World War II was a time of great changes. Many aspects of American society underwent profound shifts but one predominant part of American culture did not change -- theaccepted roles of women. The government documentary films of World War II reveal attitudes, ideas, and assumptions which not only reinforced traditional roles but also reflected theresistance to gender-role alterations. Women during the war were not only shaped by such cultural messages but many subscribed to them wholeheartedly. The films emphasize twospecific images of women -- Susie Homemaker and Rosie the Riveter -- and also reflect society's image of women as homemakers first and war workers second. This double vision,reflected throughout the documentary films became the catalyst which maintained women in traditional roles and, in turn, rejected attempts to alter those roles in any significant way.This study uses the vehicle of World War II documentaryfilms, utilizing the World War II Historical Film Collection, Bracken Library, Ball State University (the largest collection outside the National Archives), the Office of War Information papers, and extensive secondary research, to investigate the images of women during the war years. / Department of History

No description available.

This study is an analysis of the conditions of access and permanence of women in the trade union movement. The issue is framed in the discussions on the political participation of women and the cut is the trade union movement. Considering that the political and trade union fields have traditionally been dominated by men, and considering the increasing participation of women, we aim to investigate the constraints of their insertion in these spaces. To that end, we selected as a reality to be observed the category of Technical-Administrative in Education - TAE, formed by professionals that make up the administrative sphere of Brazilian public higher education institutions. The representation tables, previously composed predominantly by men, gradually changed with the presence of women. Because of these changes, we propose to think the mechanisms that justify them and frame the analysis from two perspectives. In the first, we place the category of TAE in front of the institution that represents it nationally, the Federation of Trade Unions of Technical-Administrative Workers in Public Higher Education Institutions of Brazil - FASUBRA Sindical. In this regard, we analyze the composition of the national leadership and the directorates/coordinations of the affiliated unions, taking into account the percentages and places occupied by men and women. In the second, we selected one of the affiliated unions, the Syndicate of Technical-Administrative Workers in Education of the Federal University of Sergipe - SINTUFS. We seek to understand the conditions of access and permanence of women with the focus on the relational aspects around the engagement of the militants. The study was guided by the sociology of militancy and the gender approach, and the main concepts and notions employed were: trajectories, careers, sexual division of labor, militant engagement and social bonds. We use different methodological strategies, such as document consultation, questionnaire application, participant observation and biographical interview. We have identified the presence of many women in the directorates/coordinations of FASUBRA's basic institutions. However, differences were also observed in the number of places occupied by men and women. The social ties and some experiences found in women's itineraries have emerged as a mechanism to explain their entry and stay in union leadership. Among the types of links, the personalities were more relevant, and educational experiences were the most significant resources for engagement. We find that, in general, the increase of women in the trade union movement is associated with their participation in the labor market and the cultural and social transformations that affect the role of women in society. The unionists justified that the awareness of the need to occupy political spaces by women and, especially, the commitment to the working class were the reasons for their militant engagement. / Este estudo é uma análise das condições de acesso e permanência das mulheres no movimento sindical. A temática está enquadrada nas discussões sobre a participação política das mulheres e o recorte é o movimento sindical. Considerando que os campos político e sindical foram tradicionalmente dominados pelos homens, e considerando a crescente participação de mulheres, objetivamos investigar os condicionantes da inserção delas nesses espaços. Para tanto, selecionamos como realidade a ser observada a categoria dos Técnico-Administrativos em Educação - TAE, formada pelos profissionais que compõem a esfera administrativa das instituições de ensino superior público brasileiro. Os quadros de representação, antes compostos predominantemente por homens, aos poucos sofreram modificações com a presença das mulheres. Em razão dessas mudanças, propomos pensar os mecanismos que as justificam e enquadramos a análise sob duas perspectivas. Na primeira, situamos a categoria dos TAE frente à instituição que a representa nacionalmente, a Federação de Sindicatos de Trabalhadores Técnico-Administrativos em Instituições de Ensino Superior Públicas do Brasil - FASUBRA Sindical. Nesse aspecto, analisamos a composição da direção nacional e das direções/coordenações dos sindicatos filiados, levando em consideração os percentuais e os lugares ocupados por homens e mulheres. Na segunda, selecionamos um dos sindicatos filiados, o Sindicato dos Trabalhadores Técnico-Administrativos em Educação da Universidade Federal de Sergipe – SINTUFS. Buscamos apreender as condições de acesso e permanência das mulheres com o enfoque nos aspectos relacionais em torno do engajamento das militantes. O estudo foi norteado a partir da sociologia da militância e da abordagem de gênero, e os principais conceitos e as noções empregados foram: trajetórias, carreiras, divisão sexual do trabalho, engajamento militante e vínculos sociais. Utilizamos diferentes estratégias metodológicas, tais como, a consulta a documentos, a aplicação de questionário, a observação participante e a entrevista biográfica. Identificamos a presença de muitas mulheres nas direções/coordenações das instituições de base da FASUBRA. Contudo, também foi observado diferenças em relação aos lugares ocupados por homens e por mulheres. Os vínculos sociais e algumas experiências encontradas nos itinerários das mulheres emergiram como mecanismo que servem para explicar a entrada e a permanência delas na liderança sindical. Entre os tipos de vínculos, os pessoais tiveram maior relevância, e as experiências educacionais foram os recursos mais significativos para o engajamento. Constatamos que, de modo geral, o aumento de mulheres no movimento sindical está associado à participação delas no mercado de trabalho e às transformações culturais e sociais que envolvem o papel da mulher na sociedade. As sindicalistas justificaram que, a conscientização da necessidade de ocupação dos espaços políticos pelas mulheres e, principalmente, o compromisso com a classe trabalhadora foram os motivos do seu engajamento militante. / São Cristóvão, SE

