like sexual division of labour. The methodological gaps in this approach (e.g. absence of medical reference and validation) led me to propose a new method of studying enthesopathies based on current medical data. This method consists of four scoring systems and has been tested on a reference sample of known age at death, sex and activity. The analysis has established a link between osseous modifications and physical activity for one of the systems. The latter has been applied to a sample of Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic fossils (n = 95) after a new assessment of their sex and age at death by using reliable methods. The results give evidence of the relevance of this approach. First, they allow to propose the hypothesis of a sexual division of labour during this period, with throwing activities devolved to men. Second, the results reveal behavioural differences between Gravettian populations and more recent ones, implying a reduction in mobility and an intensification of subsistence activities at the end of the Upper Palaeolithic and during the Mesolithic.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity of previous theories concerning women’s access to roles of power within hunter-gatherer societies. This study examines how accurately immanent social identity theory and bifurcated role circumstantiality predict women’s access to the role of healer (shaman) within California hunter-gatherer groups. A sample of 27 California hunter-gatherer groups was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Notably, chi-square tests of independence evinced a correlation between men’s and women’s circumstantial labor and observed healer gender. Through the statistical verification of such engendered ideas, this study tests notions concerning the strict binary division of labor and posits that gender may have operated as a role-based identity marker rather than one structured around innate characteristics. This research ultimately provides a better analytical framework from which archaeologists can interpret the past through the use of ethnographic analogies that are more inclusive of gender-enriched methodologies. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Inez Barboza Marques.pdf: 8251625 bytes, checksum: b4660a8920e08666a3ebd08405dae96e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-22 / As part of sex social relations, sexual division of labor is intrinsic to social division of labor in the capitalist system context which exploits men and women workforce and imprints a perverse exploitation/domination logic, affecting male and female workers in different socio-occupational spaces, including the Social Work profession and the work of teachers in this area. In addition, sexual division of labor must be seen through its space and time dynamics, including other reality components such as social, political, economic and cultural. From a capitalist production restructuring context and the Brazilian State Reform, education, universities and the work of teachers adopted the mercantile logic imposed by the capital movement at the global level. In this context, universities fall into a crisis and the precariousness of the teachers work is confirmed. Taking these dimensions consideration, the general objective of this research is to analyze the sexual division of labor and its expressions on the work of Social Work teachers, having as starting point the flexible accumulation of the 70 s and its impact on the Social Work Courses from Paraná State University (UNESPAR), at the Apucarana and Paranavaí campuses. The research is characterized as qualitative, using interviews together with reflective action which made the participation of the subjects (male and female) more dynamic. At the end of the process, it was possible to verify that, besides the sexual division of labor, the work of teachers is permeated by a knowledge and power division, present, inclusively, in the construction of Science, particularly at UNESPAR and in the Social Work courses at Paranavaí and Apucarana, in the State of Paraná / Como parte das relações sociais de sexo, a divisão sexual do trabalho é intrínseca à divisão social do trabalho no contexto do sistema capitalista que explora a força de trabalho de homens e mulheres e imprime uma lógica perversa de exploração/dominação, atingindo trabalhadores e trabalhadoras em diferentes espaços sócio-ocupacionais, incluindo a profissão do Serviço Social e o trabalho docente nesta área. Além disso, a divisão sexual do trabalho deve ser vislumbrada em sua dinâmica no espaço e no tempo, atingindo outros componentes da realidade, sejam eles sociais, políticos, econômicos ou culturais. A partir do contexto da reestruturação produtiva do capitalismo e da contrarreforma do Estado no Brasil, a educação, as universidades e o trabalho docente entram na lógica da mercantilização imposta pelo movimento do capital em nível mundial. Nesse âmbito, aprofunda-se a crise nas universidades e é concretizada a precarização do trabalho docente. Tendo como norte essas dimensões, a pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar a divisão sexual do trabalho e suas expressões no trabalho docente em Serviço Social, tomando como ponto de partida a acumulação flexível da década de 1970 e suas repercussões nos Cursos de Serviço Social na Universidade Estadual do Paraná (UNESPAR), nos campi de Apucarana e Paranavaí. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como qualitativa, através da realização de entrevistas aliadas à ação reflexiva, que dinamizou a participação dos sujeitos e sujeitas. Ao final do processo, foi possível constatar que, para além da divisão sexual do trabalho, o trabalho docente é permeado pela divisão do saber e do poder, presentes, inclusive, na construção da ciência, particularmente na UNESPAR e nos cursos de Serviço Social em Paranavaí e Apucarana, no Estado do Paraná