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship that exists between emotional stability, stress and work-family conflict among Standard Bank female employees. For this purpose data was collected from the female employees of Standard Banks in Alice, Fort Beaufort, King Williams and East London Town’s in the Eastern Cape. A sample of 72 female bank employees was drawn from the population. Neuroticism is the opposite of emotional stability and it was mostly often used in place of emotional stability in the study. Results of the study indicated that all study variables are significantly positively correlated with one another. The findings of this study is helpful in the banking industry in order to design human resources policies which will reduce the work-family conflict and decrease stress for female bank employees and for future research in respective topics. The implications of this study are discussed along with recommendations for future research and professional managerial practice.

No description available.

Cette thèse porte sur les arrangements de couples de parents hétérosexuels québécois à revenus modestes en s’attardant aux pratiques et aux significations mises de l’avant dans le récit des personnes rencontrées. Elle vise principalement à cerner les arrangements conjugaux en regard de la division du travail et de la gestion de l’argent et, plus spécifiquement à 1) décrire ces arrangements, 2) cerner l’articulation entre la division du travail et la gestion financière entre conjoints, et 3) cerner les écarts et les convergences entre les pratiques et les significations de ces arrangements dans le récit des personnes participantes. À partir de l’analyse de 30 entretiens semi-directifs réalisés dans une perspective inductive et compréhensive auprès de 17 femmes et 13 hommes, nous mettons au jour l’intrication entre la division sexuelle du travail, la signification sociale de l’argent et la sémantique de la conjugalité contemporaine pour saisir la complexité des arrangements décrits. Nos analyses montrent que les trajectoires professionnelles des femmes sont très marquées par la maternité, contrairement à celles des hommes pour qui des facteurs extérieurs à la famille expliquent les changements. L’utilisation du congé parental de même que les arrangements de garde des enfants montrent les limites qu’imposent à la fois les conditions de travail et de rémunération de même que la ségrégation professionnelle selon le genre. De plus, la division du travail domestique dans les couples rencontrés rend compte du maintien de la division sexuelle du travail. Nos analyses montrent aussi que les arrangements financiers des couples peuvent être décrits à partir des logiques des modes de gestion (mise en commun des revenus ou partage des dépenses), mais que des dimensions de la gestion de l’argent doivent également être abordées (propriété de l’argent, accès à l’argent, contrôle de l’argent et responsabilité du travail de gestion financière). En observant ces quatre dimensions, nous pouvons prendre la pleine mesure de la complexité des arrangements financiers. Étroitement liées entre elles, elles rendent compte de la prégnance des rapports sociaux de sexe au sein des couples. Que ce soit dans la façon de percevoir ses revenus, au-delà de leur source, des liens qui se maintiennent toujours entre la maternité et le dévouement attendu envers ses enfants et le type de dépenses faites, ou de la continuité entre la responsabilité du travail domestique et du travail de gestion financière dans les couples où l’argent est limité, etc., la division sexuelle du travail imprègne fortement les significations de l’argent ainsi que les arrangements financiers observés au sein des couples. Enfin, tant la mise en place des arrangements conjugaux étudiés que la satisfaction que les personnes participantes en ont reflètent les logiques de la division sexuelle du travail, de la signification sociale de l’argent et des règles de la sémantique de la conjugalité contemporaine (fiction de la durée, investissement continu dans la relation, communication, altruisme ou désintérêt, réciprocité différée et confiance). Contrairement à l’idée répandue voulant que les hommes et les femmes en couples hétérosexuels, en tant qu’individus indépendants et égaux, négocient leurs arrangements, nous affirmons, d’une part, qu’ils et elles n’ont pas autant le « choix » qu’il y parait et