Pensar na saúde e segurança no trabalho remete diretamente às medidas de proteção para evitar acidentes graves ou mortes em decorrência do trabalho, associadas a profissões geralmente masculinas. Os riscos ocupacionais a que as mulheres estão expostas são geralmente invisibilizados, fazendo crer que proteger o trabalhador é também proteger todas as trabalhadoras. No entanto, não existe o indivíduo padrão, tampouco ciência neutra, pois quem necessita de proteção são seres humanos concretos, e o processo saúde-trabalho é mediado por fatores sociais, econômicos e culturais, em especial, pelas relações de gênero. A compreensão dessas imbricações só é possível com o emprego do gênero como categoria de análise do meio ambiente do trabalho, o que possibilita romper com a abordagem da saúde das mulheres trabalhadoras estritamente da perspectiva da maternidade ou da fragilidade. Esta dissertação propõe-se a ampliar o conhecimento das influências das relações de gênero na saúde e segurança no trabalho, desconstruindo naturalizações e estereótipos sobre feminilidade arraigados no Direito do Trabalho, na busca por compreender se as mulheres precisam de tutela especial, se sua saúde e segurança está de fato protegida pelas normas hoje vigentes e se essas normas promovem igualdade ou discriminação. Três grandes temas que interferem na relação das mulheres com o trabalho nos servirão de eixos para a análise das principais normas e questões trabalhistas que envolvem sua saúde e segurança: a maternidade; o corpo feminino e sua capacidade física; e a saúde mental. Objetiva-se contribuir para o aprofundamento da pesquisa acadêmica sobre a relação entre gênero e saúde e segurança no trabalho, bem como desconstruir preconceitos e apresentar algumas propostas para que as normas do Direito do Trabalho superem paradigmas sexistas e possam evoluir no sentido da promoção da igualdade entre homens e mulheres, essencial para a construção do equilíbrio do meio ambiente de trabalho. / To think about safety and health at work leads to inquiry what protective measures can prevent major accidents or deaths due to work, usually associated with professions dominated by men. The occupational hazards to which women are exposed are usually invisible, since it is believed that protecting the worker encompasses protecting all female workers. However, there is neither a standard individual, nor a neutral science, because those who are in need of protection are concrete human beings, and the health-work process is mediated by social, economic and cultural factors, in particular, gender relations. The understanding of these overlaps is only possible if gender is mobilized as a category of analysis of the work environment. Moreover, gender makes it possible to break with the approach of womens health at work strictly from the perspective of motherhood or fragility. This dissertation intends to extend the knowledge about the influence of gender relations on safety and health at work, and to deconstruct naturalizations and stereotypes built around femininity that are rooted in Labour Law. It seeks to understand whether women need special protection, if their health and security is actually protected by today\'s current standards, and if those standards promote equality or discrimination. Three major themes that mediate the relationship between women and work guide the analysis of the main standards and labor issues involving their safety and health: motherhood; the female body and its physical ability; and mental health. This work aims at contributing to the scholarship on the relationship between gender and safety and health at work, as well as to deconstruct prejudices and present some proposals for labor law standards to overcome sexist paradigms towards the promotion of gender equality an essential condition to the construction of a balanced work environment.

本論文旨在從心理分析和女性主義的立場探討女性的母職對兩性人格發展 及其再製產生的影響，主要根據Nancy Chodorow的論述為依歸作此主題的 推演。發軔於十九世紀的女性主義經歷第一波、第二波婦運的洗禮及經濟 大蕭條、兩次世界大戰的衝擊，發展出各類因應時代變遷及婦女需求的理 論，由政權參與、經濟獨立、法律權利、婚姻自由、身體自主等議題一路 行來，歷經重重險阻，女性的母職始終是婦女排徊猶豫的十字路口，成為 今日女性主義者關注的焦點，因為它深刻地影響了女性的人格特質及兩性 關係的互動。 Chodorow以對象關係的理論基礎出發，佐以女性主義及社 會學的相關理論，融貫為其個人獨到精闢的見解。她由質疑女性母職的合 理性起始，詳細闡述女性的母職如何深植於人們的意識與潛意識之中的過 程及其對兩性人格發展及關係形成的影響。由於女性母職的排外與獨佔、 母親對兒子、女兒不同的態度，使得兩性在前伊底帕斯時期、伊底帕斯時 期的對象關係有不同的發展，其解決伊底帕斯情結的程度亦有所差異，此 導致日後兩性迴異的人格特質及感情關係。最顯著的差別是男性面對女性 時趨於防衛的態度，不善表達感情且將精力集於工作領域。女性則有在關 係中建立自我的需要，但是男性的封閉妨衛無法滿足女性的感情需求，若 轉向同性又有觸犯社會禁忌－同性戀之虞，女性惟有試圖由自己的孩子身 上尋得感情關係的滿足。由此，母子間密切的聯結再度形成，兩性的人格 特質及女性的母職便依此模式代代複製，循環不已。Chodorow認為解決之 道在於由兩性共同擔負撫育下一代的職責，使兩性孩童在均衡的親職中培 養相同的能力及平等的人格發展，以打破女性母職獨佔、再製的代代循環 ，創造嶄新、開闊的兩性關係。本篇論文共分五章。第一章為前言，第二 章介紹女性主義興發的時代背景及各主要派別的基本論述；第三章說明心 理分析派女性主義的主要論點及心理分析與女性主義二者間的牽連；第四 章闡述Chodorow對女性母職產生、再製過程及其影響的詳細推演；第五章 為結論，評析Chodorow母職再製理論的貢獻和缺失。

This research, by focusing on the Isithebe industrial estate in KwaZulu Natal, analyses the process of industrial change within one location and the resulting impact on the gender relations within the surrounding communities. Rather than adopting the rather simplistic approach utilised by Women in Development advocates, is suggested that the identification, location and particular experience of power between men and women provides for a more informed position from which gender relations can be understood. Using Social Relations Analysis as a departure point, it is argued that a range of variables and impact on the construction and experience of gender, and thus the relation between men and women. In South Africa, the particular economic and social discourse initiated by apartheid resulted in the formulation of a particular understanding of gender. Various economic and industrial and social shifts over the past decade have served to challenge this conceptualisation and experience, and have resulted in a range of new dynamics between men and women. It is argued that many of the businesses located in Isithebe have been slow to follow the trends and processes of restructuring identified nationally. However, there has been some change in the gendered division of labour on the estate, as men gradually move into sectors previously reliant on female labour. Women are concurrently trapped in low skilled, low paid employment. While the increasing engagement by women in multiple livelihood strategies, within an environment of high male unemployment, is increasing the dependence of households on (he ability of women to earn an income, there is little change in the location of power at a household level. The increased autonomy and decision-making power anticipated by many theorists is not evidenced in the Isithebe community. However, as men seek for alternative sources of security as their traditional role as breadwinner is eroded, women are increasingly aware of the discrepancies and dichotomies within the household, and are beginning to reassess the relations between men and women, and the location of power. Concomitantly both men and women are in a position to reconceptualise the gender component of identity. These processes provide the basis from which unequal relations between men and women can be challenged in the future. / Thesis (M.Sc.U.R.P.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1999.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toronto, 2005.

Um aspecto marcante das sociedades atuais é o acentuado crescimento previsto para a população idosa em todos os países, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento. Para o ano de 2050, indicadores oficiais apontam para 2 bilhões de idosos em todo o mundo, havendo, portanto, a necessidade de estímulo aos estudos sociais acerca da terceira idade, principalmente no contexto do Brasil. As mudanças na estrutura etária poderão causa implicações sociais, econômicas e ambientais, cuja investigação apontará caminhos e propostas de atuação. No Brasil as projeções do instituto oficial apontam para 35 milhões de idosas e idosos no ano de 2050. A idade pode afetar a contribuição ao trabalho, tanto a permanência da pessoa idosa em seu posto, sendo produtiva, quanto a seu retorno após a aposentadoria. A capacidade e o desejo das trabalhadoras e dos trabalhadores idosos em ficarem ativos tanto tempo quanto possível dependem do seu estado de saúde e das suas condições de trabalho propostas a este grupo social. Este estudo quantitativo, apoiado na estatística descritiva, busca analisar a inserção das idosas e dos idosos no mercado de trabalho internacional e brasileiro, identificando as principais naturezas jurídicas e ocupações, e analisa a participação das pessoas idosas no mercado de trabalho formal na cidade de Curitiba em diferentes graus de instrução. Os dados internacionais utilizados são da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) e os dados brasileiros são do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE). Os principais resultados internacionais apontam aproximadamente 85 milhões de idosas e idosos no mercado de trabalho mundial, e quase 1,6 milhão de pessoas idosas desempregadas. Os principais resultados brasileiros indicam que, tanto na cidade de Curitiba quanto no âmbito nacional, os homens idosos predominam em quase todas as áreas analisadas e em quase todas as faixas salariais. As mulheres idosas concentram-se nas faixas de menor remuneração, com até um salário mínimo mensal. / A striking aspecto of modern societies is the sharp growth forecast for the elderly population in all countries, especially in developing countries. For the year 2050, official indicators point to 2 billion older people around the world, and therefore there is a need to stimulate the social studies of the elderly, especially in the contexto of Brazil. Changes in age structure may cause social, economic and environmental implications, whose investigation Will point paths and proposals for action in Brazil the official institute’s projections point to 35 million elderly in 2050. Age can affect the contribution to the work, both the permanence of the Elder in his position, being productive, as your return after retirement. The capacity and willingness of older workers become active as long as possible depend on your health status and working conditions proposed in this social group. This quantitative study, based on the descriptive statistics, seeks to analyze the integration of elderly in the international and Brazilian labor market, identifying the main legal nature and occupations, and analyzes the participation of older people in the formal labor market in the city of Curitiba at different levels of education. The international data are from the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the Brazilian numbers are from the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MTE). The main international results indicate approximately 85 million elderly in the global labor market, and nearly 1.6 million unemployed older people. The main Brazilian results indicate that, both in the city of Curitiba as nationwide, elderly men predominate in almost all areas analyzed and in almost all salary ranges. Older women are concentrated in lower-paid groups, with up to a monthly minimum wage.