que, d’autre part, la communication n’est pas le moyen par lequel les arrangements sont mis en place. / This doctoral dissertation is centred on the arrangements of couples of low-income Québec heterosexual parents by focusing on the practices and meanings put forward in the stories of those interviewed. Its main purpose is to identify couples’ arrangements with regard to the division of labour and money management and, more specifically, to 1) describe these arrangements, 2) identify the articulation between the division of labour and financial management between spouses, and 3) identify gaps and convergences between the practices and the meanings of these arrangements in the narrative of the participants. Based on the analysis of 30 semi-structured interviews conducted with an inductive and comprehensive perspective with 17 women and 13 men, we bring to light the entanglement between the sexual division of labor, the social meaning of money and the semantics of contemporary conjugality to grasp the complexity of the arrangements described. Our analysis shows that women's occupational trajectories are very marked by motherhood, unlike those of men for whom factors outside the family explain the changes. The use of parental leave as well as childcare arrangements show the limits imposed by both working and remuneration conditions as well as occupational segregation by gender. In addition, the division of domestic work among the couples met reflects the maintenance of the sexual division of labour. Our analysis also shows that couples' financial arrangements can be described from the logic of management methods (pooling income or sharing expenses), but that money management dimensions also need to be addressed. By observing the property of money, access to money, control of money and moneywork, we can take full measure of the complexity of the financial arrangements. Closely linked, these four dimensions reflect the importance of the social relations of the sexes within couples. Whether it is in the way of perceiving one's income, the links that are still maintained between maternity and the expected dedication towards the children and the types of expenses made, or the continuity between the responsibility of domestic work and moneywork in couples where money is limited, etc., the sexual division of labour strongly imbues the meaning of money as well as the financial arrangements observed within couples. Finally, both the set up of the couples’ arrangements studied and the satisfaction of the participants reflect the logic of the sexual division of labour, the social meaning of money and the rules of the semantics of contemporary conjugality (fiction duration, continuous investment in the relationship, communication, altruism or disinterest, delayed reciprocity and trust). Contrary to popular belief that men and women in heterosexual couples, as independent and equal individuals, negotiate their arrangements, we affirm, on the one hand, that they do not have as much “choice,” and that, on the other hand, communication is not the means by which arrangements are put in place.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The division of labor in households is an important topic in marital relationships. Families are not static; they are in a constant state of change. Employment, individual family members’ schedules, and religious beliefs can impact how couples divide household tasks. This particular study draws on in-depth interviews of four married couples from American Baptist churches to explore how couples within this type of church divide household tasks. The interviews focused on the management of second- and third-shift household tasks, as well as childcare. The purpose of obtaining this information was to see if the way American Baptist couples handle second-, third-shift duties, and childcare is more consistent with general population couples or more consistent with Evangelical/Conservative couples. Husbands and wives were interviewed separately to obtain individual thoughts and opinions. The interviews revealed that when it comes to second-shift tasks and child care, American Baptist couples are more in line with general population couples. As far as third-shift duties, Evangelical, general population, and American Baptist couples are all currently handling in very similar ways with the female performing the majority of third-shift tasks.

Text in English / The transition from traditional to non-traditional marital roles was brought about by changes in the political, social and economic spheres. Within this transition, a new family arrangement has emerged in which traditional marital roles of breadwinning husband and care-giving, nurturer-wife are replaced by a breadwinning wife and a care-giving, nurturer-husband, the so-called stay-at-home husband. Various factors contributed and necessitated this change in marital roles, such as, but not limited to, the feminist movement, the economic recession, changes in legislation, retrenchments and so forth. However, making this transition is not easy. These couples, fulfilling non-traditional marital roles, are faced with stigmatisation and negative attitudes that make them want to conceal their marital roles from family, friends, the community and society as a whole. This state of affairs results in a situation where these couples stay in the closet and as consequence the topic is ill-researched and ripe for further investigation. Using a qualitative, phenomenological approach, this study explored and described the challenges, experiences and coping resources of couples fulfilling non-traditional marital roles in order to propose practice guidelines to support these couples from a social work perspective. A total of ten couples participated in the study. Independently, the working wives and stay-at-home husbands provided separate accounts of realities related to fulfilling the non-traditional marital roles within their respective marital relationships. Themes that emerged from the in-depth description of their experiences reflected the benefits accrued, the challenges experienced, their needs and coping resources. From the information provided suggestions were derived for social workers to assist couples in a similar working wife and stay-at-home husband marriage set-up to deal with situations encountered. In consulting extant literature, research on this phenomenon appeared to be totally neglected both internationally and nationally. Hence this study sought to address this lacuna by specifically investigating the situation in South Africa. It also appeared that existing research tended to focus on either the stay-at-home mother or the dual career family. Research on the experiences of stay-at-home husbands was thus severely lacking as were ways in which such couples in these roles could be supported. Therefore, making use of the ecological and role theory perspectives, attention is given to exposing their experiences, challenges and coping resources with a view to developing practice guidelines for helping social work practitioners to adequately support these couples practising non-traditional marital roles. / Social Work / Ph. D. (Social Work)

The transition from traditional to non-traditional marital roles was brought about by changes in the political, social and economic spheres. Within this transition, a new family arrangement has emerged in which traditional marital roles of breadwinning husband and care-giving, nurturer-wife are replaced by a breadwinning wife and a care-giving, nurturer-husband, the so-called stay-at-home husband. Various factors contributed and necessitated this change in marital roles, such as, but not limited to, the feminist movement, the economic recession, changes in legislation, retrenchments and so forth. However, making this transition is not easy. These couples, fulfilling non-traditional marital roles, are faced with stigmatisation and negative attitudes that make them want to conceal their marital roles from family, friends, the community and society as a whole. This state of affairs results in a situation where these couples stay in the closet and as consequence the topic is ill-researched and ripe for further investigation. Using a qualitative, phenomenological approach, this study explored and described the challenges, experiences and coping resources of couples fulfilling non-traditional marital roles in order to propose practice guidelines to support these couples from a social work perspective. A total of ten couples participated in the study. Independently, the working wives and stay-at-home husbands provided separate accounts of realities related to fulfilling the non-traditional marital roles within their respective marital relationships. Themes that emerged from the in-depth description of their experiences reflected the benefits accrued, the challenges experienced, their needs and coping resources. From the information provided suggestions were derived for social workers to assist couples in a similar working wife and stay-at-home husband marriage set-up to deal with situations encountered. In consulting extant literature, research on this phenomenon appeared to be totally neglected both internationally and nationally. Hence this study sought to address this lacuna by specifically investigating the situation in South Africa. It also appeared that existing research tended to focus on either the stay-at-home mother or the dual career family. Research on the experiences of stay-at-home husbands was thus severely lacking as were ways in which such couples in these roles could be supported. Therefore, making use of the ecological and role theory perspectives, attention is given to exposing their experiences, challenges and coping resources with a view to developing practice guidelines for helping social work practitioners to adequately support these couples practising non-traditional marital roles. / Social Work / Ph. D. (Social Work)